Introduction

Solar energy and Wind energy are the cleanest Renewable sources in the global and the more
using. We are training on solar panels, and so by working some tests on it, for example, normal
condition in this test. We do see the effect of radiation in normal case on panel in this case. And
then we saw the effect of high temperature on the panel. We do see effect of some factors lead to
decrease efficiency of solar panel, for example, shadow, dirt, etc. and we found that shading has
large effect on efficiency of panel, so scientists are thinking that putting diode will solve this a
problem. When happening shading over a panel, the diode is working on directing current in
another path far away about the panel over it shade. Diode connections were divided into two
types like blocking diode, and bypass diode. Solar systems were divided into two system like off
grid, and on grid system. And off grid system is dependent on four things in this circuit like charger
control and battery and inverter and load. Some calculates use for creating this system which is
called off grid system. Wind turbine system is a system consists of many main parts like nacelle,
tower, blades, etc. and it is system used to convert wind energy to electric energy to feeding
homes in electricity and another any loads. There is company international working on safety
system of wind turbine is called IEC. And it's a company used some rules to protecting wind
turbine from damages.

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Normal condition
Open circuit

Short circuit

Comment: open circuit: the current is lowest value and the voltage is highest value.
Short circuit: the voltage is lowest value and the current is highest value.

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 Characteristic I-V and P-V

Symbols Definition
I max It is the maximum current value produced by the panel.
V max It is the maximum voltage produced by the panel.
I short circuit It is the maximum current value that the panel can withstand.
V open circuit It is the maximum voltage value that the panel can withstand.
MMP It is the maximum power produced by the panel.

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Load test

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5
Comment
 When SP is increases, the voltage is decreased, so the power is
decreased. And current is increasing.
 When current is increased, the voltage is decreased.

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Shading effect
Shadow has a large affecting on the efficiency of a panel, as a shadow is cast over a panel,
the amount of sunlight reaching the surface is reduced. And affecting on the power output
of your PV module. And this table shows effect of shadow on output power of panel:

Comment
When shading effect is increases on solar panel, the power and efficiency are decrease.

Darkness Full shading

there will be no radiation, and therefore It is in the morning, but the shade caused
the board will not work, and therefore the by other objects such as clouds of dust
battery will be relied upon to supply the covers the entire panels with shadows, and
loads this affects the efficiency of the panel.

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 Blocking diode Bypass diode

The diode is connected on parallel

with panels

The diode is connected in series with The function of a bypass diode is

panels. to allow current to pass around a
shaded area of the unit into the
system.
The function of a blocking diode is
preventing backflow down the module
string.

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Compare between normal condition and high
temperature:
Normal condition

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High temperature

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Comment
When the temperature is increases, the voltage is decreases and the current is increased
relative simple but when temperature is decreased, the voltage is increased. So this means
that efficiency is the highest value in normal operation condition, but in case of high
temperature, the efficiency is the lowest value.

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Off grid system

Load

Fan: Power = 75 watts

pc : power = 552 w

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Washing machine : Total power = 300+250 = 550w

Lamp Venus LED: power = 4w

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T.V: power = 96w

Refrigerator: Power = 1.1*115 = 126.5 w = 127w

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Load estimation
Type of Rated Number Total Load Avg. Hours Total
Load Power(watts) Of units Rated Duty Power Of Energy
Power Factor Use
H/day
lamp 4 1 4 1 4 4 16
pc 552 1 552 1 552 3 1656
Wash 550 1 550 1 550 2 1100
machine
fan 75 1 75 1 75 4 300
T.V 96 1 96 1 96 3 288
refrigerator 127 1 127 1 127 24 3048

1404w 6408wh

Total energy per hour

Let power losses = 20%= 1.2

 Total energy= 1.2*6408 = 7689.6J

Solar resource
 Peak sun hour in Cairo= 5 Hours
Sizing of PV modules
 Total PV modules power size = = = 1537.92 W

Total energy System voltage Panel

7689.6 >2000 48 (60-72)

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Datasheet (Solar Panel)

Peak power (PMax) OF PV= 80 W

Number of PV modules = 1537.92 /80 = 20 panels

Ns=5p

Total voltage = Ns * Vmp = 5*17.74 =88.7 v

Total current = Psize/Vt =1537.92 /88.7 = 17.32 A

Np= It/Imp = 17.32/ 4.51 = 4 branches

Array of open- circuit voltage = 21.56*5= 107.8 v

Array of maximum current = 4.51*4 = 18.04 A

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Solar charging size
Datasheet

 Maximum controller input voltage rating= Safety factor *Array of VOC

=1.2*107.8 =129.3V
 MAX. Charge current = safety factor*array of maximum current = 1.2*18.04 =
21.65 A
 Charge current = Power size for PV/ System voltage
= 1537.92 /48 = 32.04 A

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Inverter selection and sizing
Datasheet for inverter

 Inverter output power rating = Safety factor* total average power =1.2 * 1404
=1684.8w = 1.6848kw = 2 kw

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Battery sizing
 Required charge capacity = Total energy/0.8*System voltage =6408 /0.8*48=
167AH

 Voltage of Battery = 24V (25.6V) and capacity =100 AH

 Number of parallel branches = required charge capacity adjusted/battery

rate= 167/100 =1.67 = 2 brunch
 Number of batteries in series = System voltage/battery voltage = 48/ 24=2
batteries
 Total number of battery = number of batteries in parallel* batteries in series
= 2*2= 4 batteries

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