GRADE

Practical Research 1
12

1
MODULE QUARTER
7
WEEK

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Practical Research 1 1

 A MODULE IN

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

QUARTER I
WEEK 7

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN
WRITING RELATED LITERATURE
Development Team
Writer: Teresa Cudal Allan Alonzo
Editors: Maybelline Albano Vrenie Joy C. Pedro
Reviewers: Adelyn C. Domingo Lourdes B. Arucan
Illustrator: Wynnelord Rainier E. Tibay
Lay-out Artist: Wynnelord Rainier E. Tibay
Management Team: Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Adelyn C. Domingo

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 What I Need to Know

This module provides you with the understanding of the different ethical standards in
writing related literature. In your journey through the discussions and different tasks, you are
expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Follow ethical standards in writing related literature.

What I Know

Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

Directions: Read the following statements. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE
if it is incorrect. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. You should cite the work of any individual whose ideas, theories, or research have
directly influenced your writing.
______2. It is considered acceptable to cite a paper, even if you have not read it.
______3. You copy a long passage from a book into your paper, and you change some of
the wording around. You cite the source at the end of the passage and again in the
reference list. This is a type of plagiarism.
______4. Manipulation of figures that alter the original data are grounds for a charge of
research misconduct.
______5. A research writer must avoid using racially charged, sexist, or offensive languages.

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 Lesson
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING
RELATED LITERATURE
1
Ethical standards in writing related literature establishes the values and expectations of
a research so that information generated is written accurately and appropriately in accordance
with the highest moral principles of research.
As you have learned in the previous lessons, these ethical standards are governed by
core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy through informed consent,
voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review. It is important to adhere to
ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of not only the participants
but also the researchers. These principles include honesty, integrity, trustworthiness,
openness, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social and legal responsibility.

What’s In

In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of referencing, or
giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of research. Such referencing acts
will make your study reliable and acceptable in the research community once evaluated by an
ethics review committee which sets out the standards for research in each forum or platform
where you share and present your study.

This lesson will further elaborate on some of the ethical standards that a researcher
must follow when writing and presenting related literature.

Activity 1. Word Association

Direction: Write word/s or phrases that are associated with Related Literature.

Related
Literature

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 What’s New

Activity 2. What’s in the Word

Direction: Identify the word/s described on the given statement and determine your
answer on the given jumbled letters below. Write the letter of the correct answer.

A. S C T I H E

B. B A F N I O T R I C A

C. D R U A F

D. I A R S M I G L A P

E. H I N L A C T C E

1. To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own.
2. It is a type of plagiarism that occurs when the writer is not trying to deceive but fails
to follow accepted methods.
3. Making up research data and results and recording or reporting them.
4. It refers to the “principles of right and wrong conduct” in research writing.
5. It is publishing data that were not generated by experiments or observations, but by
invention or data manipulation.

What is It

Ethical Writing

“Ethical writing is a reflection of ethical practice”. (Roig, 2017)

Ethical writing is writing that clearly indicates (via documentation) where source material
has been incorporated into one’s own writing. It is also writing that acknowledges a range of
perspectives on an issue with a level of inclusion, respect, and acknowledgement of diversity.

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 Garcia (2019) explained that a general principle underlying ethical writing is the notion
that the written work of an author, could it be a manuscript, scientific journal, a research paper
or a proposal represents an implicit contact between the author and the readers.

The importance of ethical writing, then, is based not only upon the avoidance of
plagiarism, but also avoiding the weaknesses of bias and exclusive language (sexist, racist,
homophobic, etc.) This strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of the writer’s argument.

Important and Relevant Ethical Issues

A. Plagiarism

Neville (2007) defined pplagiarism, specifically, as a term used to describe a

practice that involves knowingly taking and using another person’s work and claiming
it, directly or indirectly as your own.

While many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work or borrowing

someone’s original ideas, but terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the
seriousness of the offense:

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means to steal

and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own; to use (another's production)
without crediting the source; to commit literary theft; and/or to present as new and
original an idea or product derived from an existing source

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone’s

work and lying about it afterward.

All of the following are considered plagiarism:

1. turning in someone's work as your own,
2. copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit,
3. failing to put a quotation in quotation marks,
4. giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation,
5. changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving
credit, and
6. copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of
your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules).

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

1. Blatant Plagiarism

It is an act in which the writer tries to deceive the teacher or readers into
believing he or she is totally responsible for or originator of the content.

2. Technical Plagiarism

It occurs when the writer is not trying to cheat or deceive but fails to
follow accepted methods of using and revealing sources.

B. Language Use

A writer must avoid racially charged, sexist, offensive language and tendencies
(University of Richmond, 2017). Thus, it is the responsibility of the writer to become
more sensitive for his or her readers.

