As per the latest CISCE Curriculum

My Book Of
History & Civics 7

Manju Bhashini (M.Ed.)

Niraj Public School
Hyderabad

(An imprint of New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.)

New Delhi-110002 (INDIA)
 R

(An imprint of New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.)

978-93-5272-256-3

NSS2MBH070HSTAA17ICY
 Preface
My Book Of History & Civics, comprising three books for classes 6, 7 and 8,
is based on the latest syllabus developed by the Council for the Indian School
Certificate Examinations (CISCE). The series hopes to enhance the various skills
of the learner, right from observation, critical thinking and communication to
reasoning, understanding, collaboration and citizenship.

A contemporary and thoroughly researched series, the books help learners explore
natural and human environment and understand their continuous interaction.

Key features
 Let’s Explore: A detailed lesson on the topics as per the syllabus

 Did You Know?: A crisp fact file to grab the attention of the learner

 HOTS: Short questions that enable the student to think beyond the classroom

 Words To Know: End-of-the-lesson glossary to simplify difficult words

 Quick Recap: A quick recapitulation of the lesson for easy understanding

 Activity: Additional activities at the end of every lesson to ensure application

of the concepts learnt

 Model Test Papers: Sample test paper at the end of the book to check understanding
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 SYLLABUS (History)
Theme 1: Medieval Europe – Rise and Spread of Christianity
• Meaning of the term ‘Medieval’, tracing the beginning of Medieval period in the world
and India on the basis of evidences
• Socio-political circumstances
• Birth of Christianity
• Roman conquest of Palestine
• Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem
• Main Teachings of Jesus
• Jesus’s opposition with Jewish leaders
• Crucifixion of Jesus
• Role of Emperor Constantine in spreading Christianity
• Emergence of Constantinople as a new Christian Capital
Medieval Europe
• Decline of the Ancient Roman Empire
• Barbarian Invasions by Goths, Vandals and Franks; its impact on Europe
• Byzantium: birth of a new Empire
• Emergence of the Turks and the Crusades
• Monasteries and their impact

Theme 2: Rise and Spread of Islam

• Pre-Islamic times—conditions in Saudi Arabia
• Birth of Prophet Muhammad
• Early life teachings and five basic principles of Islam
• Migration of Prophet Muhammad to Medina—Hizrat
• Prophet Muhammad’s return to Mecca (Mecca and Medina—holy places for Muslims)
• Death of Prophet Muhammad and Beginning of Caliphate
• Spread of Islam
• The Abbasid and Umayyad Dynasties

Theme 3: The Delhi Sultanate

• The Turkish invasions
• The rule of the five dynasties of Delhi Sultanate
• Time line exercise (expansion of empire, administration, significance of court, nobility
and land control)
• A case study of the Tughluqs
• A comparative study between the Tughluqs and the Khaljis
• Art and architecture, socio-cultural development during this period

Theme 4: The Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms

• Disintegration of Tughluq empire—causes
• Rise of Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms
• Case study of Krishnadeva Raya
• Mahmud Gawan—the founder of Bahmani Kingdom
• Achievements, Administration, Art and Architecture—special mention of Hampi and
Gol Gumbaz

Theme 5: The Mughal Empire

• An overview of the Mughal Empire
• The First Battle of Panipat and establishment of Mughal Empire
• Babur and Humayun
• Sher Shah Suri – The great administrator
• A case study of Akbar and his times (relation with other rulers, administration, revenue
system, religious policy)
• Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Jahangir’s and Shah Jahan’s patronage of architecture
• Aurangzeb and his Deccan policy
• Decline of Mughal Empire

Theme 6: Making of Composite Culture

• Bhakti and Sufi Movements (causes, significant features, role of saints)
• Teachings of Kabir, Guru Nanak Dev, Shankara, Jnaneshwar
• Alvars and Nayanars
• Sufi saints and their teachings
• Impact on society
 SYLLABUS (Civics)
Theme 1: The Constitution of India
• The Constitution—its meaning
• The role of the Constituent Assembly
• The Preamble
• The nature of State—Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
• The other objectives of the Constitution: Justice, Equality, Fraternity and Liberty

Theme 2: Directive Principles of State Policy

• Welfare State—Features
• Directive Principles of State Policy—Meaning
• Principles promoting economic equality: general principles, Gandhian principles
• Difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
 Contents
HISTORY

1. Transition of Europe from the Ancient to the Medieval 11

2. Rise and Spread of Islam 21

3. The Delhi Sultanate 27

4. The Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms 41

5. The Mughal Empire (Part I) 50

6. The Mughal Empire (Part II) 61

7. Making of Composite Culture 71

CIVICS

1. The Constitution of India 78

2. Directive Principles of State Policy 84

Model Test Papers 90

 1 Transition of Europe
from the Ancient to
the Medieval
Let’s Explore
The term medieval has its origins in the Latin term medium aevum
(Middle Age). The Middle Age in Europe extends from the c. fifth
century CE to the fifteenth century CE, i.e. from the end of the ancient
period to the beginning of the Early Modern Age. In the Indian context,
the Medieval Period extends from c. eighth century CE to the eighteenth
century CE. This period has been further divided into Early Medieval
Period and Later Medieval Period.
Rise of Christianity
A major development which took place during the medieval period in
Europe was the rise and spread of Christianity. Christianity is a religious
faith based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The Bible, the holy
book of Christians, includes the Old Testament and the New Testament.
Jesus Christ
Jesus, was born to Joseph and Mary. The story of Jesus’ life has been told
in the four Gospels, which form the first part of the New Testament.
Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem: Jesus was born in 4 BCE to Mary and Joseph
in Bethlehem near Jerusalem in Judea (modern Israel). At the time of his
birth Judea was a part of the Roman Empire. His birth is celebrated as
Christmas on 25 December every year.

