ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC TALATA MAFARA ZAMFARA STATE

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

HND I MASS COMMUNICATION

LECTURE NOTES

ON
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

BY
MRS CHINASA IBRAHIM

2021/2022

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INTRODUCTION

The study of interpersonal communication began during the 1970s, at a time when many people
saw successful interpersonal relationships as being a key to happiness. The (speech)
communication field has its origins in the study of rhetoric, or public speaking, especially in
political settings. Therefore, in grade schools, high schools, and universities, communication
scholars were teaching public speaking. The influence of these origins for the study of
interpersonal communication is evident in the emphasis on persuasion in interpersonal contexts.
This emphasis characterizes much of the early work in the field and continues to persist. In
addition to having roots in the study of rhetoric, the studies related to interpersonal
communication—published in most of the mainstream communication journals (e.g., Human
Communication Research, Communication Monographs, Communication Quarterly)— are
characterized by the use of hypothesis testing, which is a traditional feature of social-scientific
hypothetico-deductive research methods. This reflects the heavy application of social
psychological approaches to the communication field as it struggled to become a recognized
social science discipline like experimental psychology. In addition to these influences, in reading
interpersonal communication work it becomes evident that the work of Paul Watzlawick, Janet
Beavin, and Don Jackson (1967), Gregory Bateson (1972), and Erving Goffman (1967, 1971)
also influenced both what scholars of interpersonal communication examined and how they
examined it.
Interpersonal communication is like breathing; it is a requirement for life. And, like breathing,
interpersonal communication is inescapable. Unless you live in isolation, you communicate
interpersonally every day. Listening to your roommate, talking to a teacher, meeting for lunch
with a friend, and talking to your parents or your spouse are all examples of interpersonal
communication. It is impossible not to communicate with others. Even before we are born, we
respond to movement and sound. With our first cry, we announce to others that we are here.
Once we make contact with others, we communicate, and we continue to do so until we draw our
last breath. Even though many of our messages are not verbalized, we nonetheless
send messages to others—intentionally and sometimes unintentionally. Whatever our intentions,
people draw conclusions from our behavior. Without interpersonal communication, a special
form of human communication that occurs as we manage our relationships, people suffer and

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even die. Recluses, hermits, and people isolated in solitary confinement dream and hallucinate
about talking with others face to face. Human communication is at the core of our existence.
Think of the number of times you communicated with someone today, as you worked, ate,
studied, shopped, or went about your other daily activities. Most people spend between 80 and
90 percent of their waking hours communicating with others. It is through these interactions with
others that we develop interpersonal relationships. Because these relationships are so important
to our lives, later chapters will focus on the communication skills and principles that explain and
predict how we develop, sustain, and sometimes end relationships. We’ll explore such questions
as the following:
● Why do we like some people and not others?
● How can we interpret other people’s unspoken messages with greater accuracy?
● Why do some relationships blossom and others deteriorate?
● How can we better manage disagreements with others?
● How can we better understand our relationships with our family, friends, and coworkers?
As we address essential questions about how you relate to others, we will emphasize the
importance of being other-oriented. Being other-oriented results in awareness of the
thoughts, needs, experiences, personality, emotions, motives, desires, culture, and goals of
your communication partners while still maintaining your own integrity. Becoming other
oriented is not a single skill, but a collection of skills and principles that are designed to increase
your sensitivity to and understanding of others. This chapter charts the course ahead, addressing
key questions about what interpersonal communication is and why it is important. We will begin
by seeing how our understanding of the interpersonal communication process has evolved. And
we will conclude by examining how we initiate and sustain relationships through interpersonal
communication.
ELEMENTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Much research has been done to try to break down interpersonal communication into a number
of elements in order that it can be more easily understood. Commonly these elements include:
THE COMMUNICATORS
For any communication to occur there must be at least two people involved. It is easy to think
about communication involving a sender and a receiver of a message. However, the problem
with this way of seeing a relationship is that it presents communication as a one-way process

