Health Care Ethics

(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

Lesson Title: Obligations of a Professional Materials:

Learning Targets: Pen, paper, index card, book, and class List
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Enumerate the four essential characteristics of a profession
and identify and define what is Health Ethics; References:
2. Differentiate the sanctions associated with inappropriate
legal, ethical and professional etiquette conduct; and, Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical
3. Identify and describe the principles and misunderstandings Practice Fourth Edition, Raymond S. Edge, J.
regarding the nature of law; and list and explain the steps of Randall Groves
a lawsuit.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Your classroom instructor for this subject, Health Care Ethics is . Listed below are the
additional information vital in orientation:

B. MAIN LESSON

Allied Health

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

• Twentieth century: over 200 specialties added to health care team

• Provides over 80% of direct patient care
• Combines science and technology with patient care

Essential Characteristics of a Profession

• Competence in specialized body of knowledge and skill
• Provision of particular service to society
• Standards of education and practice
• Self-regulation

Legal Practice Act

✓ Outlines activities providers perform in delivery of patient care
✓ Develops code of ethics to assist in self-regulation
✓ Outlines profession’s mission and objectives

Specialty Practice Acts

✓ Scope of professional practice
✓ Requirements and qualifications for licensure or certification
✓ Exemptions to basic requirements.
✓ Grounds for administrative actions
✓ Penalties and sanctions for unauthorized practice

Sanctions for Lapse in Ethical, Legal, and Professional Etiquette

Ethical conduct – right or wrong?
Sanction: loss of professional reputation, loss of professional affiliations

Legal requirements – legal or illegal?

Sanction: punishment as prescribed by law

Professional etiquette – proper or improper?

Sanction: loss of professional respect and fellowship

Professional Etiquette
• Avoid talking badly about another practitioner (especially in front of patients)
• Maintain appropriate relationships at the worksite
• Stay within role boundaries of your specialty
• Rules of etiquette help maintain order and civility

Health Care Ethics

- Ethical questions: values, morals, individual culture, intense personal beliefs, and faith
- Ethics: how we make judgments in regard to right and wrong

The Foundation of Law

Law
• Body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority; having bound legal force
• Minimum standard of expected performance between individuals in a society

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

Common Law
Emanates from judicial decisions

Statutory Law
Arises from legislative bodies

Administrative Law
Flows from rules and regulations and decisions of administrative agencies

Fundamental Principles of Law

- Concern for justice and fairness
- Plasticity and change
- Acts judged on universal standard of reasonable person
- Doctrine of Individual Rights and Responsibilities

Misunderstandings about Nature of Law

- Law is incomplete and always growing
- There are areas of law where there are no previous legal rulings; growth and change occurs
- Wise to view the law as guide to proper behavior; mistake to confuse legal and ethical behavior
The Lawsuit

Plaintiff
- Person who brings an action in a court of law
Defendant
- Person against whom an action is brought
Prima facie
- legally sufficient to establish a case

Steps in a civil lawsuit:

✓ Complaint
✓ Answer
✓ Discovery
✓ Trial and Judgment
✓ Appeal

1. Complaint
✓ Plaintiff files complaint or petition with court that addresses elements of prima facie case
✓ Plaintiff has the burden of proof
✓ Defendant has period of time in which complaint must be answered

2. Answer
✓ Defendant three choices: (1) admit, (2) deny, or (3) plead ignorance to each allegation in complaint
✓ Filing an answer moves case into pre-trial phase

3. Discovery: fact-finding phase

✓ Interrogatories
✓ Document requests
✓ Depositions

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

4. Trial and Judgment

✓ Case tried before a judge only or before a judge and jury
✓ During the trial, each side presents witnesses and evidence collected is placed in record
✓ Jury’s decisions not put into effect until judge makes a judgment

5. Appeal
✓ Losing party may appeal a trial court decision to a higher court

Philippine judicial system consists of the following courts: Lower

Courts

1. Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts

2. Metropolitan Trial Courts and Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
3. Regional Trial Courts
4. Shari'a Courts
5. Court of Tax Appeals
6. Sandiganbayan
7. Court of Appeals

The Highest Court - Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the highest Court in the Philippines

Appellate court is a trier of law

Arbitration: neutral third party of whom both sides have agreed will have power to decide outcome and render a binding
decision.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.

1. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four essential characteristics of a profession?
A. Competence in a specialized body of knowledge and skill
B. The provision of a particular service to society
C. Grounds for administrative actions
D. Standards of education and practice
Answer: C.
Rationale: All of the choices are included in the 4 essential characteristics of a profession except the grounds for administrative
actions as this is part in the Specialty Practice Acts.

2. Specialty practice acts will vary in emphasis, but the majority will address which of the following?
A. Requirements and qualifications for licensure or certification
B. Penalties and sanctions for unauthorized practice
C. Scope of professional practice
D. All of these apply
Answer: D.
Rationale: All of the choices above is emphasized in the specialty practice acts alongside with exemptions to basic requirements and
grounds for administrative actions.

3. In regard to clients and patients, practitioners have a(n) relationship which requires them to act primarily in the best

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

interest of those they serve.

A. Fiduciary
B. Proper
C. Formal
D. Formulaic
Answer: A.
Rationale: In relation to the clients and patients, the practitioner should have a fiduciary relationship to them which means working on
behalf of another individual or individuals, placing their clients' needs ahead their own, with an obligation to maintain good trust and
faith.

4. It is often the longest part of a lawsuit and, in many instances, ends the case when information is detrimental to one of
the sides.
A. Complaint
B. Answer
C. Discovery
D. Appeal
Answer: C.
Rationale: The fact-finding case or discovery is known to be the longest part of a lawsuit as this covers the case’s interrogatories,
document requests, and depositions just to prove that the defendant is guilty or not.

5. All but one is the fundamental principles of law?

A. Plasticity and change
B. Concern for justice and fairness
C. Acts are judge on the universal standard of the reasonable person
D. Patient’s Bill of Rights
Answer: D.
Rationale: Patient’s Bill of Rights is not included in the fundamental principles of law. Instead, it is the doctrine of individual rights
and responsibilities that make up the fundamental principles of law.

6. It is one of the sources of modern law that emanates from judicial decisions.
A. Common Law
B. Administrative Law
C. Statutory law
D. All of the above
Answer: A.
Rationale: The common law is one of the sources of modern law that emanates from judicial decisions.

7. This a person who brings an action in a court law.

A. Plaintiff
B. Defendant
C. Complaint
D. Answer
Answer: A.
Rationale: The plaintiff is a person who brings an action in a court law.

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

8. Which of the following is NOT a major element of discovery?

A. Investigation
B. Interrogatory
C. Document request
D. Deposition
Answer: A.
Rationale: The major element of discovery includes interrogatory, document request, and deposition. Investigation is not a major
element of discovery.

9. This is the opportunity for each side to question witnesses and parties to a suit to elicit information about the case?
A. Arbitration
B. Appeal
C. Trial
D. Deposition
Answer: C.
Rationale: It is during the trial and judgement that each side or party presents witnesses and evidence collected is placed in record to
elicit information about the case.

10. In the foundation of law, the use of the principle of stare decisis provides the system with needed stability, and yet it
has allowed for the creation of new principles as changing patterns of facts have emerged. Stare decisis means?
A. Legally sufficient to establish a case
B. Let the decision stand
C. Let the law prevail
D. Legal case
Answer: C.
Rationale: Stare decisis means, when a similar issue occurs in other instances, a court adopts past judicial rulings, letting the law
prevail.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

AL Activity: CAT: 3-2-1

Instructions:
1. As an exit ticket at the end of the class period
2. Record three things you learned from the lesson.
3. Next, two things that you found interesting and that you’d like to learn more about.
4. Then, record one question you still have about the lesson.

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.

Two things that you’d like to learn more about:

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L.. Class number:

Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule: M/TH Date:

1.
2.

One question you still have:

1.

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