Stained glass window depicting Fresco depicting Jesus’ birth in

the Sacred Heart of Jesus Shepherd Field Chapel

11
 Silver Star inside the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem marks
the site where Jesus was born
The four short books called the Gospels of
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, provide us
with details of Jesus’ life and teachings. He
spent a major part of his life at Nazareth in
the region of Galilee (in modern northern
Israel) near Bethlehem as a carpenter. He
was a learned, honest, frank and fearless
person. He soon abandoned his profession
and began preaching the message of love
in the form of sermons and parables. He
chose 12 apostles from his many followers
to help him spread the message.
The teachings and preaching of Jesus
attracted a large number of people.
Palestine (modern day Israel), at that time,
was a province of the Roman Empire.
Some Roman Emperors forced the people
to worship them as gods in the temples.
Those who refused were often severely
persecuted. The Romans also had political,
economic, and military rules imposed on
them. Tired of all these atrocities, the Jews
came to believe that a Messiah, the son of
God, would be born and save them from
Roman domination.
12
Main teachings of Jesus: The central
idea of Christ’s teaching was that God
is the living father of all human beings
and all men are brothers and equal in
the kingdom of God. Jesus led a very
simple lifestyle and had immense love
and compassion for people. He asked his
followers to devote their lives to God, and
help other people.
In his most famous sermon- the Sermon of
the Mount- Jesus said
• love your enemies
• have faith in God
• do not judge others
• help the needy
• do unto others as you would have
others do unto you
Jesus’s opposition with Jewish leaders:
Such teachings and ideals of Jesus were
greatly opposed by the Jewish community
of scholars and priests because of his
interest in the poor and his criticism of
hypocrisy within the Jewish community.
The Jewish leaders looked upon Jesus as
a revolutionary. His growing influence
alarmed the Roman authorities too.
Crucifixion of Jesus: The Jewish
community instigated the Roman
Governor of Palestine, Pontius Pilate,
against Jesus. Jesus was arrested on the
pretext of calling himself the King of Jews
and was therefore seen as encouraging
people to rebel against the Roman Empire.
As a result, Jesus was sentenced to death
by crucifixion. He was crucified on a Friday
in 30 CE in Golgotha as a political rebel.
This event is remembered as Good Friday.
The Cross, became a sacred symbol for the
Christians. Christians believe that Jesus
rose from the death on the third day after
his crucifixion and ascended to heaven.
This event is known as Resurrection. His
resurrection, or coming back to life, is
celebrated as Easter every year.

Crucifixion of Jesus on Stained glass window inside the Gothic Pontius Pilate washing his hands
Roman Catholic Church of Saint Michael after sentencing Jesus to death

Main Principles of Christianity

1. God is the father of all of us, thus all men are brothers and hence there should be no
discrimination between them.
2. God is one. God is kind, loving and forgives the sinner, if he repents.
3. A person can serve God by serving and being kind to all the people.
4. People should refrain from evils like greed, avarice and vanity.
5. Jesus, the son of God, shows the way to salvation, through pure love.
6. The Bible means a book. It is the sacred book of the Christians.
7. Christians have deep faith in Trinity or three principles, which are God—the father,
God—the son (Jesus Christ) who sacrificed his life to save mankind from sin; and God—
the Holy Spirit, who guides thoughts and actions of the people.

13
Role of Emperor Constantine in the Meanwhile, Jesus’ disciples like St Peter,
Spread of Christianity St Paul and St John won many converts.
The Christians were hated by the Romans The Bishop of St Peter’s Church came to be
and the Roman Emperors because they looked upon as Christ’s representative on
refused to bow before the Emperor and earth and was called the Pope or Father.
worship him as God and also refused to The fourth century Roman Emperor
participate in Roman festivals and sports. Constantine embraced Christianity and
As punishment, Christians were chained made it the official religion of his Empire.
to wooden posts and burnt alive. Many He issued the Edict of Toleration to end
were thrown into amphitheatres or the persecution
cages and were killed and eaten by wild of Christians
animals; some were also nailed. In 67 ce and the Edict of
during the reign of Emperor Nero, who Milan, which
was the cruellest tyrant in Roman history, permanently
a great fire broke out in Rome which established
caused widespread devastation and was religious
brought under control after six days. Nero toleration for
blamed the Christians for this disaster. Christianity
within the
Roman Empire.
He built many
churches and
monasteries.
Monks travelled Emperor Constantine
to far-off
places to spread the message of Christ.
Constantine also founded the city of
Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 324 CE .
Thus, the foundation of a tolerant and free
Holy Roman Empire was laid. During 379–
395 Theodosius
I declared
Christianity as
the state religion
A statue relief of Emperor of the Empire.
Nero’s head Gradually,
Similarly in the reign of Marcus Aurelius Christianity
(161–180 CE ), and Diocletian (284–305 spread across
CE ), Christians were persecuted. Churches the whole of
were destroyed and Christians were Europe. Emperor
turned into slaves. Charlemagne Emperor Charlemagne

14
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