CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

4.1 Introduction

The data analysis, interpretation and presentation of this study focuses on the

presenting data gathered from the primary data which is the questionnaire and the

discussion of findings. In the presentation of collected data, 400 questionnaires

were distributed and 200 were gathered back for analysis. In essence this implies

that 50% effective response rate was achieved. Small and medium scale enterprises

outlets within the Ikeja Local Government of Lagos state were surveyed.

While the statistical analysis allows for a quantitative description and explanation

of data collected, the descriptive analysis involves conceptual description of

available data. The statistical tools employed to analyse the data are simple

frequency percentage of results, simple regression and multiple regression

techniques for each hypothetical proposition.

4.2 Socio-Demographic Data Presentation

Table 4.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents on Socio-Demographic

Data

S/ Response Label Frequency Percentage

N (%)

1 Gender Male 109 54.5

Female 91 45.5

2. Age 14-24 70 35.0

25-34 84 42.0

35-44 29 14.5

Above 44 17 8.5

3. Marital Status Single 81 40.5

Married 105 52.5

Divorced 7 3.5

4. Religion Christia 113 56.5

Islam 71 35.5

Others 2 1.0

5, Educational O’Level 57 28.5

Qualification
Undergr 70 35.0
 aduate/

OND

B.sc/ 29 14.5

HND

Above 5 2.5

B.sc/HN

Fieldwork Survey, 2022

As shown in table 4.1 above, male respondents were 54.5% of the total

respondents while the female respondents were 45.5%. This indicates that the male

respondents responded higher than the female respondents.

Table 4.1. Indicates that while only 35% of the respondents were those in 14 years

but less than 25 years. 42% of the respondents were 25 years but less than 35

years, and 14.5% were recorded for those that were 35 years but less than 45 years.

For 45 year and above, there are 8.5% respectively. This shows that the majority of

the respondents must have had sufficient exposure and experience needed to

understand the issues raised in the research instrument.

From the table 4.1, Respondents were quizzed on their marital status, 40.5% of the

respondents were single,52.5% were single while 3.5% of the respondents were
divorced. 56.5% of the respondents are Christians by religion, 35.5% are Islam

while 1% were basically practicing other religion. On educational qualification,

28.5% of the respondents had at least O’Level, 35% were undergraduate or had

OND qualificatiom, 14.5% 0f the respondents had B.sc or HND while 2.5% had

above B.sc and HND. This indicated that a number of our respondents had the

educational competency required to fulfill this research.

4.3 Relationship between loss reduction and liquidity of small and medium

scale enterprises in Lagos state.

Table 4.2 Percentage Distribution of Respondents on the Relationship

between loss reduction and liquidity of small and medium scale enterprises in

Lagos state.

Scale Level
Mea Std
Variables SD D U A SA
n Dev.
1 2 3 4 5

Post loss techniques has a great 23. 12. 29. 24. 8.5 2.53 1.243

significant in reducing the loss 1 5 3 1 4

of medium scale enterprises

Higher contingency fund of an 13. 34. 21. 15. 13. 2.85 1.286
organisation has contributed 8 0 2 3 7

positively to the performance of

the company

Training of employees on a 18. 28. 25. 16. 11. 2.75 1.324

way to reduce potential loss has 2 6 1 3 8

increase the performance

efficiency of the organisation

Increased catastrophic bond has 15. 24. 8.9 31. 19. 3.26 1.643

increase the liquidity ratio of 3 5 5 8

the medium scale enterprise

Source: Field Survey, 2022

In table 4.3, the relationship between loss reduction and liquidity of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state for which data was sought from the entire

respondents were Post loss techniques has a great significant in reducing the loss of

medium scale enterprises, Higher contingency fund of an organisation has

contributed positively to the performance of the company, Training of employees

on a way to reduce potential loss has increase the performance efficiency of the
organisation and Increased catastrophic bond has increase the liquidity ratio of the

medium scale enterprise. The respondents responded to the various items, wherein

24.1 percent expressed their agreement in terms of ‘Post loss techniques has a great

significant in reducing the loss of medium scale enterprises’, 29.3 percent

indifferent, and 12.5 percent flaunted their disagreement. For Higher contingency

fund of an organisation has contributed positively to the performance of the

company, while respondents expressed 34 percent in disagreement, 15.3 percent

were in support with it, then, 21.2 percent were indecisive. As for ‘Training of

employees on a way to reduce potential loss has increase the performance

efficiency of the organisation’, 28.6 percent of the entire respondents displayed

their disagreement, 25.1percent were indecisive and 16,3percent agreed. For the

‘Increased catastrophic bond has increase the liquidity ratio of the medium scale

enterprise`, 31.5 percent agreed, 8.9 percent undecided, and 24.5 percent expressed

their displeasure. The result of the descriptive statistics on the Relationship

between loss reduction and liquidity of small and medium scale enterprises in

Lagos state clearly show that all the respondents have similar opinions about all the

subject matters as indicated in their mean and standard deviation scores.

