General Chemistry 2 - Intermolecular Forces, Liquids and Solids (320 kbps)

0:00
Welcome to general chemistry to this is any person yeah your teacher for the subject. Our first
topic is actually about intermolecular forces liquids and solids.

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So, the Kinetic Molecular Theory of solids and liquids actually tells us about the particle
arrangement of our solid in your liquid. So, as you can see in this image for your soil is there
actually compactly arranged well for the liquid the molecules are actually freely moving okay.
So, the movement of our solid particles are held by very strong forces of attraction and the
particles are not free to move. So, the particles into vibrate about in fixed positions while for
liquids the hell they are actually held by strong forces of attraction within the particles are able to
slide past one another okay. So, for solids their density is very high when for the liquid It is
simply high they are no solids are

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extremely slowly diffused, while for the liquid slow uncanny long diffusion are indivisible okay.
So, solids are slightly compressible as well as your liquids and for the volume and shape you
already know this already. So solid has a fixed volume in shape and your liquid assumes the
shape of the container it occupies. And it has fixed volume right now in kinetic molecularity. Or
do you also relate its thermal expandability so it expands slightly when he did for the solids
while it expands. It also expands like the when he did for the big wave. So lightning to another
expansion because of he paid. So the Kinetic Molecular Theory or the KMT actually states that
when you increase the kinetic energy or the temperature, there's actually a decrease in the
intermolecular forces, okay. So for this all leads, as you can see, the molecules are called our
compound. So liquids are free are slightly moving well for the gases, mass inertia, molecules are
freely moving. Okay. Now, what are intermolecular forces So that would mean the highlight of
our video. Now let's just have a recap of the states of matter. So, as you can see, the fundamental
difference between the states of matter is actually the distance between the particles. So, now
that you are in senior high school, you should not just differentiate the states of matter by its
different characteristics. So highlight and enter at the naomh

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more advanced, that are description or different differentiation of the states of matter. Okay, so
for gases, there is total disorder and there's much empty space, while for the liquid minimum
disorder and the particles are clusters of particles are free to move relative to each other face of
where the solid there is the ordered arrangement of your party candidates.

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Now, because of the solid and liquid states particles are closer together we refer to them as a
condensed phases.

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The state of a substance is in at a particular temperature and pressure depends on two
antagonistic entities. So one is the kinetic energy of the particles. So we define your kinetic
energy as the energy in motion and also we have the strength of the attractions between the
particles. Okay, so you have attraction, you know, as info goes up, and in this video today.

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Right, now, we have now two types of forces of attraction, you know, the intermolecular
attraction and the intermolecular attraction, right? So here in the intermolecular, so you have two

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molecules, two different molecules. So usually they're weak but strong enough to control their
physical properties, while for the intermolecular attraction, these are the force which keeps the
molecules together this one. So it's similar to your bonding A. So the intermolecular attack
shown is also the attractive force between your molecules. So it is responsible for keeping matter
in solid or in liquid phase.

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Okay, now, these are the basic types of the intermolecular forces of attraction. So first we have
the dispersion forces. So it actually involves temporary dipoles. Okay, when we talk about
dipoles, it refers to the separation of the charges of your molecules. Okay, so later on in your in
the next slide. Next night, you would see them an image of your dipoles. Okay, so this paper
summarizes the different types. So let's just have an overview. So for the dispersion forces, they
occur between nonpolar molecules and they're very weak.

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Okay. So, when you increase the boiling point there will be

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a decrease in the freezing point okay. Now dipole dipole molecular force are happening in
permanent dipoles and they occur in polar molecules. So, they are weak

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forces, so it is just a weak attraction. Let's just have the effects of the mediator first. So, the
boiling point and beer first melting point and FB refers to the freezing point they believe in alone
avintia the

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hydrogen bomb. So, these are permanent dipoles between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen and
nitrogen. So, it happens in your polar molecules in the strength is at the medium level. Well, the
strongest among the intermolecular forces is the ion dipole force of attraction. So, it happens in a
full iron and dipole. So what does an ion so you got to these are your charge elements okay. So,
this happen, this attraction happens in your polar molecules, okay, as you go through your
dispersion process, so, these are the results from the formation of temporary dipoles as illustrated
here, you have two nonpolar diatomic molecules. So, you see at the SHA one separation is seen
as have been obtained. So this is the dipole moment, okay. So there's an equal distribution of the
electron. So you see here this order positively I'm sorry negative partially negatively charged.
And you have here the partially positive no symbol that represents partial a partial positive and
partial negative and you see though a very weak attractive for us yet, Caitlyn week, Sharman
buddy manifesting attraction.