Writers must try to avoid overly emotional words, euphemisms, and other types
of “loaded language.” Consider factors such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation,
religion, nationality, age and ability when writing and avoid stereotypes. Use inclusive
language (language that avoids assumptions and includes others).

Here are some guidelines for language writing according to Garcia (2017):

1. Do not make sweeping generalizations about a specific gender, ethnic

minority or any category of people.
2. When referring to racial groups use accurate and politically correct
terminology.
3. Overly inclusive racial terms, such as Asian or Hispanic: be more specific by
using terms such as Japanese, Chinese and Filipino.
4. Racial Titles such as “Black” should be capitalized.
5. Avoid Sexist phrasing such as gender-oriented diction.
6. Remain conscious of how you are refer to individuals, even fictitious
characters: using “girl” or “boy” to refer to individuals above then age
eighteen may carry racial overtones and create a patronizing tone.
7. When referring to individuals with physical impairments always place the
description after the subject; for example, the man who is blind rather than
the blind man.
8. Omit language associated with negative stereotypes, such as redneck and
welfare mother. (University of Richmond, 2017)

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C. Fraud

Research fraud is publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by

experiments or observations, but by invention or data manipulation.

There are two kinds in research and scientific publishing:

a. Fabrication

Making up research data and results and recording or reporting them.

b. Falsification

Manipulating research materials, images, data, equipment, or processes.

Falsification includes changing or omitting data or results in such a way that
the research is not accurately represented. A person might falsify data to
make it fit with the desired end result of a study. Both fabrication and
falsification are serious forms of misconduct because they result in a scientific
record that does not accurately reflect observed truth.

Policies to prevent manipulation of images and data:

Action What is it? Is it unethical? What should you do?

Manipulating Intentionally Yes. ⚫ Never tamper with or
data modifying, Comprehensive change data. Keep
changing or guidelines on data meticulous records of
omitting data. management and your data.
ethical handling of ⚫ Records of raw data
digital images, can be should be accessible in
found at The Office of case an editor asks for
Research Integrity. them-even after your
http://ori.hhs.gov/images paper has been
/ddblock/data.pdf published.
⚫ Understand the
publisher’s policies on
data before you submit
a paper.

Manipulating This can Yes. ⚫ If you need to adjust an

data images include Your manuscript may be image to enhance
research rejected if the original clarity, make sure you
materials, data are not presented know what is
processes, or misinterpreted. considered acceptable
tables or before submitting your
equipment. paper.
⚫ Even if the image
manipulations are
considered acceptable,
report it to the

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 publication prior to
submitting your paper.
⚫ Review any data
images used to support
your paper against the
original image data to
make sure nothing has
been altered.

https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/653887/Research-Fraud-factsheet-
March-2019.pdf

According to Garcia (2019), researchers must observe the following to avoid fraud
a. Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data,
results, methods and procedures. Do not fabricate, falsify or misinterpret data.
b. Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, personnel decisions. Expert testimony and other aspects of
research where objectivity is expected or required.

c. Integrity

Keep your promise and agreements, act with sincerity, and strive for
consistency of thought and action.

d. Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine

your own work and work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,
such as data collection, research design and correspondence with agencies or
journal.

Ethics in Reviewing Literature

The “notion of ‘ethics’ is a complex construct, imbued with particular values and beliefs
that influence how we approach research” (Graham & Fitzgerald, 2010, p. 134). Research
ethics are, at their simplest, “principles of right and wrong conduct” (Gallagher, 2009, p. 11).
They can be conceived of as “a set of moral principles and rules of conduct” (Morrow &
Richards, 1996, p. 90), with ethical questions “woven through every aspect of research,
shaping the methods and the findings” (Alderson & Morrow, 2011, p. 5).

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 Gallagher (2009) stated that the term ‘research ethics’ can be used to refer to ethical
philosophies and also the mechanisms used to promote and enforce these, including the
bureaucratic systems of regulation, management and governance.

A literature review is a way to look at the past to:

a. asses the body of literature;
b. synthesize previous work; and
c. locate the gaps in order to prepare doe the future in directing the research
process and formulating additional questions (Logan University, 2017).

What’s More

Direction: Based on the concept presented, answer the following

questions.

1. What is the significance of Research Ethics in writing?

2. Does Plagiarism happen when someone copied your work word by word?
Justify your answer.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Analyze the given questions below and write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Identify and describe the three important and relevant ethical issues in writing
research?

2. Differentiate the two types of Plagiarism.

3. Why must researchers observe ethics in writing the review of related

literature?

