Liq

43 When can we avoid it - I

1. Earthquakes with magnitude M less than 5

Galli (2000)
Upper bound curves
from national and international
case histories

ISSMGE-TC4 (1999)

M min = 5
 Liq
44
When can we avoid it - II

2. Free field PGA less than 0.1

3. Clean sands with (N1)60 > 30 or qc1N > 180

(N1)60 = 30 qc1N > 180

amax < 0.1g

Liq
45 When can we avoid it - III

4. Seasonal mean ground water depth higher than 15 m

for sub-horizontal surface and shallow foundations

Limit curves showing combinations between:

- H1 = max (groundwater depth, non-liquefiable layer thickness)
- H2 = liquefiable layer thickness
(Ishihara, 1985)
Liq
46 When can we avoid it - IV

5. Grain size distribution external to the ranges indicated for

Uniform soils Well-graded soils

(uniformity coeffcient Uc < 3.5) (uniformity coeffcient Uc > 3.5)

Fine soils (silts, clays) Gravels (highly permeable)

⇓ ⇓
Electro-chemical bonds ∆u ≈ 0
⇓ ⇓
Poorly liquefiable Poorly liquefiable

D 60
Uniformity coefficient UC =
D10