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So, it is also known as the London dispersion forces. So, these are attractions between your
instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole. So, when we say instantaneous dipole, it means it is
unable at the moment when an induced dipole is triggered to be dipole for the attraction for the
for the attraction to happen, hey.

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So, these forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar and the tendency
of an electron cloud to distort as you can see, but there is a different difference in the shape.

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The tendency of an electron cloud to distort in this way is called polarizability.

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So, next, we have dipole dipole interaction. So, this happens when your molecules that are
permanent dipoles are attracted to each other. So, in this picture, you see

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here you have
7:51
solid red lines. So, this represents the interaction between any two opposite charges, well, this
one would represent the dashed blue lines represent the repulsive charges right. So, the positive
end of one is a chapter to the negative and of the other and vice versa. So, these forces are only
important when the molecules are close to each other. So, when you increase the distance there
will be much less interaction okay.

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So, we are so, in this image, if you see two arrangements of the polar molecules such as your
hydrofluoric acid, so it allows interaction between the partial negative end of one molecule and
the partial positive end of the other right. So it could be done at this way

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organic phenomena opposite Sara okay.

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So, for dipole dipole interactions, the more polar the molecule the higher is its boiling point,
okay. So, here are some examples. So, for substances or molecules or any compounds,

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now, hydrogen bonding as shown and the bonding of hydrogen to nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine
free so, we call this interactions hybrid simply or hydrogen bonds.

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So, hydrogen bonding arises in part from the height electronegativity of these elements nitrogen,
oxygen and fluorine okay. So, also hydrogen responded to one of these very electronegative
element, I mean, the hydrogen nucleus is actually exposed using a bonded numa electrons. Okay.
So, last we have the ion dipole charge, I mean, I'm sorry, the ion dipole interaction. So, this is an
important force and solutions of ion spray. So the strength of these forces are what makes it
possible for ionic substances to dissolve a pole or for a so you have here the cut ion dipole
attraction, so cut Ioannou NASA Center, where the other one we have the an ion dipole capsule.
So as you can see, there are

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these are

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partially positive side attracted to the very strong attraction of na and I also seen with the infj
Hey. So, for you to further analyze your intermolecular forces, you may ask yourself the
following questions okay. So, follow the flowchart. So, do you have interacting molecules or
ions? So, R is involved if yes you ask yourself are polar molecules and ions will present if yes
then it is an ion dipole force, but if it's not, so, it is an ionic bonding So, let's we'll have a separate
lecture on that. So, if ions are not involved we ask are polar molecules involved? So, if yes, we
ask yourself are hydrogen or hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen oxygen fluorine, so, if

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if no it is a dipole dipole force, but if yes it is simply your hydrogen bonding Ray. So, if no polar
molecules are involved then these are simply your this person or these are the induced dipoles
okay.

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So, now let's go to the physical properties affected by the intermolecular forces okay. So, the
strength of that fractions between particles can greatly affect the properties of a substance or a
solution okay. So, first we have our surface then so on. So surface tension actually results from
the net inward force experienced by the molecules on the surface of a liquid Okay, so another is
viscosity so viscosity refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow and it's related to the ease with
which with which molecules can move past is past each other.
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So this causes the acid increases with stronger intermolecular forces and decreases were higher
temperature Hey,

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so yeah, and you could see now adhesion versus cohesion so adhesion is the attraction between
unlike molecules so as you could see here, the liquid is attracted to glass we're here you have
cohesion, it is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules. So here, you will see now
the attraction of the liquid to its to each other. Okay, so the higher omecamtiv water, it's because
of adhesion. While here, I actually like to get there it's because of cohesion nuggets. So once
then, after playing for molecule sotto voce, I'm into the glass for the summer and here as we have
adhesion, okay, so in viscosity, sending an attend resistance of a liquid to flow. So

