OPS 2 Operational Procedures

Operational Procedures
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
- 071 01 General Requirements

• Operational Procedures
07/10/2020 1
Syllabus Progress
OPS 1-3 OPS 4-6 OPS 7-9 OPS 10-12
OPS 13-15 OPS 16-18 OPS 19-21 OPS 22-24
OPS 25-27 OPS 28-30 OPS 31-33 OPS 34-36
OPS 37-39 OPS 40-42
07 October 2020 2
07 October 2020 3
Isolated Aerodrome & Adequate Aerodrome

[CAT.OP.MPA.106] An isolated aerodrome is one for which the alternate and final fuel
required to the nearest adequate destination alternate aerodrome is more than:
1) For aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fly for 45 min plus 15% of the
flying time planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours, whichever is less; or
2) For aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fly for two hours at normal cruise
consumption above the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel.
07 October 2020 4
Isolated Aerodrome & Adequate Aerodrome

[CAT.OP.MPA.107] The operator shall consider an aerodrome as adequate if, at the
expected time of use, the aerodrome is available and equipped with necessary ancillary
services such as:
1) ATS;
2) Sufficient Lighting;
3) Communications;
4) Weather Reporting;
5) Navigation Aids;
6) Emergency Services
07 October 2020 5
Air Traffic Services

[CAT.OP.MPA.100]
The operator shall ensure that:
• ATS appropriate to the airspace and the applicable rules of the air are used for
flights whenever available;
• In-flight operational instructions involving a change to the ATS flight plan, when
practicable, are coordinated with the appropriate ATS unit before transmission to
the aircraft.
07 October 2020 6
Aerodromes and Operating Sites

[CAT.OP.MPA.105]
The operator shall only use aerodromes and operating sites that are adequate for the
type(s) of aircraft and operation(s) concerned. The use of operating site shall only apply
to:
• Other-than complex motor-powered aeroplanes; and Helicopters.
07 October 2020 7
Aerodrome Operating Minima

[CAT.OP.MPA.110] The operator shall establish aerodrome operating minima for each
departure, destination or alternate aerodrome planned to be used.
When establishing aerodrome operating minima, the operator shall take the following
into account:
• The type, performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft;
• The composition, competence and experience of the flight crew;
• The dimensions and characteristics of the runway/final approach and take-off

areas (FATOs) that may be selected for use;
• The adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids;
• (…)
07 October 2020 8
Aerodrome Operating Minima

[CAT.OP.MPA.110] The operator shall specify the method of determining aerodrome
operating minima in the Operations Manual.
The minima for a specific approach and landing procedure shall only be used if all the
following conditions are met:
• The ground equipment shown on the chart required for the intended procedure
is operative;
• The aircraft systems required for the type of approach are operative;
• The required aircraft performance criteria are met; and
• The crew is appropriately qualified.

07 October 2020 9
Approach Flight Technique

[CAT.OP.MPA.115] All approaches shall be flown as stabilised approaches unless
otherwise approved by the competent authority for a particular approach to a
particular runway.
• The continuous descent final approach (CDFA) technique shall be used for all
non-precision approaches.
07 October 2020 10
Low Visibility Operations

[SPA.LVO.100] The operator shall only conduct the following Low Visibility Operations
(LVO) when approved by the competent authority:
• Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) Operation;
• Lower than standard Category I (LTS CAT I) operation;
• Standard Category II (CAT II) operation;
• Other than standard Category II (OTS CAT II) operation;
• Standard Category III (CAT III) operation;
• Approach operation using Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) (…).