4.4 Impact of significant effect of loss prevention on profitability of small

and medium scale enterprises in Lagos state.

Table 4.3 Percentage Distribution of Respondents on the significant effect of

loss prevention on profitability of small and medium scale enterprises in

Lagos state.

Scale Level
Mea Std
Variables SD D U A SA
n Dev.
1 2 3 4 5

Pre loss techniques has a great 16. 22. 25. 35. 10.5 2.61 1.272

significant in reducing the loss 1 5 3 1 4

of medium scale enterprises

Adequate fire alarm system 13. 32. 15. 22. 16.7 2.75 1.286

has helped reduce the 8 0 2 3

possibility of loss by fire

Training of employees on a 13. 16. 20. 29. 20.8 2.85 1.324

way to prevent or avoid 2 7 1 3

potential loss has increase the

performance efficiency of the

organisation

Source: Field Survey, 2022

In table 4.4, Impact of significant effect of loss prevention on profitability of small

and medium scale enterprises in Lagos state for which data was sought from the

entire respondents were Pre loss techniques has a great significant in reducing the

loss of medium scale enterprises, Adequate fire alarm system has helped reduce the

possibility of loss by fire and Training of employees on a way to prevent or avoid

potential loss has increase the performance efficiency of the organisation. The

respondents responded to the various items, wherein 35.1 percent expressed their

agreement in terms of ‘were Pre loss techniques has a great significant in reducing

the loss of medium scale enterprises’, 25.3 percent indifferent, and 22.5 percent

flaunted their disagreement. For ‘Adequate fire alarm system has helped reduce the

possibility of loss by fire’,while respondents expressed 32 percent in disagreement,

22.3 percent were in support with it, then, 15.2 percent were indecisive. As for

‘Training of employees on a way to prevent or avoid potential loss has increase the

performance efficiency of the organisation`, 29.3 percent of the entire respondents

displayed their agreement, 20.1percent were indecisive, and 16.7percent disagreed.

The impact of significant effect of loss prevention on profitability of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state clearly show that all the respondents have

similar opinions about all the subject matters as indicated in their mean and

standard deviation scores.

4.5 Performance of the Medium scale enterprises

Table 4.4 Percentage Distribution of Respondents on the Performance of

the Medium scale enterprises

Scale Level
Mea Std
Variables SD D U A SA
n Dev.
1 2 3 4 5

Salesforce in my organization 23. 12. 29. 24. 8.5 2.53 1.243

have been able to increase the 1 5 3 1 4

percentages of our market share

(customers)

Profitability level of my 13. 34. 21. 15. 13. 2.85 1.286

organization changes due to 8 0 2 3 7

adequate risk management

My organizational salesforce 18. 28. 25. 16. 11. 2.75 1.324

have had values by avoiding 2 6 1 3 8

consequential loss

My organizational salesforce 15. 24. 8.9 31. 19. 3.26 1.643

have added values due to their 3 5 5 8

communication skills in the risk

management

Source: Field Survey, 2022

In table 4.3, the Performance of the Medium scale enterprises for which data was

sought from the entire respondents were Salesforce in my organization have been

able to increase the percentages of our market share (customers), Profitability level

of my organization changes due to adequate risk management, My organizational

salesforce have had values by avoiding consequential loss, and My organizational

salesforce have added values due to their communication skills in the risk

management. The respondents responded to the various items, wherein 24.1

percent expressed their agreement in terms of ‘Salesforce in my organization have

been able to increase the percentages of our market share (customers)’, 29.3

percent indifferent, and 12.5 percent flaunted their disagreement. For ‘Profitability

level of my organization changes due to adequate risk management’,while

respondents expressed 34 percent in disagreement, 15.3 percent were in support

with it, then, 21.2 percent were indecisive. As for ‘My organizational salesforce

have had values by avoiding consequential loss’, 28.6 percent of the entire

respondents displayed their disagreement, 25.1percent were indecisive, and

16,3percent agreed. For the ‘My organizational salesforce have added values due

to their communication skills in the risk management’, 31.5 percent agreed, 8.9

percent undecided, and 24.5 percent expressed their displeasure. The result of the

descriptive statistics on the Performance of the Medium scale enterprises clearly

show that all the respondents have similar opinions about all the subject matters as

indicated in their mean and standard deviation scores.