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when you decrease it decreases with higher temperature by recently and it's modeling McGlone
in the Queen Padma Smith as our temperature okay. We also have your vapor pressure and
boiling point. So the presentation is actually a broader term that includes evaporation and also
boiling a so you may think that gas and vapor are the same, but actually they're not. So they're
just similar because you vapour is actually a gaseous state of a substance which is normally a
liquid or solid at room temperature while you gas it is the state of matter okay. So, the world is
volatile substances or substances that evaporated add example alcohol, Vaseline paint cleaner
and dry cleaning is always a triangle McGee when a bottle of alcohol open

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a window for a week what a pain in the neck decreasing Ananya amount
13:36
evaporate a vapor pressure. So, at any temperature some molecules in the liquid have enough
energy to escape. So, as the temperature rises some molecules that have enough energy to escape
actually increases. So, here as you see when there is an increase in kinetic energy and

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some of the molecules will be actually moving up okay.

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So, the vapor pressure is actually the equilibrium pressure of the of the pore above its liquid or
solid

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or the pressure of the report resulting from evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in
a closed container. So, once you increase the temperature, there is an increase in evaporation
time and there is also the increase in vapor molecules. Now, if there is an increase in the vapor
molecules, there will be it will equate to the increase also of your vapor pressure. Therefore, an
increase in temperature would be also an overall mean an increase in the pore pressure. Okay, so
next we have a boiling point. So dibawa napoletana water perga hidden at a at 100 degrees level
up a thermometer and I'm not in boiling water, ice in your property or farther away. So the
boiling point is the temperature at which

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vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. So, the normal boiling point is a temperature at
which its vapor pressure is 760 or so under if you have now

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the different boiling temperatures but I mean boiling point of difference in

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liquids so we have in the ether ether, then you have your ethyl alcohol in your water play so Papa
Pina chamomile, ethanol and water but you should even wine or Yuma alcoholic beverages
Danish in

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my opinion a mug evaporate mug no did the soul or Ono quote unquote Coppola alcohol Hey, so
since alcohol is volatile masma denisha mug the price up I'm guessing at seven to 8.3 degrees
Celsius and in China boiling Sha So, plug in a piece of fresh mozzarella water content now
alcohol free

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when

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you see So, in the boiling point water in gas state actually escapes in the liquid. So, here the
bubbles contain what a gas the A at this point your vapor pressure is equal or greater than the
atmospheric pressure.

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Hey, now let's just have an overview of the energy changes associated with changes of state. So,
we have the heat of vaporization or this is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a given amount
of liquid at its boiling point okay. So, substances with strong intermolecular force of a high heat
of the of the produce a show and guess a kailangan at enormous matassa energy buyer converts
them into a gaseous state.
16:52
Next we have

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not not yet the next one. And so, here we have actually have a graph that actually tells us the heat
of vaporization Hey, so the heat added to the system. So you will see here the changes in the
phases okay. So for example, here it is at the A to B solid Basha. So it's ice there, it starts to melt.
So ice and liquid water here, then you have here, this face and the 100 degrees or so singing
water inertia, etc. Hi, Mommy, I'm Aaron pi on another discussion on this right. Now the heat
added to the system, the melting and boiling point points go into goes into boiling the molecules
farther apart from each other again Kinetic Molecular Theory. So as you increase the
temperature, there is an increase in kinetic energy, there is a separation of your molecules
chemical hydrodynamics change.

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Okay.

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Now we also have heat diffusion. So it is the energy required to change a solid at its melting
point, and liquid so it's just the opposite of your heat of vaporization.

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Now let's have let's discuss the structure and properties of water. I know you already know this
already. So you biosphere it is actually 95% saltwater and only 5% is freshwater bait. So our
bodies are absolutely 70% water and it is a very, very important compound to water make tile.
18:30
Here I have a glass of water and refreshing on water No. So let's have a closer look at Porter
using this short movie.

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So this is your water molecule ever oxygen and hydrogen. So it has polar ends,

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a slightly negative charge and a slightly positive charge. So this would allow your water to
hydrogen bond with other molecules.

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This is what happens when two water molecules meet

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what is held together by hydrogen bonds

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and
19:11
the bonding

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so hydrogen bonds are actually the weak bonds this whole thing from your

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bonding. Basically what they clean together through hydrogen bonding. So that's all done in
bonding compile just a short animation.

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Now let's have

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on these are the properties of water so we have high boiling point high specific heat high density
in its liquid form, high heat of vaporization and high surface tension.