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where one person sends the message and the other receives it. While one person is talking and
another is listening, for example. In fact communications are almost always complex, two-way
processes, with people sending and receiving messages to and from each other simultaneously.
In other words, communication is an interactive process. While one person is talking the other is
listening - but while listening they are also sending feedback in the form of smiles, head nods
etc.
THE MESSAGE
Message not only means the speech used or information conveyed, but also the non-verbal
messages exchanged such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures and body language. Non-
verbal behaviour can convey additional information about the spoken message. In particular, it
can reveal more about emotional attitudes which may underlie the content of speech.
NOISE
Noise has a special meaning in communication theory. It refers to anything that distorts the
message, so that what is received is different from what is intended by the speaker. Whilst
physical 'noise' (for example, background sounds or a low-flying jet plane) can interfere with
communication, other factors are considered to be ‘noise’. The use of complicated jargon,
inappropriate body language, inattention, disinterest, and cultural differences can be considered
'noise' in the context of interpersonal communication. In other words, any distortions or
inconsistencies that occur during an attempt to communicate can be seen as noise.
FEEDBACK
Feedback consists of messages the receiver returns, which allows the sender to know how
accurately the message has been received, as well as the receiver's reaction. The receiver may
also respond to the unintentional message as well as the intentional message. Types of feedback
range from direct verbal statements, for example "Say that again, I don't understand", to subtle
facial expressions or changes in posture that might indicate to the sender that the receiver feels
uncomfortable with the message. Feedback allows the sender to regulate, adapt or repeat the
message in order to improve communication.

CONTEXT

All communication is influenced by the context in which it takes place. However, apart from
looking at the situational context of where the interaction takes place, for example in a room,

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office, or perhaps outdoors, the social context also needs to be considered, for example the roles,
responsibilities and relative status of the participants. The emotional climate and participants'
expectations of the interaction will also affect the communication.

CHANNEL

The channel refers to the physical means by which the message is transferred from one person to
another. In a face-to-face context the channels which are used are speech and vision, however
during a telephone conversation the channel is limited to speech alone.

Uses of Interpersonal Communication

Most of us engage in some form of interpersonal communication on a regular basis, often many
times a day, how well we communicate with others is a measure of our interpersonal skills.
Interpersonal communication is a key life skill and can be used to:

Give and collect information.

Influence the attitudes and behaviour of others.
Form contacts and maintain relationships.
Make sense of the world and our experiences in it.
Express personal needs and understand the needs of others.
Give and receive emotional support.
Make decisions and solve problems.
Anticipate and predict behaviour.
Regulate power.
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

What and how you communicate, being the rational individual you are, requires choice. We've
covered that. So, what are your options? One of the most basic divisions between types of
interpersonal communication is verbal versus nonverbal. There are four types of interpersonal
communication — oral, verbal, nonverbal, and listening — and mastering each of these is key to
success in the modern workplace.

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1. Oral communication
This refers to any form of spoken communication, such as public speaking, phone calls,
podcasting, or speaking up during a staff meeting. It involves your word choice, tone and pitch
of your voice, talking speed, and even your use — or lack thereof — of filler words like “uh,
“um,” and “like.” Research shows our ability to communicate orally is even more important to
helping us land a job than we may realize. A 2015 study published in the Association for
Psychological Science found that candidates were rated as more competent and intelligent — and
were ranked as more hireable — when evaluators heard the candidates make their pitch instead
of simply reading their written statements.
Examples of oral communication

 Public speaking
 Phone calls
 Audio messages
 Podcasts
 Radio interviews
 Meetings

2. Verbal communication

Verbal communication is that which is spoken. When you communicate, what do you say? Not
only that, but how do you say it? Do you use slang? What words or ideas do you emphasize?
What language do you speak? All of this is part of verbal communication. This encompasses all
types of written communication, including emails, reports, Slack messages, texts, presentation
slides, and more. But it isn’t just words alone — it also entails the various methods that we use to
enhance verbal communication and make our meaning clear, such as employing GIFs and
emojis. With today’s increasingly remote workforce, it’s more important than ever for employees
to possess strong verbal communication skills. The ability to write clearly can even help us land
a job more easily and get promoted faster. In fact, a Grammarly study that analyzed 100
LinkedIn profiles found that professionals with fewer grammatical errors achieved higher
positions and were more likely to be promoted.

