Definition of viscosity:

It is ratio of shear stress to shear rate or viscosity as a measure of the resistance

Types of viscosity:
 Kinematic viscosity.
 Dynamic viscosity.

Kinematic viscosity:
It is ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density.

Dynamic viscosity:
It is known as the Newton's law of frication.

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Factors effecting on viscosity:
 Fluid Temperature: Usually the viscosity of liquids decreases with an increase
in temperature. On the contrary, the viscosity of gases increases with increase in
temperature.
 . Flow Conditions: For laminar flow the viscosity of liquid remains constant
while for turbulent flow viscosity changes.
 Pressure: With an increase in pressure, the viscosity of gases usually increases.
Liquids being incompressible do not have much impact.
 Multiphase flow: The viscosity of multiphase flow is affected by the volume of
each phase.
 Suspended Particles: Suspended materials increase the viscosity.

Viscosity index:
It is measurement system used to show the differences in rate of viscosity change.

Viscosity grades:
It is provides information about a fluid's resistance to flow.

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What is effecting of viscosity in this system?
Viscosity measures how a fluid resists flow. It is the single most important property of a
hydraulic fluid. A hydraulic fluid that is too viscous usually causes high-pressure drop,
sluggish operation, low-mechanical efficiency, and high-power consumption.

Importance of viscosity:
Viscosity of a liquid is an important parameter as it can be used as an indicator of
quality by the consumer.

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‫ز‬

Measurements of viscosity
Falling sphere viscometer:
Purpose: is used to measure viscosity of a fluid.

Principle work of falling sphere viscometer:

 Calculating diameter of ball.

 Then calculating the length of container.
 And fall ball in container, and take the time required for reaching ball to bottom
of container.
 And then calculating viscosity of a liquid.
Equation
Tm = Time mean
Um = L/Tm Velocity mean
µ = (p1-p2) *g* /18*Um viscosity of fluid

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Capillary viscometer:-
Purpose: is used to measure viscosity of Newtonian liquids.

1 2

Bulb B

Bulb
A

Principle work

 Firstly viscometer is fixed to a stand in vertical position.

 Now, take one fluid which we know their viscosity and density.
 Filled this in bulb a through tube 1. (Filled up to mark).
 Now suckle this fluid through tube 2 up to mark A of bulb B.
 Now, note the time taken (with the help of stop clock) to reach liquid at mark B.

Equation

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References:-
 https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=vY5rXC4xlMgC&pg=PA231&dq=what+is+definit
ion+of+viscosity&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSzb_K75z7AhXZhP0HHRIfCDkQ6AF6BAg
MEAI#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20definition%20of%20viscosity&f=false. (Jay
Newman)

 https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=cTspEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286&dq=what+is+kine
matic+and+dynamic+viscosity&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOrOP09Zz7AhX4hv0HHXU
SDPMQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20kinematic%20and%20dynamic%
20viscosity&f=false. (Tariq Saeed Aker)

 Some Factors Affecting the Viscosity of Cream (C.J. Bab cooking).

 https://whatispiping.com/what-is-viscosity. (site of whatispipning)

 Practical Plant Failure Analysis: A Guide to Understanding Machinery (Neville W. sachs

P.E.)