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Now let's go to the types and properties of solids so we actually have two types the crystal in
solid and the amorphous solid so for the crystalline solids the particles are arranged in an orderly
manner for the animal
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For solids, there's no particular or there off arrangement of the particles, hey.

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So crystalline solids holding in a unit says pattern so you're Newmar different types now unit
cells are due to their shape.

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So here also arrangement of her crystals spread in primitive body centered and by the increase in
cubic.

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Hey, now these are the types and properties of solids. So according to shape, let's define an oven
kanina for crystaline is definite and it has a geometrical form, you're more forceful, lasham
definite geometric form. So I think points of representing solids are well defined Well, for the
amorphous solid they met over a wide range of temperatures way. So compressibility your
crystalline solids are rigid and cannot be compressed or amorphous solids are somersaults that
graphite Hey now cleavage is perfect for crystalline solids why Furthermore, for solid this at this
irregular cleavage, so your surface cabinet bhiksha

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are broken into pieces. So examples of crystalline solids are your salt, sugar Arsenal and
mineros. amorphous solid example is blast rubber in some of your plastics.
21:19
Types of crystals are actually four types, you have the molecular covalent network, and again
your metallic crystals for you. So focus at the detail would be the forces between the particles
Hey, so you're making like crystals. They have London dispersion forces, dipole dipole forces
for hydrogen bonds. So they're fairly soft, you have low to moderately high melting point. So
examples of these are methane sucrose, which is a carbon dioxide. For covalent crystals, you also
have, it is held together by covalent bonds. So they're very hard they have very high melting
point. And examples of these are a diamond and quartz. So for ionic crystals, together by
electrostatic interactions, they are hard and brittle with high melting point, they have poor
thermal and electrical conduction. So examples of neasha typical salts, and last you have your
metallic crystals. So they're held together by metallic marks, or they're soft, very hard, and they
have low to very high melting point. So examples of these are all metallic elements. So next, let's
go to phase changes. So, these are already discussed in your general chemistry one. So, as you
can see, now, this is just an easier diagram for you to visualize now, the changes happening from
solid to liquid liquid to gas and vice versa, right. Now, the face changes could also be observed
in your heating and cooling curves of a substance, right.

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So the face changes could also be observed using your heating curve.

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So yeah, and later on, we'll have another diagram. So yeah, we'll be using a phase diagram. So
they actually display the state of a substance at various pressures and temperatures and the places
where equilibrium exists between the phases right. So, you have here different points.

23:16
So, first is have the A B line. So this is the liquid vapor interface. So, this is the it actually starts
at the triple point. So, this is the point at which equilibrium states are in equilibrium in this phase
diagram, let's see now the A B line. So this is the liquid vapor interface. So it starts at this point
at the triple point. So it is the point at which all three states are in equilibrium okay. So, it entered
the critical point B above this critical temperature and critical pressure the liquid and the vapor is
indistinguishable from each other. So, pergola personally toninato identify cool liquid mushara
gas hay. So, each point along this line is the boiling point of the substance at that pressure.

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So, next we have the ad line. So, this is the interface between the liquid and solid phase. So the
melting point at each pressure can be found along this line

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okay. So, next, so, below the a the substance cannot exist in the liquid state. So, it could actually
exist only as a gas phase along the AC line, the solid and gas phase are in equilibrium. So, this is
the sublimation point at each pressure. You can see them along this night.

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So, the phase diagram would actually give you the characteristics of your master phase. So these
are purple side. So at solid phase Shara. So, when you cross this ad line, it would be your liquid
phase already. So

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move surely this orange face, it will be turned into gas phase the phase diagram would give you
the different mounting points and boiling points of your