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 3. Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication is the information communicated without being spoken. Are you
standing straight or leaning? Do you look at the other person's eyes? Where do you put your
hands? What's your body language telling the other person? Researchers agree that at least half
of what we communicate is nonverbal, so this is pretty important. This is any type of
communication that doesn’t involve words. It encompasses everything from body language and
hand gestures to eye contact and even what you’re wearing and what’s visible in the background
of your Zoom call. To get a sense of just how important nonverbal communication is, consider
how easily you can change the meaning of a message by using air quotes or even simply saying
“Have a nice day!” in a friendly way versus with a sarcastic tone. Communicating with a visual
component, such as in a video call, is a great way to ensure that nonverbal communication cues
aren’t lost during transmission.

4. Listening
Listening is a key part of communication that doesn’t involve just hearing what someone says,
but also actively understanding what they say. You’ll often hear people tout the importance of
“active listening” or showing a speaker that they have your attention and you’re interested in
what they have to say. Aspects of active listening involve making eye contact, nodding your
head, taking notes, and saying things like “mm-hmm” to indicate understanding.

5. Body language

Most people listen more to your body language and the tone of your voice than your words. How
you smile, nod, and maintain your body contact speaks a lot to the audience. Ensure that you
keep an open body language. It includes uncrossed arms, relaxed posture, and eye contact. A
crossed body shows that you’re uninterested in what others say. 

6. Openness
Not all people will share your views. Some will significantly oppose you. You should be open to
listening to those with opposing ideas. By doing so, you will know why they came up with such
opinions. Their reasoning may challenge yours. People will admire your willingness to learn
from those who disagree with you.

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7. Assertiveness
Most people like assertive individuals. Assertiveness is being fair in the way you express your
opinions. It’s also calm and honest as you express your views and consider other people’s
opinion. If you’re assertive, you’ll tell people how you feel. Also, you will listen to the views of
others and empathize. Moreover, you should use facts and resist being judgmental. 
8. Positive attitude
Most individuals like hanging out with people who have a positive attitude. You must be
friendly. Also, even if things are not working out as expected, you have to maintain a positive
outlook. Additionally, you have to create a positive rapport with your group. It will make the
workplace pleasant for everybody. 
9. Teamwork
Your business cannot become successful without people working together as one. Collaboration
is, thus, a type of interpersonal communication. Do not burden yourself with all the work.
Delegate and trust that each person will perform their role well. That way, people will know that
you trust and have confidence in them. Thus, there will be cooperation in your team. 
Your performance will improve if you create practical interpersonal communication skills. Also,
it will help you establish a stronger relationship with your workmates. 
EXAMPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Humans are a social species — consequently, we’re constantly communicating with one another.
Research indicates that people speak anywhere from 7,000 to 20,000 words a day to each other.
For context, on the higher end of the scale, that’s equivalent to chatting out the average novella
in the course of a day. Interpersonal communication is happening all the time and in the business
world, it’s often one of the most important aspects of your job. So, if you’re wondering to
yourself, “What are some examples of interpersonal communication?” Here they are:
1. Phone Calls
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, one of the inventors of the telephone uttered the first words
ever transmitted over the line. They were to his assistant and are as historic as they are mundane:
“Mr. Watson, come here, i want to see you.” Since then, trillions of words have been spoken into
phones daily. How many calls have you made today?
2. Meetings

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Whether they’re conducted in person, (as in the pre-pandemic days) or on zoom, meetings have
long been a mainstay of the business experience. That said, like the modern saying, “this could
have been an email,” think twice before requesting someone’s time and attention in a group
setting.

3. Presentations

The overreliance on “ye olde slide deck” may be fading out, but presentations remain a mainstay
of the corporate conference room. And why not? A well-communicated presentation can be a
rallying point for a project and galvanize the team together.

4. Emails and texting

Some pundits like to bemoan the fact that, as a culture, we spend too much time interacting with
screens rather than each other. The fact is, we’re using the screens to interact with each other —
usually through written communication. At least 97% of smartphone owners text regularly
according to the pew research center, which amounts to about 26 billion daily texts sent in
america alone. That’s a lot of interpersonal communication — not to mention a lot of reading
and writing.