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 What I Can Do

Directions: Analyze and answer the following questions below, write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Is having the same idea with an author/writer and using it on your paper without
acknowledging it a form of plagiarism? Justify your answer.
2. In writing your research paper, what should you do to avoid plagiarism?

Assessment

A. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a blank
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following are grounds for a charge of research misconduct?
a. plagiarism
b. fabrication or falsification of data
c. manipulation of figures that alter the original data
d. all of the above
2. At which step in the research process should researchers consider potential ethical
issues?
a. in the interpretation of the data
b. throughout the research study
c. in data collection and data analysis
d. in specifying a problem to study
3. A stakeholder with an interest in your study asks you to highlight the positive results
and leave out the negative results. What type of ethical issue have you breached if
you follow the request?
a. the right to privacy
b. the honest reporting of research
c. the right to avoid from personal disclosure
d. the need to actively look for ways to “give back”

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4. Borrowing someone's ideas or words, but failing to properly document the original
source is called:
a. editing b. paraphrasing c. plagiarism d. writer’s block

5. All the data to be reported should include all facts with accuracy.
a. care b. competence c. honesty d. objectivity
6. Why is ethical writing important in research?
a. They will help me pass the assignment.
b. They indicate that all people are very sensitive.
c. They help the researcher write up their research.
d. It strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of the writer’s argument.
7. What is Research misconduct?
a. fabrication
b. falsification
c. plagiarism
d. all of the above
8. Which of the following is the best way to protect yourself against plagiarism?
a. Always cite your sources.
b. Paraphrase other people’s information and cite the source of that information.
c. Include your own contributions, so you are not relying exclusively on the ideas
of others.
d. All of the above are required in order to protect yourself against plagiarism.
9. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
a. attitude b. behavior c. ethics d. humor
10. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of:
“Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal congestion.”
a. Covid is influenza.
b. Covid has influenza like symptoms.
c. When you have fever and flu, you have covid.
d. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.

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B. Directions: Copy each of the following statements on a blank sheet of paper and put an
“X” on the space before the statement that describes a case of plagiarism.
______1. Alexandra puts her name on a quotation of Shakespeare.
______2. After reading a selection, Julia correctly wrote the contents of the
selection and cited the author.
______3. You don't want to have quotes in your paper, so you do not put too many
quotation marks around some of the sentences you copied from a source.
You cite the source correctly at the end of the paragraph and in your
reference list.
______4. In Athena’s assignment, she carefully expressed the ideas of the author and
wrote the author’s name.
______5. Because of lack of time, Pauline omitted some of the important details from
a source in her thesis.

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14 Practical Research 1 Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE
What I Know What’s New
What’s In
1. True Student’s answer 1. Plagiarism (d)
2. False may vary. 2. Technical (e)
3. False 3. Fabrication (b)
4. True 4. Ethics (a)
5. True 5. Fraud (c)
What I Have Learned
What’s More 1. Student’s answer
Student’s answer may may vary.
vary. 2. Student’s answer
may vary.
3. Student’s answer
may vary.
Assessment
What I Can Do
A B
1. Student’s answer
may vary. 1. d 1. X
2. Student’s answer 2. b 3. X
may vary 3. c 5. X
4. c
5. a
6. b
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. d
Answer Key
References
Cabili, Joan B. (2020). Practical Research 1 – Grade 11. “Quarter 1-Module 4: Learning from
Others and Reviewing the Literature”. DepEd-BLR

Cristobal Jr., Amadeo Pangilinan and Maura Consolacion De La Cruz-Cristobal. (2017).

Enhanced Teacher’s Manual: Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C&E
Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City.
Garcia, Miriam D., et.al. (2017). Practical Research 1: Basic Qualitative Research.Fastbook
Educational Supply, Ic. Sampaloc, Manila

Kent State University (2020). “Ethical Writing & Reliable Sources”. Retrieved from
https://www.kent.edu/stark/ethical-writing-
reliablesources#:~:text=Ethical%20writing%20is%20writing%20with,racist%2C%20ho
mophobic%2C%20etc.)

M. Powell, et.al. (2012). “International Literature Review: Ethical Issues In Undertaking

Research With Children And Young People”. University of Otago, New Zealand.
Retrieved from https://childethics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Powell-et-al-
2012.pdf

“What is Plagiarism”. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-

plagiarism

“Research Fraud: How Journals Should Address It”. (2020). Retrieved from
https://www.enago.com/academy/research-fraud-journals-
address/#:~:text=Academic%20fraud%20is%20committed%20when,misconduct%20s
hould%20be%20dealt%20with.
“Research Fraud”. (2019) Retrieved from
https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/653887/Research-Fraud-
factsheet-March-2019.pdf

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Department of Education-Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)

Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City 2900

Contact Number: (077)771-3678

Email Address:laoagcity@deped.gov.ph