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substance. Hey, so I hope you learned something from this video. So if you have questions about
intermolecular forces, liquids and solids, you may comment them down below, or you may send
me a personal message. Okay, so again, I hope you learned something from this video. Bye
General Chemistry 2 - Physical Properties of Solutions (Part 1) (320 kbps)
Mon, 2/1 · 11:03 AM28:36
SUMMARY KEYWORDS
solidsolutiongramssolubilitymolesmasssolutelitermolar
masspointproblemliquidmillilitersdissolvedhydrochloric
acidaddmultiplywatersolveincreases
1
Speaker 1
0:00
Welcome to general chemistry two this is Jennifer senior teacher for this object our topic for
today is about physical properties of solutions okay. So, what are solutions solutions are
basically or homogeneous mixture made up of atoms ions or molecules okay. So, it has two
phases the solid are the solid medium and the solid them which is the dissolving medium right.
So, we call solutions in which water is the solid then you're acquiring solutions right. So, here
are some properties of your solutions, the particles are evenly distributed. So, we could not really
identify the solid already because it is evenly distributed, okay. So, the components do not
chemically react with each other. So, there's just a binding of your components, next is acquire
solutions are transparent in play and components do not separate the point standing okay. So, if it
separates, then it's not the solution right and the concentration can be changed. So, either by
adding your volume or adding more solvent, so, we have three types of solutions based on the
final state of solutions. So, we have the solid liquid and gas solutions. So far the solid solution so
we have two types you have the solid in solid and have the solid in the liquid phase or the solid
and solid solution or the final state the solid air examples of these are alloys like it will go bare
metal sterling silver and tangibility as an example, you want to have karat gold, you need to
match up your gold, but marisha has among other metals right. So, first of all within the query
compiler state of this is solid for example is your dental feeling place it is actually mercury in
silver. Now for liquid solutions. So we actually have your first liquid in liquid so the height all of
these are financed at a liquid okay. So in liquid and liquid examples, examples that are rubbing
alcohol and vinegar so for rubbing alcohol you have observed the root of the pandemic the
babbling ability in a bomb arena eternity numa percentages of alcohol so my 45% alcohol 75%
alcohol So, your alcohol is not 100% they will be below 100% market so even your drinking
alcohol Nikita knew my percentage no alcohol no pricing so Kasama did I water now for liquid
and gas So examples of nice oxygenated water or carbon dioxide in water be so your mana soft
drinks name so next we have liquid and solid So examples of these is your ocean water and your
zero Clay So Next are the last type is your gas so gas to gas example I guess Baba Good luck gas
gas you only have now it's it's basically the air that we breathe in right now mica holiday other
gas particles pay for gas and gas the solid or gas oil went in solid solid with all its oil in solid
units. Examples of these are desperate to get leads for Yuma pollutants, new small particulates,
Kasama and jet. Now types of solutions based on the amount of soil you have the concentrated
end the daily pay, so you concentrate there you have lots of Salyut in a small amount of salt they
they let the man have a small amount of salt in a large amount of salt. So when you're making
your coffee a coffee decaf bouboulina three in one and you could make her coffee concentrated
or peddling a concentrated Sabra dabbing coffee granules in your little water there is too much
water in your coffee. Hey, so how do we form your solution so always remember like this holds
like a so for ionic compounds, they're easily dissolved in water and polar compounds can then
buffer nonpolar compounds they are insoluble in water okay. So, next we have solubility. So,
solubility refers to the amount of solid that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
specified temperature to produce a saturated solution. So it is expressed in grams of sodium per
100 grams of salt there at a specified temperature and pressure. So we have three types and
saturated solution meaning there are more salt, the salt saturated solution, no more solids are
being they solve it for a supersaturated solution. It becomes unstable and expert number one
now,
1
Speaker 1
4:56
Chris, that's a so you understand The solution the minimum amount of solid is preset in a given
amount of solid at room temperature. So, when you add more solid units that is the sort of Bashar
for a saturated solution once you add the solute the solid is no longer this hole is only reached a
maximum amount of solid and avoid a muddy hole for supersaturated solution the maximum
amount of solid person in a given amount of time of the solid the payload at an elevated