5. Active listening
Most listeners concentrate on thinking about what they will say to the speaker. Active listening
means, being attentive and understanding the information communicated. After listening
attentively, you can provide thoughtful answers. These solutions will take the speaker’s ideas
and opinions into account. It is one of the best interpersonal communication skills. It helps the
speakers feel appreciated and valued.
Interpersonal communication is communication between people. It can involve two
people or a whole group: what is essential is that there are several people involved. Interpersonal
communication can take many forms. For example it can be verbal (speaking face to face),
written (in a letter or an email, for example) or non-verbal (for instance facial expressions and

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body language). Interpersonal communication is so important in so many aspects of everyday
life. Below, you will find 10 examples of interpersonal communication in everyday life.

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 OTHER TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Formal Communication

2. Informal Communication

3. Downward Communication

4. Upward Communication

5. Horizontal Communication

6. Diagonal Communication

7. Non Verbal Communication

8. Verbal Communication

9. Oral Communication

10. Written Communication

1. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

Formal Communication

Informal Communication

2. DIRECTION

Downward Communication

Upward Communication

Horizontal Communication

Diagonal Communication

3. MODE OF EXPRESSION
Non-Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication
Oral Communication
Written Communication

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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IMPORTANCE TO LIFE
Interpersonal relationships are important for your overall physical and emotional happiness.
Relationships help fight loneliness while also giving you a sense of purpose in life. ... All
interpersonal relationships are built on loyalty, support, and trust. Close relationships may also
be built on love.
Interpersonal communication is very important in everyday life. It helps us build a relationship
with another, also it helps us to satisfy our physical needs, identity needs, social needs and
practical goals. Communication lets people exchange their feeling and information through
verbal and non-verbal communication through social media or face to face communication.
Communication can be effective and ineffective depend on the individual communication skills.
The ways we communicate with another can be influenced by family, friends, significant other
also within the culture and region where we stay. Each person has a different set of rule to
communicate with another, so this is how miscommunication happen.
IMPORTANCE OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE
On a scale from 1 to 14, managers rate the importance of having good interpersonal skills at
4.37, just below the ‘ability to work in teams. There are many reasons why they are so valued;
even though most workplace business is now conducted through online communication channels,
it is still necessary to possess verbal skills in order to work effectively with your colleagues and
bosses. Therefore, interpersonal skills are crucial for business success. Let’s now take a look into
why interpersonal communication is crucial for your career development and productivity in the
workplace.
1. Problem solving

Interpersonal communication skills are necessary because they allow people to discuss problems
and weigh the pros and cons of alternatives before coming up with the final solution. For
example, brainstorming exercises are situations in which interpersonal communication comes
into play as it is very important that everyone feels respected and free to share their voice, ideas
and views.

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2. Alignment with business goals

Poor communication between employers and employee scan harm the business in many ways.
When managers and leaders are unable to clearly communicate tasks, workers can quickly
become frustrated and disconnected with the business goals.  Moreover, many employees say
that their managers don’t give them clear directions and goals for their work. Therefore,
managers should be able to, with proper online and offline communication as well as the right
internal communication tools, continuously align employees with the business strategy. 

3. Trust
According to the American Psychological Association, a quarter of employees in the US do not trust
their employers, and only about 50% of them believe that their bosses are open with them. Lack of
trust and transparency are some of the most common causes of poor workplace
communication. Interpersonal communication skills are crucial for improving trust and workplace
communication, and all employees, especially business leaders, should therefore improve
communication with their employees. 
4. Change management
Good interpersonal communication is very important during change management efforts within
organizations.  Effective employee communication helps employees better understand the
change, align with it and collaboratively work towards implementing the change successfully. 
5. Company culture
Interpersonal relationships, especially when executed well, are important for an organizational
culture to thrive. When employees possess good interpersonal communication skills,
organizational culture becomes more synergic and positive. With bad interpersonal relationships,
on the other hand, negativity, confusion, and conflicts become inevitable.  This ultimately ruins
the work environment, reduces employee productivity, and adversely affects the company's
bottom line.

6. Employee recognition
Good interpersonal communication drives more employee recognition. When employees have
good interpersonal relationships with each other and their managers, they are more likely to
recognize each others’ good work and give constructive feedback. 