07 October 2020 11
Instrument Departure / Approach procedures

[CAT.OP.MPA.125] The operator shall ensure that instrument departure and approach
procedures established by the State of the aerodrome are used.
The commander may accept an ATC clearance to deviate from a published departure
or arrival procedure.
The operator may use other procedures, provided they are approved by the State of
the aerodrome and are published in the operations manual.
07 October 2020 12
Noise Abatement Procedures

[CAT.OP.MPA.130]
Except for VFR operations of other-than-complex motor-powered aeroplanes, the

operator shall establish appropriate operating departure and arrival/approach
procedures for each aeroplane type taking into account the need to minimise the
effect of aircraft noise.
The procedure shall:
• Ensure that safety has priority over noise abatement; and
• Be simple and safe to operate with no significant increase in crew workload

during critical phases of flight.
07 October 2020 13

[CAT.OP.MPA.130]
NADP 1, is designed to meet close-in noise abatement objective.
NADP 2, is designed to meet distant noise abatement objective.
07 October 2020 14

NADP 1
07 October 2020 15

NADP 2
07 October 2020 16
Routes and Areas of Operation

[CAT.OP.MPA.135]
The operator shall ensure that operations are only conducted along
routes or areas for which:
• Spaced-based, ground facilities and services (including meteorological services)

are provided;
• Performance is adequate to comply with minimum flight altitude requirements;
• Equipment meets the minimum requirements;
• Appropriate maps and charts are available.
07 October 2020 17
Routes and Areas of Operation

[CAT.OP.MPA.136]
The operator shall ensure that operations of single-engined aeroplanes are only
conducted along routes, or within areas, where surfaces are available that permit a
safe forced landing to be executed.
07 October 2020 18
RVSM Operations
[SPA.RVSM.100]
Aircraft shall only be operated in designated airspace where a reduced vertical

separation minimum of 300 m (1000 ft) applies between flight level (FL) 290 and FL
410, inclusive, if the operator has been granted an approval by the competent
authority to conduct such operations.
07 October 2020 19
RVSM Flight Planning

[SPA.RVSM.105]
Flight crew should pay attention to conditions that may affect operation in RVSM
(Reduced Vertical Separation Minima) airspace:
• Verifying that the airframe is approved for RVSM;
• Reported and forecast weather for the route;
• Minimum equipment requirements;
• Any airframe or operating restriction.
07 October 2020 20
RVSM Equipment Requirements

[SPA.RVSM.110] For operations in RVSM airspace: Error on the ground: max. 23m (75ft)
• Two independent altitude measurement systems; Prior to entry: within +/- 60m (200ft)
• An altitude alerting system;
• An automatic altitude control system;
• A secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder with altitude reporting system.
Should any of the required equipment fail prior to the aircraft entering RVSM
airspace, the pilot should request a new clearance to avoid entering this airspace.
07 October 2020 21
RVSM Height-keeping Errors

[SPA.RVSM.115] The operator shall report recorded or communicated occurrences of
height-keeping errors caused by malfunction of aircraft equipment or of operational
nature, equal to or greater than:
• A total vertical error (TVE) of ± 90 m (± 300 ft);
• An altimetry system error (ASE) of ± 75 m (± 245 ft); and
• An assigned altitude deviation (AAD) of ± 90 m (± 300 ft).
Reports of such occurrences shall be sent to the competent authority within 72

hours. Reports shall include an initial analysis of causal factors and measures taken to
prevent repeat occurrences.
07 October 2020 22
RVSM Airspace
• The aircraft should not intentionally depart from a cleared FL without clearance;
• When changing level, the maximum allowed overshooting/undershooting is 45m

(150ft);
• Cross-checks between instruments must be made at intervals of +/- 1h.
• Assigned Altitude Deviation: +/- 90m (300ft) notification by ATC will be received
and action to return to cleared FL must be made as quickly as possible.
07 October 2020 23
Minimum Flight Altitudes

[CAT.OP.MPA.145] The operator shall establish:
• Minimum flight altitudes that provide the required terrain clearance;
• A method for the flight crew to determine those altitudes;
Where the minimum flight altitudes established by the operator and a State
overflown differ, the higher values shall apply.
07 October 2020 24
Carriage of Special Categories Passengers (SCPs)

[CAT.OP.MPA.155]Persons requiring special conditions, assistance and/or devices
when carried on a flight shall reconsidered SCPs including:
• Persons with reduced mobility (PRMs);
• Infants or unaccompanied children;
• Deportees (DEPU/DEPA), inadmissible passengers (INAD) or prisoners in custody.
The commander shall be notified when SCPs are to be carried on board.
07 October 2020 25
Carriage of Special Categories Passengers (SCPs)