temperature in the shower. So, liquid crystallized solution when you apply heat right now, there
are actually types of solutes visa solubility. So, we have the insoluble or insoluble less than or
equal 2.1 grams of solid dissolves in 100 grams. So, they're slightly soluble greater than point
one grams, but less than 10 grams are being dissolved in 100 grams of solid stable and lasting
soluble meaning greater than or equal to 10 grams dissolved in 100 grams of salt. So, take note
that the soil nutrient be dissolved at room temperature okay in the piling up heated temperature
or at the cooler temperature Okay. Now here are some factors affecting solubility. So, first we
have the nature of the soil youth and the soil base. So, always remember like the songs like so, if
you have a polar soluble in a polar solvent it is soluble or miscible katomina garmadon term
soluble in terms of soluble if you're solid solid miscible or permissibility if you are combining
liquids okay. So non polar or nonpolar, they are also soluble or miscible non polar, polar is
insoluble or immiscible okay if it is an ionic solid and you have a polar so that it is soluble or
miscible Okay, so, another factor would be the effect of temperature pay. So, for solutions like
gas and liquid, the solubility actually increases Hey with a decrease in temperature and it
decreases with an increase in temperature Hey so papagayo gas liquid must ensure less solid
worshiping mass ma Let me pray for you on solubility pneumonia the increased temperature
missing even the dissolve guessing it by using gas molecules to increase now he'd like a leg up
like a heat. So, you gas molecules will be moving around so much my eruption made a solid a
solid and liquid in the mind it can have endothermic reaction. So solubility increases with an
increase in temperature while for exothermic reaction solubility decreases with an increase in
temperature okay. So, next we have the effect of pressure on observed soda soft drinks okay. So,
as pressure increases the solubility of gas in the liquid increases right. So, solubility of solids and
liquids is not affected okay. So, initially the bio when you shake your soft drinks, click Add a
shake. So, the bio seal container to ganar shield bottom. So, actually your carbon dioxide newsha
is under high pressure it also there are lots of the sort of carbon dioxide in the soft drinks free.
So, once you open that might really say under pressure some of the bubbles would also come out
that was ammonia dbpoweramp and in opuntia marrow make a marina sound imaginable so
probably not a bad parents. So you might know him and then adding carbon dioxide. So surface
area also the greater the surface area the greater the interaction between those holes in the soil
where we need to get a new surface area. So much money in the noon chance of interaction with
a steering so once a nylon u and u solutia. It increases the solubility of solids and liquids. The
best pragmatic example for delegation coffee machine aloe vera Mahavira said again, no water
no water no shallow, so your solubility in the Pasha fully dissolved away. Now let's go to
concentration of solutions.
1
Speaker 1
9:44
Before we proceed, so let us have a recap of the factors affecting solubility. So we have the
nature of the solid and solid so that's one second would be the effect of temperature. Third is
effect of pressure that Have fourth your surface area fifth you spearing. Now, another way to
describe your solutions is through their concentration phase. So, the concentrated oil is the
amount of solid dissolved in a given amount of solution. So, it can be expressed as percent by
mass or the mass of the solute per 100 grams of solute or parts per million. So, it is used when
the solid concentration is very low mole fraction, when the number of moles of one component
to the total number of moles in a solution molarity are simply the ratio of the number of moles of
solid per liter of solution, and molarity which is the number of moles of sodium per kilogram of
solving Hey, so, we have the formulas here, so, my math diode So, I want you to take a
screenshot of the formulas because we will be solving our problems either okay. So, your long
Shara EMA description I mentioned kohan ina Liana Express CompTIA in mathematical form P.
So for person by mass you could use this in solid or liquid solid or gas in liquid so you have here
so percent mass will do short I'm sorry person muscle you so we get the mass of the solution key
person by mass of liquids in liquids we only have volume instead of mass key. So parts per
million and and per million so 1 million younger Give me the nothing formal fraction they
should be LMP solving so a man that see the example the sample problem. Okay, so molarity
and molality are different Maha Sabina Nana bollocks Iam Campbell ality similarity key we're
getting the most of solid per liter solution molality per kilogram solving. Okay, so let's have your
sample problems. So first problem what is the percentage by mass of 45 grams of hydrochloric
acid in 200 grams solution Okay, so use the formula you may check Okay, so pause the video to