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7. Workplace miscommunication
Managers who maintain professionalism, open workplace communication and a positive attitude
are more likely to be seen as approachable by their employees. When employees feel like they
can speak openly with decision-makers, workplace miscommunication, gossip and rumors are
much less likely to happen.
8. Personal relationships
Interpersonal skills are extremely important for creating and maintaining meaningful personal
relationships in the workplace. People with good interpersonal communication skills can,
therefore, build healthy relationships with their colleagues and work much better as a team. 
9. Effective management and leadership
The ability to foster interpersonal relationships, establish trust and communicate clearly are all
crucial skills for an effective leader. When a manager has poor interpersonal communication
skills, they can expect to irritate and confuse employees. In fact, there is a greater need for
managers to work on their interpersonal skills than there is for the average employee.
10. Employee success
Good interpersonal communication skills are also necessary for managers to help their
employees do their jobs successfully. Leaders need to be able to pass on the right skills to the
employees that will enable them to perform their tasks and achieve business goals. Moreover,
they should be the ones to teach their employees interpersonal communication skills. 
11. Conflict management
Conflict is normal in the workplace, and we can’t always expect from our employees to resolve
conflicts in a calm and timely manner. When conflicts like this arise, interpersonal
communication becomes crucial for resolving them. Conflict management cannot happen
without effective interpersonal communication. In fact, all conflict management strategies that
use communication to soften situations in stressful environments are much more successful.
12. Career development
As many employers are looking for workers with good communication skills, continuous
improvements of interpersonal communication skills can bring career progressions for many
employees.  Moreover, in a survey conducted by Workforce Solutions Group, it was revealed
that more than 60% of employers say that applicants are not demonstrating sufficient
communication and interpersonal skills to be considered for jobs.  In addition, the increasing

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prevalence of communication technologies means that employees and communicators now have
to adapt to the new employee communication trends. 
13. Remote work
This year, we have all witnessed the importance of communication in the workplace. With the
emergence of remote work, interpersonal communication among peers, colleagues, managers
and leaders has been disrupted. Yet, it is more important than ever before. In order to keep their
cultures open and transparent, employers need to continue to drive engaging workplace
conversations even when employees are physically dispersed. 
14. Crisis management
In addition to remote work, many employers will remember 2020 as the year of crisis
management. One of the characteristics of companies that manage crisis more successfully, is the
ability to drive interpersonal communication within the workplace.  When employees are
connected and have the ability to collaborate efficiently, it is much easier for organizations to
communicate the impact of the crisis on both personal and company-wide levels. 
RULES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1. Convey messages in a clear and effective manner. This should go without saying.
2. Use clear and unambiguous language.
3. Use non-verbal methods of communication.
4. Use repetition.
5. Check understanding.
SITUATION THAT WARRANTS INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1. Speaking on the phone: whether we call a friend or a taxi, we are engaging in interpersonal
communication. Tone of voice is as important as words when we are talking to someone
verbally.

2. Giving a presentation at work: this sharing of information in a formal setting is another form
of interpersonal communication. We might use technologies such as slideshows to aid our
communications here.

3. Expressing our emotions through facial expressions: a subtle way of communication with
others. We can say one thing with our words, but express something different through our facial
expressions.

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4. Sign language: many members of the deaf community communicate using sign language –
which comes in many forms. British Sign Language (BSL) and American Sign Language (ASL)
are just two examples of these.

5. Writing an email: communicating with friends and others via email is something many of us
do everyday. Editing emails to get our words just right can also make our communications
clearer and more concise.

6. Chatting with a group at a party: this is an informal and fun type of communicating. Tone
of voice, gesture and words all work together here to enable people to communicate.

7. Giving and receiving instructions: on trains, in the workplace, giving directions to visitors to
our town, and reading the instructions leaflet for a new appliance are all examples of this.

8. Body language during a job interview: the way we sit or stand can communicate a lot about
our state of mind. Sitting with our arms open rather than folded, for example, and our hands
visible, demonstrates that we are in an open and honest state of mind.

9. Sending an invitation: sending an invitation to a party or another event is a way of

communicating with others. And, when the invitees reply, they are communicating with us in
their turn.