Hypothesis One:

Ho; there is no significant impact of loss reduction on liquidity of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state

H1: there is significant impact of loss reduction on liquidity of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state

Table 1. Model Summary

Mo R R Adjusted Std. Change Statistics

del Squar R Square Error of

R Square F df1 df2 Sig. F
e the
Change Chang Change
Estimate
e

33.47
1 .412 a
.206 .162 4.84352 .146 1 177 .000
4
a. Predictors: (Constant), liquidity

Table 2. ANOVAa

Model Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares

Regression 531.282 1 531.282 43.483 .000b

1 Residual 4013.932 187 14.243

Total 4362.631 193

a. Dependent Variable: loss reduction

b. Predictors: (Constant), Liquidity

Table 3. Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Standardi T Sig. 95.0% Confidence

Coefficients zed Interval for B

Coefficien

ts
 B Std. Beta Lower Upper

Error Bound Bound

(Consta
31.210 .863 24.165 .000 19.479 22.941
nt)

1 loss

reducti -.272 .083 -.457 -5.786 .000 -.376 -.185

on

a. Dependent Variable: loss reduction

Y= a0 + β1x1+e

Where a0= intercept;

β = coefficient of independent variable

X1= Liquidity (independent variable)

Y= Effect of loss reduction on liquidity factors (dependent variable)

e= error

The coefficient of simple linear determination R2 of 0.146 which implies that

14.6% of the total variation in the effect of loss reduction on liquidity of small and
medium scale enterprises in Lagos state (liquidity). The remaining 85.4% not

explained could be attributed to the stochastic variation.

The Beta value of the coefficients X1 was positively and statistically significant at

5% levels.

A simple regression was run to predict the effect of loss reduction on liquidity

factors from liquidity (independent variable). The table 1 indicates that the

independent variables yielded a coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.146

accounting for 14.6% of the proportion of variance in dependent variable that is

explained by the independent variables. The table 2, then, shows that the analysis

of variance for the simple regression data produced F-ratio value of 31.210 which

is significant at 0.05 (. i.e. F (-0.272) = 31.210, p < 0.05). In table 3, while the

independent variable (liquidity) has negative but statistically significance on

response variable (effect of loss reduction on liquidity factors among SME in

Lagos state).

Hypothesis Two:

Ho: There is no significant effect of loss prevention on profitability of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state

H1; There is significant effect of loss prevention on profitability of small and

medium scale enterprises in Lagos state

Table 4. Model Summary

Mo R R Adjusted Std. Change Statistics

del Squar R Square Error of

R Square F df1 df2 Sig. F
e the
Change Chang Change
Estimate
e

135.10
1 .527 a
.325 .363 4.65732 .395 1 196 .000
9

a. Predictors: (Constant),

Table 5. ANOVAa

Model Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares

1 Regression 1234.874 1 1234.874 107.168 .000b

 Residual 2150.290 196 11.535

Total 3634.254 184

a. Dependent Variable: Loss Prevention

b. Predictors: (Constant),

Table 6. Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Standardi t Sig. 95.0% Confidence

Coefficients zed Interval for B

Coefficien

ts

B Std. Beta Lower Upper

Error Bound Bound

(Consta
9.173 .732 12.530 .000 7.729 10.617
nt)

1 Loss

Preventi .477 .046 .598 10.448 .000 .387 .567

on
a. Dependent Variable: Loss Prevention

Y= a0 + β1x1+e

Where a0= intercept;

β = coefficient of independent variable

X1= Profitability (independent variable)

Y= Impact of Loss Prevention on Profitability (dependent variable)

e: error

The coefficient of simple linear determination R2 of 0.325 which implies that

32.5% of the total variation in the Impact of Loss Prevention on Profitability was

explained by the independent variable (Profitability). The remaining 67.5% not

explained could be attributed to the stochastic variation.

The Beta value of the coefficients X1 was positively and statistically significant at

5% levels.

A simple regression was run to predict Impact of Loss Prevention on Profitability

among SMEs (dependent variable) from Profitability (independent variable). The

table 4 indicates that the independent variables yielded a coefficient of

determination (R2) of 0.325 accounting for 32.5%% of the proportion of variance

in dependent variable that is explained by the independent variables. The table 5,

then, shows that the analysis of variance for the simple regression data produced F-

ratio value of 107.168 which is significant at 0.05 (. i.e. F (0.398) = 107.168, p <

0.05). In table 6, the independent variable (Profitability) has positive and statistical

significance on response variable (Impact of Loss Prevention on Profitability).