solve the problem solve the problem we are going to use this formula person muscle up is equal
to masala divided by mass of solution multiply to 100 game. Now if the massive solution is not
given, you simply add the mass of the solute in mass of the solving Hey, now. So we substitute
our values for percent mass of your hydrochloric acid. So we have 45 grams of hydrochloric acid
divided by 200 grams of solution multiply to 100 so that will simply be 22.5% hydrochloric acid,
okay, two basic bottom percentage problems. So our next problem is what is the concentration in
parts per million of a solution that is point 0000 7% by Musalia so the problem is a bit tricky
because the given is actually the percentage or the B and then we're looking for the concentration
in ppm K. So our formula for ppm or parts per million is we simply divide the mass of soil youth
by the mass of solution then we multiply that to 1 million okay. So since our given is 0.00077%
so we assume or we could actually get the gram solid from that a so we simply divided by 100%
Okay, so to get now the grams oil use per gram solution base, so this is our value for the gram
solute. So we now we compute for the parts per million. So we simply substitute our value so
0.00000077 grams divided by ground solution multiply to 1 million so we arrive at point 77 parts
per million. Okay, now Are you ready for more? So the next problem how many grams of water
is needed to prepare 2.5% by mass of the hardest 67 grams of sugar solution.
1
Speaker 1
14:32
Okay, so again, pause the video to solve the problem. So for the problem 2.5% by mass sugar
solution means that there are 2.5 grams of water per 100 grams a solution or simply there is 2.5
grams sugar per 97.8 grams what their pay so to get the grams of water needed so I'm going to
use are we going? We're going to start with our first giveaway and so, we were we have 300
grams, there are only 67 grams sugar solution. So, we multiply now that the value of your water
per solution way. So, you now have 97.5 grams of water divided by 100 grams solution a So, our
final answer would be 355 sorry 357.8 grams water phase. So, in analyzing your problems you
need to be careful a certain percentage the man capicola hi nahi dama value. So, you assume he
always assumed that there is a 100 gram solution resources and given is 2.5% the bass arbequina
two point sabitha problem 2.5% by mass Hey, so undergoing In addition, I assume that you
know 100 gammu solution guessing at about 2.5 person over 100 person face or 2.5 grams per
100 gram solution. Okay. I hope that's clear. So next, this one we're getting the mole fraction so a
solution is made by this whole being one point 25 grams sodium sulfate and 65 grams water.
Okay, so again the mole fraction of the solid and this whole thing. So you may refer you may
replay the video to check the formula. So our strategy for getting the mole fraction of the solid in
solvent is first we get the number of moles of solute which is your sodium sulfate a so to get the
most of sodium sulfate, we need to have the mass of your sodium sulfate and then we divided to
the molar mass of your sodium sulfate Okay, so usually I will be providing the molar mass but if
it's not given you compute for the molar mass as a reviewer general chemistry one concepts so
now let's proceed so I have now 101 point 25 grams sodium sulfate divided by 142 grams per
mole sodium sulfate okay so with this I could cancel out my units so I would arrive at my unit
that would be more so I have no point there is your eight moles sodium sulfate and I have my
moles of solute now I would get the most out of them so myself in this water. So same thing. So
you get the mass of water given in a problem divided by by the molar mass of water. So I have
65 grams of water divided by 18 grams per mole of water again I cancel out my grams. So I have
now three point 61 moles of water a now next step is to get the total number of moles a now you
have your most solute in your muscle then So today, we're going to add them up. Now so you
have your sodium sulfate, so 0.08 plus three point 61 for water so that is the 3.6188 or 3.62
moles, okay. So now we could get the mole fraction of the solid and the solid there. Okay, so
we're going to simply substitute the values for to excel use is equal to the moles solute divided
by the mole solution so that would be point 0088 moles divided by three point 62 moles we have
0.0024. Now for the solver, so same going and then so we have the mole solvent divided by mole
solution. So we have three point 61 divided by three point 62 moles, we have point 997. So to
check if you have the correct answer, so you simply add them up, you should get one as your
answer fee. So 0.02 to four plus 9.997 is point nine, nine and four, or we have one okay.
1
Speaker 1
19:24
Okay, so let's have another example. So for this one, calculate the molarity of the following
solutions. So you have point two moles of sodium hydroxide in $100 million solution and 2.5
grams cation chloride in 250 milliliters solution, okay, so just a reminder, you check the unit's