10. Sending a text message: text messaging – or using similar messaging services such as
WhatsApp – is another spontaneous way of communicating with people in writing. This type of
messaging can often have many of the elements of a conversation between a group of people
talking in the same room – though in fact all of the interlocutors can be scattered throughout the
globe.

THEORIES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Uncertainty Reductions Theory

The uncertainty reductions theory is the idea that we try to reduce uncertainty about others by
learning about them. When we know more about someone, we can then predict their behavior
more easily.

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For example, when you first meet a classmate, you don't know yet if they could become a good
friend. When you go on your first date, you probably don't know if you could have a lasting
relationship with this person. Because there is so much you don't know about them, you have to
reduce the uncertainty by getting to know them better. That's what the uncertainty reductions
theory is about. This theory posits that two strangers go through several stages in order to start
forming a bond and decide whether they want it to continue. The stages include:

1. The entry stage, in which they get to know about each other's family, education and
background

2. The personal stage, which involves sharing attitudes and beliefs, and where both people
consider if they are really compatible

3. The exit stage, where the two individuals (now in some sort of relationship) either decide
to keep moving forward or go their separate ways.

Social Exchange Theory

Ever think to yourself, 'What am I getting from this relationship?' or 'I feel like I am giving more
than I am getting'? These are the kinds of thoughts that sociologists consider when talking about
social exchange theory. This theory states that individuals continually assess whether a
relationship is giving them more or at least as much as they are putting into it. Specifically, it
compares cost to reward. It is similar to economic theories, which focus on the exchange of
goods and intake versus output. Only when the rewards of the relationship are equal to or more
than the cost does the person feel it's worth it.

Since this is a relational theory, many of the goods exchanged are emotional. Costs can include
things such as poor communication or sacrificing your interests to please the other person.
Rewards include things like companionship, sharing common interests or being understood.

Dialectical Theory

There is a saying that goes, 'The only constant thing is change.' This idea fits dialectical theory
perfectly. Under this theory, relationships are in a constant state of flux, making their success
determined by how those changes are handled. Marriage partners have times of contradictory

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desires and goals, for example, so for the relationship to last, they have to find a way to
communicate through their differences and reach compromises. Only by working with the
fluctuations that inevitably come with life events can interpersonal relationships be maintained.

Attachment Theory

It's common knowledge that people in counseling often talk about the early relationships they
had with their parents. This is partly because these early relationships can influence and shape
later relationships.

GROUP DYNAMIC

Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social
group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of
group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behaviour, tracking the spread
of diseases in society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the emergence and
popularity of new ideas and technologies.[1] These applications of the field are studied in
psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work,
leadership studies, business and managerial studies, as well as communication studies.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP

Regardless of the size or the purpose, every group has similar characteristics:

(a) 2 or more persons (if it is one person, it is not a group)

(b) Formal social structure (the rules of the game are defined)

LEADERSHIP IN GROUP DYNAMIC

Group Dynamics

A leader manages interpersonal conflict appropriately, and recognizes how relationships within
groups change and accordingly adapts personal leadership style. Group dynamics refers to the
attitudes and behaviors of a group. No two groups are alike, so it is up to the leader to adapt their

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personal leadership style to reflect the changes and relationships within each group. Effective
and positive group dynamics are vital for any organization, and leaders who understand group
behavior and structure can use this knowledge to create, guide, and manage cohesive and
productive groups.

These resources will give you an overview of group theory as well as the processes involved in
group formation to group adjoining and everything in between. Behavior (American English) or
behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or
artificial entities in within some environment. These systems can include other systems or
organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the
system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.Taking a behavior informatics
perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be
represented as a behavior vector.

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Behavior Share

Behavior refers to how you conduct yourself. Generally, it’s wise to engage in good behavior,
even if you're really bored. The noun behavior is a spin-off of the verb behave, Get rid of the be
in behave and you're left with have, which makes sense: you could say that to behave is to
"have" or "own" yourself — to control yourself. There's also a broader definition of behavior,
which is basically anything any living thing does in any situation. Brushing your teeth?
Behavior. Scratching your nose? Behavior. Eating a large antelope because you are a lion and
you're hungry?

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