CHEM 401- LEC
M7.1 CALCULATIONS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
I. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
® A standardized system of units adopted by the
scientists throughout the world
® SI in the acronym for the French “Système
International d’Unités”
® It is based on 7 fundamental base units
® Numerous other useful units, such as volts, hertz,
coulombs, and joules, are derived from theses base
units
® To express small or large measured quantities in
terms of a few simple digits, pre-fixes are used with
these base units and other derived units
ü When you make calculations of this kind, you should
III.
II. MOLE
® (Abbreviated mol) is the SI unit for the amount of
chemical substance
® It associated with specific microscopic
entities such as atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, other particles, or specified groups of
such particles as represented by a chemical
formula.
® It is the amount of the specified substance that
contains the same number of particles as the
number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of
12
C.
Trans maker: Rances, C.
Editor: Hermoso, N. & Ismael, Y.
CHAPTER 3
John Michael Lico | February 28, 2022
• This is Avogadro’s number NA= 6.022 x 1023
• The molar mass M of a substance is the mass
in grams of 1 mole of that substance
• We calculate molar masses by summing the
atomic masses of all the atoms appearing in
a chemical formula
Ø molar mass of formaldehyde CH2O
Ø molar mass of glucose C6H12O6
Thus, 1 mole of formaldehyde has a mass of
30.0 g, and 1 mole of glucose has a mass of
180.0 g.
• The number of moles nX of a species X of molar
mass MX is given by
The units work out to
The number of millimoles (mmol) is given by
include all units as we do throughout this chapter. This
practice often reveals errors in setting up equations
THE MILLIMOLE
® Sometimes it is more convenient to make
calculations with millimoles (mmol) rather than
moles.
® The millimole is 1/1000 of a mole, and the mass
in grams of a millimole, the millimolar mass (mM),
is likewise 1/1000 of the molar mass.
• Calculating the Amount of a Substance in Moles
or millimoles
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 CHEM 401- LEC
M7.1 CALCULATIONS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 3
John Michael Lico | February 28, 2022

Ø Example 4-1: Find the number of moles and - Molar concentration is also the number of
millimoles of benzoic acid (M=122.1g/mol) that millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution.
are contained in 2.00 g of the pure acid

ü Remember: MM= Molar mass, M= Molarity

Ø Example 4-3: Calculate the molar concentration
Solution:
If we use HBz to represent benzoic acid, we can
write that 1 mole of HBz has a mass of 122.1 g.
Therefore,

of ethanol in an aqueous solution that contains

2.30g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.50 L of
solution

To obtain the number of millimoles, we divide by
the millimolar mass (0.1221 g/mmol), that is,
Solution:
To calculate molar concentration, we must find
both the amount of ethanol and the volume of the
solution. The volume is given as 3.50 L, so all we
need to do is convert the mass of ethanol to the
corresponding amount of ethanol in moles

To obtain the molar concentration, CC2H5OH, we

IV. REVIEW: UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL divide the amount by the volume. Thus,
SOLUTIONS
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances. A solution may exist in any
phase.
• A solution consists of a solute and a solvent.
• The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the
solvent.
• The amount of solute that can be dissolved in
solvent is called its solubility. For example, in a
saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water VI. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
as the solvent. NORMALITY
• Dissolution means the process of dissolving or ® It is a unit of concentration of a chemical solution
forming a solution. When dissolution happens, expressed as gram equivalent weight of solute
the solute separates into ions or molecules, per liter of solution
and each ion or molecule is surrounded by ® A defined equivalence factor must be used to
molecules of solvent. express concentration.
• The interactions between the solute particles and
the solvent molecules are called solvation. A
solvated ion or molecule is surrounded by solvent.

ü In a solution, the one with the higher quantity or

the higher amount will be SOLVENT because
they will solvate the solute.
ü Ionic Salts- They have the strongest
intermolecular forces of attraction.

V. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
MOLARITY
• The molar concentration cx of a solution of a
solute species X is the number of moles of that
species that is contained in 1 liter of the solution • Common units of normality include N, eq/L, or
(not 1 L of the solvent). meq/mL.
• Moles per liter
- In terms of the number of moles of solute, n,
and the volume, V, of solution, we write

- The unit of molar concentration is molar,

symbolized by M, which has the dimensions
of mol/L, or mol L-1.

Trans maker: Rances, C. 2

Editor: Hermoso, N. & Ismael, Y.

