PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic

Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 2

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Date:
Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule:

Lesson title: Logic: Nature, History, Approaches & Significance Materials:

Lesson Objectives: {List materials that students will need
to complete this lesson.}
1. Know the importance of studying Logic
2. Trace the history of formal and informal Logic. References:
{List of references used for the lesson}

Productivity Tip:
Good day. I hope that you are well and safe. Today we are going to study the nature &relevance of logic.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)

What Logic is:

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 2

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Date:
Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule:

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Instruction: Analyze the two syllogisms and indicate if is valid or invalid. Write your answers on the “What
Know” column.

A B
All COCians are PHINMA students All COCians are PHINMA students.
Anna is a COCian. Anna is a PHINMA student.
Therefore, Anna is a PHINMA student. Therefore, Anna is a COCian.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

All Cocians are Phinma students
VALID
Is Syllogism A valid or invalid?

Not all Phinma students are

INVALID Cocians
Is Syllogism B valid or invalid?

B. MAIN LESSON

1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Historical Timeline of Logic

Aristotle (384-322)
Zeno of Citium (c.340-265)
Chrysippus (279-206 BC)
Galen (129C-199)
Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Willian Occam (1285-1349)
Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz (1646-1716) • Father of symbolic Logic. He develop a symbolic language (calculus).
• Father of logic. He was the first to comprehensively systematize logic in work
Organon (The method/Organ of Investigation)
• He devised systematic criteria for analyzing and evaluating arguments. He
catalogued a number of informal fallacies.
• Introduced stoic logic patterned after Aristotle
• Hedevelopeda form of logic in which the fundamental elements were whole
proposition. He treated all proposition as either true of false.He laid the
foundation for the truth functional interpretation of logical connectives and
introduced the notion of natural deduction.
• developed the theory of compound categorical syllogism
• He reconstructed and refined the logic of Aristotle.
• He originated the theory of universals in his treatise, ‘the Dialectica’.
• Developed modal logic.

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Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L.
Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule:
George Boole (1815-1864)
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1819-1951)
John Venn (1835-1923)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
Rudolph Carnap (1891-1970)
Kurt Goedel (1906-1978)
Lofti Zadeh
Present
This document is the property of Phinma Education
PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 2
Class number:
Date:
• Founder of symbolic logic. He developed Boolean Logic which treats propositions
as either true or false.
• developers of the ‘truth tables
• introduced circular diagrams as a tool to test the validity of syllogisms
• Developed a general theory for scientific investigations.
• Laid down the foundations of modern mathematical logic. He pronounced that
logic is the basis of mathematics and that arithmetic and analysis are part of
logic.
• Logical empiricist, who was associated with the famous verifiability principle,
according to which a synthetic statement is meaningful only if it is verifiable.
• Attempted to reduce mathematics to pure logic (Principia Mathematica)
• Famous for his verifiability principle, according to which a synthetic statement is
meaningful only if it is verifiable.
• Presented a very famous theorem than in any formal system adequate for
number theory there exists an undecidable formula.
• Developed ‘fuzzy logic’ which allows imprecise answers to questions in addition
to being either clear-cut true or false.
• Logic has made contribution to technology by laying the foundation for the
electronic circuitry of digital divisions of logic.
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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 2

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Date:
Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule:

2) Activity 3.1: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Instruction: Everybody has a gift of natural logic. Complete the following sentences to express reasoning
or argument through the Sentence Completion Activity (Agapay, 2005, p.9)

1. Logic is an art because aims to evaluate and produce arguments, proofs, and other chains of reasoning by applying the
principles of reasoning.
.
2. Logic is a science because It is a codified collection of logical truths and guidelines for sound reasoning. .
.
3. Man has a natural ability to reason because Most people believe that using reasoning will help them gain more
knowledge and make wiser decisions. .
.
4. Logic is required by all sciences because It illustrates the connections between an idea's constituent parts and
the overall idea. .
.
5. Though man has the gift of common sense, he has to study logic because .
.

Activity 3.2: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Instruction: Answer the question below in not less than five (5) lines.

1. What is the importance of studying logic or its uses in our everyday life?
Our decisions are aided by logic. It also forces us to consider what makes a strong argument. If one is able to use logic,
they may be able to adapt and advance during challenging situations. Learning to think and speak clearly and rationally is the art of
logic. It challenges one's own thinking, aids in the growth of a regard for sound reasoning and an appreciation for tenable
arguments. Logic skills improve our ability to solve problems in a variety of fields, including business, science, politics, and the law.

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 2

Name: Borlasa, Justin Kean Hakeem L. Class number:

Date:
Section: BSN2 – B14 Schedule:

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Analyze the two syllogisms and indicate if is valid or invalid. Write your answers on the “What
Know” column. Justify your answers on the “What I Learned” column.

A B
All COCians are PHINMA students All COCians are PHINMA students.
Anna is a COCian. Anna is a PHINMA student.
Therefore, Anna is a PHINMA student. Therefore, Anna is a COCian.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

VALID All Cocians are Phinma

Is Syllogism A valid or invalid?
students

Not all Phinma students are

Is Syllogism B valid or invalid?
INVALID Cocians

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Directions. On the blank before each number, write TRUE if the statement is true; if false, write the appropriate
answer in lieu of the underlined word to make the statement true.

TRUE 1. Logic is science that deals about the correct processes of thinking or reasoning? TRUE

REASONING 2. Logic as a branch of philosophy that deals primarily with questions. REASONING

PRACTICAL 3. Logic is classified under the theoretical division of philosophy. PRACTICAL

TRUE 4. Natural logic refers to man’s gift of reason. TRUE

TRUE 5. Aristotle is considered as the “Father of Logic”. TRUE

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
You are done with the session! Let's track your progress

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

P3
1 2 3 4 5 6 P1 Exam 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 P2 Exam 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Exam

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