19:45
before you compute. So formulary theory, remember that our formula is number of moles value
divided by the third solution pay so the final unit of your formulary p would be mold spur litter,
1
Speaker 1
20:04
urgently or capital M. Hey. So in the problem we are given point two moles of sodium hydroxide
in 100 milliliters solution A. So we right now the number of moles and then we know the liter
solution. Now remember, we need to convert our unit so that we'll have later phase 100 milliliter
we convert that to your liter so I could cancel now, my milliliters, so I have now the final unit.
So you multiply and then you divide. So you have two moles per liter or your two M. So waiting
and being expressed no answer. So next we're given 2.5 grams calcium chloride in 250 milliliters
solution. So again, my conversion tire. So since mass of calcium chloride given we're going to
use the molar mass to get the moles present in the cation chloride. And again, right now you're
neither solution. So kailangan additionality convert. So we multiply that to 1000 milliliters a, so I
cancel out my unit. So grams cation chloride, then Galena 10,000 milliliters, so our final answer
would be point 091 moles per liter. Hey. So I hope you're still there. So next day, we calculate
the number of moles of solute in each of 100 ml of your points five moles per liter of your so
trick acid. Well, in the problem, we are asked to get the number of moles of solute in your 100
milliliters of point five moles per liter of yours and ferric acid. Okay, so right now our values so
we start with a 100 milliliter solution, you convert that, then you multiply that to your point five
volts per liter. So you cancel your units or I have now at moles phase. So final answer would be
0.05 modes, okay? Now, you could actually do the one version on a separate part of your
solution by adding in the inertia incorporate later. And another main solution better, much better
if you include it as a mama Halima Tottenham convert. Okay, so next problem, calculate the
mass of solids needed to prepare 500 milliliters of two moles per liter of hydrochloric acid.
Okay. Well for the next problem, we're actually also getting the mass of soldiers needed to
prepare for 100 milliliters of your hydrochloric acid. So given a little molar mass, so same thing
with the previous example. So, I again I write my little solution I mean volume, then you convert
that they are liters, then I have now my two moles per liter and I use the molar mass so that I
could get the final mass of our solid you basil and highlight Columbian cancelation of units
Okay, important algama great no unit spyera some of you are not in your final unit. See? So, the
final answer now is 36 point 45 grams of your hydrochloric acid. So next problem what volume
of solution is prepared for two grams sodium hydroxide with a concentration of point six moles
per liter. So for the next problem, we are looking for the volume of the solution. So again, we
start with the given so we have two grams of your sodium hydroxide, and then you use the molar
mass of your sodium hydroxide. So that is 40 grams per mole. And you have now your point six
moles per liter. So you cancel them out your units. So then you do your computation. So two
divided by 40 times point six or answer is 0.083 liters. Okay, last problem for molarity calculate
the molarity of a concentrated hydrochloric solution that is 20% by mass hydrochloric acid.
Okay, the density of hydrochloric acid is one point 18 grams per milliliter.
1
Speaker 1
24:59
So you There is no volume of solution given we assume one liters of the solution. So we solve
for the mass of the solution by using the provided density. Okay. So first we get the mass of the
solution. Okay. So mass of solution is 1000 milliliters per hour, then you multiply that by your
density to get the mass of the solution. So 1000 milliliters cancel them out, then you have 1180
grams solution, okay, so in one liter, nothing in 1000 milliliters Ito instead of doing the one
version, Okay, so next, we could now get the mass of the soul youth. So we start with your mass
of the solution which which is 1180 grams, then you multiply that you're given a so 20%
difference in our base or 20 grams per 100 grams of your solution. So our answer is 230 236
grams of your hydrochloric acid Now we could go the new we could now get the molarity so I
have 236 grams, hydrochloric acid, multiply that to the molar mass and then you can read later
now you have 6.47 moles per liter. Let's go to molality. So I want you to calculate the molarity
of the following solutions. So point 4.5 moles of phosphoric acid info on it 50 grams water and
14 grams I mean point four grams of sodium carbonate dissolved in 150 grams of water. So for
the first problem we have point five moles of phosphoric acid in 250 grams water so it started
with my point five moles of phosphoric acid then I multiply that to the grams of the solvent so
250 grams of water but since it's grams, I need the one with the two kilograms. So we have 1000
grams for one kilogram, so the final answer, so we simply multiply and divide you have two
most per kilogram. Okay, the second problem so we have point four grams of sodium carbonate
so since it is grams, again, you're going to get the molar mass you're going to use a molar mass
so the molar mass is 106 grams. sodium carbonate for one more sodium carbonate tomograms,
then I have 150 grams of water esta gram solvent or the mass of the solvent. So again, I need to
convert that to your 1000 grams of your solvent or water. So I'm left with moles and kilograms,
so the answer is 0.025 moles per kilogram, okay. So you can pause, you can replay the video if
you have questions. So, the physical properties of solutions are already discussed. And we have
different ways of describing or solutions, it can be by solubility and concentration. Okay, so next
video would be related still to your solutions, but we'll have more computation. So we'll start
with or we'll have your psychometric. Okay, so that would be all for today's video. So I hope you
learned something by