M7.1 CALCULATIONS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
• Equivalent. The quantity of acid in an acid base
reaction that yields 1 mol of H+ ions or the quantity
of base that reacts with 1 mol H+ ions.
• Typical situations when you might use normality
include acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, or
precipitation reactions
• Replaceable H+ or Hydrogen/ Replaceable -OH or
Hydroxides
o Identify the number of replaceable hydrogen
ions (H+) in the following acids:
o Identify the number of replaceable hydroxide
ions (OH-) in the following bases:
o Identify the number of replaceable hydroxide
ions (H+) in the following salts
VII. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORMALITY AND
MOLARITY
• Normality = # of eq. of solute x molarity of solution
Ø Convert the following Molarities to Normality
a) 2.5 M HCl = 2.5 N
b) 1.4 M H2SO4 = 2.8 N
Ø What is the normality for a solution with 0.587 g of
NaOH in 25.7 mL?
!/($%&'( $'** / +,../)
𝑁=
1
(2.345 ! 62!/$%& / 7)
𝑁=
2.2835 1
N = 0.572
VIII. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: PERCENT
CONCENTRATION
• One way to describe the concentration of a
solution is by the percent of the solution that is
composed of the solute
• This percentage can be determined in one of
three ways:
Trans maker: Rances, C.
Editor: Hermoso, N. & Ismael, Y.
CHEM 401- LEC
CHAPTER 3
John Michael Lico | February 28, 2022
o In IUPAC terminology, weight percent is
mass concentration and volume percent is
volume concentration.
o Weight percent is often used to express the
concentration of commercial aqueous
reagents. Volume percent is commonly used
to specify the concentration of a solution
prepared by diluting a pure liquid compound
with another liquid.
o Weight or volume percent is often used to
indicate the composition of dilute aqueous
solutions of solid reagents.
• Calculating the Percent Composition
Ø A sample of copper ore weighing 1.35 g
contains 62.0 mg of copper. What is the wt.%
Cu in ore?
Given:
wt. analyte = 0.062 g
wt. sample = 1.35 g
Solution
wt. percent (w/w) = (wt. analyte/wt sample) x
100
wt. percent = (0.062 g / 1.35g) x 100
wt. percent = 4.59 w/w %
IX. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: PARTS
PER MILLION AND PARTS PER BILLION
• For very dilute solutions, parts per million (ppm) is
a convenient way to express concentration
o where ppm is the concentration in parts per
million.
o The units of mass in the numerator and
denominator must agree so that they cancel.
o For even more dilute solutions, 109 ppb
rather than 106 ppm is used in the previous
equation to give the results in parts per billion
(ppb).
o The term parts per thousand (ppt) is also
used, especially in oceanography.
• A handy rule in calculating parts per million is to
remember that for dilute aqueous solutions whose
densities are approximately 1.00 g/mL, 1 ppm =
1.00 mg/L. That is,
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M7.1 CALCULATIONS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
• In terms of the units, we have
• In other words, the mass concentration expressed in
g/g is a factor of 106 larger than the mass
concentration expressed in mg/L. Therefore, if we
wish to express the mass concentration in ppm and
the units are mg/L, we merely use ppm. If it is
expressed in g/g, we must multiply the ratio by 106
ppm.
ü The units ppm or ppb are used to express trace
concentrations
ü These are weight or volume based, rather than mole
based.
ü Take Note: Used for very dilute solutions (for example
pollutants in drinking water). Notice that mass percent
could also be called parts per hundred.
• When the solution is so dilute that is in few ppm or
less, the solution is nearly pure solvent, and hence
the density of the solution is essentially equal to that
of water,
d=1.00 g/mL
Therefore 1.0 L of solution weighs 1.0 kg
ppm = (kg analyte/kg sample) x 106
= (kg analyte/L soln) x 106
= mg analyte/L soln
Ø Example 4-7: What is the molar concentration of K+
in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of K3Fe(CN)6
(329.3 g/mol)?
Solution:
Because the solution is so dilute, it is reasonable to
assume that its density is 1.00 g/mL. therefore,
according to Equation 4-2,
Trans maker: Rances, C.
Editor: Hermoso, N. & Ismael, Y.
CHEM 401- LEC
CHAPTER 3
John Michael Lico | February 28, 2022
X. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: P-
FUNCTIONS
• Scientists frequently express the concentration of a
species in terms of its p-function, or p-value.
o The p-value is the negative logarithm (to the
base 10) of the molar concentration of that
species. Thus, for the species X,
o The best-known p-function is pH, which is the
negative logarithm of [H+].
o The nature of H+, its nature in aqueous solution,
and the alternative representation H3O+.
o p-values offer the advantage of allowing
concentrations that vary over ten or more orders
of magnitude to be expressed in terms of small
positive numbers
Ø Example 4-8: Calculate the p-value for each ion in a
solution that is 2.00 x 10-3 M in NaCl and 5.4 x 10-4
M in HCl?
Solution:
The total Cl- concentration is given by the sum of the
concentrations of the two solutes:
XI. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: P-
FUNCTIONS
• The density of a substance is its mass per unit
volume, and its specific gravity is the ratio of its mass
to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4°C.
• Density= grams/mL
o Density has units of kilograms per liter or grams
per milliliter in the metric system. Specific gravity
is dimensionless and so is not tied to any
particular system of units.
o Since the density of water is approximately 1.00
g/mL, we use density and specific gravity
interchangeably.
§ Density = mass solute /unit volume
§ Specific Gravity = Dsolute/DH20
§ DH2O = 1.00000 g/mL @ 4°C
§ DH2O = 0.99821 g/mL @ 20°C
Ø Example 4-10: Calculate the molar concentration of
HNO3 (63.0 g/mol) in a solution that has a specific
gravity of 1.42 and is 70.5% HNO3 (w/w)
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 CHEM 401- LEC
M7.1 CALCULATIONS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 3
John Michael Lico | February 28, 2022

Solution:
Let us first calculate the mass of acid per liter of
concentrated solution

XII. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:

DILUTIONS
® Dilution refers to the process of adding additional
solvent to a solution to decrease its concentration.
• Adding solvent to a solution resulting to lower
concentration.
• The more you add water the lower the
concentration of your solution.
• A practical way of preparing dilute concentration
of solutions in the lab
C1V1 = C2V2
where C is concentration, and V is volume, and the
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial and final values.
Ø How many milliliters of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to
prepare 300 mL of 1.2 M NaOH?

Trans maker: Rances, C. 5

Editor: Hermoso, N. & Ismael, Y.