PRACTICAL

UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS TO

RESEARCH
2 SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA
MELCS: Chooses appropriate quantitative research design; and
Describes sampling procedure and sample
CHAPTER II
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Design
1. The design of the research could be any of the following, general classifications: phenomenological, historical,
theory building, case studies, time series, etc.
2. The appropriate research design should be specified and described. Explain why this particular research design/
procedure was chosen.
3. Include likewise the research approach; quantitative. Explain also the details and its application to the study.
Research Design is the detailed outline of how a study or investigation takes place. It typically includes how data or
cases are collected, what instruments are employed, how the instruments are used and the intended means for
analyzing data collected.
Research Approach can be either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative approach deals with data that are numeric
while qualitative data deals with data expressed as descriptions or observations. Quantitative approach uses
questionnaires, tests, surveys while qualitative uses open-ended questions, interviews or observations. Mixed-method
approach combines the two afore-cited approaches.
Sources of Data
Locale and Population of the Study
1. Describe the place where the study will be conducted and the reason behind the choice.
2. Describe the human participants in the study (respondents) and the sampling design to be used. Usually
for quantitative approach, calculating the sample size is sorted to.
3. Correct sample must be calculated so that the research will have its unquestionable validity.
Sampling Technique
1. When population is manageable, the entire population is considered; but, when population is not,
sampling technique is used. (For Grade 11 students, they can consider 250 students respondents as a big
population)
Calculating the Sample Size
N
The Slovin’s Formula is: n= 2
(1+ N e )

where n= sample size

N= total population
e= margin of error
 The margin of error is set to 0.05 when the study is descriptive. The smaller the margin of
error, the larger is the sample size.
Sample Computation:
Calculate the sample size of 5,849 respondents (descriptive).
N
n= 2
(1+ N e )
5849
n=
[1+5849 ( 0.05 )2 ]
n=374

Table 1: Distribution of Respondents

Group N n
A 250 52
C 123 25
D 456 94
E 314 65
F 398 82
Total 1, 541 318
Note: e= 0.05
n for A=
250 = 52
¿¿
Determining the Specific Numbers of the Sample Group
To determine the specific members of the sample group after conducting stratified sampling, apply scientific
random sampling. For instance, if the computed sample is 318, the number of questionnaires or research tools to be
floated must be more than the sample size; in this particular example, it must be more than 318. After all the questions
have gathered, randomly select the specific sample size per group until the 318 is obtained. Doing this technique will also
help the researcher in case a certain questionnaire randomly selected has incomplete responses; the researcher can replace
the said questionnaire with a new one, taken from extra questionnaires.
When the population is only minimal, say 50, assigning random numbers or codes or applying the fishbowl
technique can be a good scheme. Using the techniques validate the randomization of the selection of the respondents.
Note: Convenience sampling is not allowed to be used in determining the sample group.

Instrumentation
1. Describe the sources of data, the instruments to be used, what each will measure, how to interpret, to
whom they will be administered and if possible, how they will be administered.
2. Present the tools and procedure to be used to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.
3. Append sample computation.