Conditional Forms All squares are rectangles

 Other translations for p → q, if p then q  The different forms of this implication are
Forms of Conditional – All p are q. listed below.
– If it is a square then it is a rectangle.
Propositions – p only if q.
– Being a square implies it is a rectangle.
– p is sufficient for q. – It is a square only if it is a rectangle.
Equivalent Propositions – p implies q. – Being a square is sufficient for it to be a
– q is necessary for p. rectangle.
– q, if p. – It is a rectangle, if it is a square.
– Being a rectangle is necessary for it to be
square.

Chapter 3 – Section 4 No in-class assignment problem In-class Assignment 12 - 1

A number is divisible by 2, if it is Propositions That Say the Same

Related Implications
even. Thing
 Converse of p → q:  Recognize the form: q, if p  Propositions that say the same thing
– p: It is even., ( The number is even.)
– Switch p and q.
– q: a number is divisible by 2. (It is divisible by are equivalent.
– q→p 2.
 2 symbolic propositions are
– If-then form: If the number is even then it is
 Inverse of p → q: divisible by 2. equivalent if and only if under all
– Negate both p and q.  Converse: If a number is divisible by 2 possible conditions the truth value of
– ~p → ~q then it is even.
one is the same as the truth value of
 Inverse: If the number is not even then it
 Contrapositive of p → q: is not divisible by 2. the other.
– Switch and negate both p and q.  Contrapositive: If the number is not
– ~q → ~p divisible by 2 then it is not even.

No in-class assignment problem In-class Assignment 12 - 2 No in-class assignment problem

1
 Writing Equivalent Propositions
Check for Equivalency p → q and ~p q
from Given Forms
 Write the given propositions in p q p→q ~p ~p q Given that ~q → p and q p are equivalent
forms.
symbolic form. 1. T T T F T  Write an equivalent proposition to “June is a
 Make a truth table showing all 2. T F F F F month of the year or 20 > 17.
– Determine in which of the 2 forms the given
conditions for both symbolic 3. F T T T T proposition is.
propositions. 4. F F T T T – The connective “or” says it is in the second form.
– Use the second form by using the negation of q and
 Check to see that the columns for the “if – then” connective.
 They are equivalent. Therefore, every
the symbolic propositions are alike. conditional may be written as a  Equivalent proposition: If June is not a month of
disjunction by negating the if component the year then 20 >17.
and changing the → to a disjunction sign.

No in-class assignment problem In-class Assignment 12 – 3, 4 In-class Assignment 12 - 4

De Morgan’s Laws – Equivalent

De Morgan’s Laws - continued Equivalent Statements
Propositions
 De Morgan’s Laws 2. ~p ~q ↔ ~ (p q)  Write each proposition in its symbolic
1. ~p ~q ↔ ~ (p q)  p: Sunday is not a weekday form.
 p: Sunday is not a weekday q: May is a month of the year
q: May is a month of the year – Sunday is a weekday or May is not a month
of the year. – Construct a truth table or recognize
– Sunday is a weekday and May is not a month
equivalent forms such as De Morgan’s
of the year.
– It is not true that Sunday is not a weekday Laws or an implication in its disjunction
– It is not true that Sunday is not a weekday or and May is a month of the year. form.
May is a month of the year.

In-class Assignment 12 - 5 In-class Assignment 12 - 5 In-class Assignment 12 – 6, 7