[CAT.OP.MPA.155]
SCPs shall not be allocated, nor occupy, seats that permit direct access to emergency
exits or where their presence would:
• Impede crew members in their duties;
• Obstruct access to emergency equipment;
• Impede the emergency evacuation.
07 October 2020 26
Passenger Seating
[CAT.OP.MPA.165]
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that passengers are seated where,
in the event that an emergency evacuation is required, they are able to assist and
not hinder evacuation of the aircraft.
07 October 2020 27
Passenger Briefing
[CAT.OP.MPA.170]
The operator shall ensure that passengers are:
• Given briefings and demonstrations relating to safety in a form that facilitates the
application of the procedures applicable in the event of an emergency; and
• Provided with a safety briefing card on which picture-type instructions indicate

the operation of emergency equipment and exits likely to be used by passengers.
07 October 2020 28
Passenger Briefing
[AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.170]
Before take-off passengers should be briefed on the following items, if applicable:
• Any cabin secured aspects, e.g. required position of seatbacks, tray tables,
footrests, window blinds, etc. as applicable;
• Emergency lighting (floor proximity escape path markings, exit signs);
• Correct stowage of hand baggage and the importance of leaving hand baggage
behind in case of evacuation;
• The use and stowage of portable electronic devices;
07 October 2020 29
Passenger Briefing
• The location and presentation of the safety briefing card, the importance of its
contents and the need for passengers to review it prior to take-off; and
• Compliance with ordinance signs, pictograms or placards, and crew member

instructions;
Passengers occupying seats with direct access to emergency exits not staffed by
cabin crew members should receive an additional briefing on the operation and use
of the exit.
07 October 2020 30
Passenger Briefing
Before take-off passengers should receive a demonstration of the following:
• The use of safety belts or restraint systems, including how to fasten and unfasten
the safety belts or restraint systems;
• The location of emergency exits;
• The location and use of oxygen equipment, if required. Passengers should also be
briefed to extinguish all smoking materials when oxygen is being used; and
• The location and use of life-jackets if required.
07 October 2020 31
Passenger Briefing
After take-off passengers should be reminded of the following:
• Use of safety belts or restraint systems including the safety benefits of having
safety belts fastened when seated irrespective of seat belt sign illumination; and;
• Caution when opening overhead compartments.
07 October 2020 32
Passenger Briefing
[AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.170] Before Landing passengers should be reminded of the
following:
• Use of safety belts or restraint systems;
• Any cabin secured aspects, e.g. required position of seatbacks, tray tables,
footrests, window blinds, etc. as applicable;
• Correct stowage of hand baggage and the importance of leaving hand baggage
behind in case of evacuation;
• The use and stowage of portable electronic devices; and
• The location of the safety briefing card, the importance of its contents and its
review.
07 October 2020 33
Passenger Briefing
After Landing passengers should be reminded of the following:
• Use of safety belts or restraint systems;
• The use and stowage of portable electronic devices; and
• Caution when opening overhead compartments.
07 October 2020 34
Passenger Briefing
Emergency during flight:
Passengers should be instructed as appropriate to the circumstances.
Smoking regulations
The operator should determine the frequency of briefings or reminding passengers

about the smoking regulations.
07 October 2020 35
Coffee Break
07 October 2020 36
Flight Preparation
[CAT.OP.MPA.175]
An operational flight plan shall be completed for each intended flight based on
considerations of:
• Aircraft performance;
• Operating limitations;
• Relevant expected conditions on the route.
The flight shall not commence unless the commander is satisfied that all operational
limitations are complied with and all documents needed are on board.
07 October 2020 37
Flight Preparation
[AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.175] The operational flight plan used, and the entries made
during flight should contain the following items:
1) Aircraft registration, type and variant;
2) Date, flight identification and names of flight crew members;
3) Place and time of departure and arrival;
4) Route and segments with checkpoints/waypoints, distances, time and tracks;
5) Safe, minimum and planned FLs;
6) Fuel calculations;
7) Initial ATS flight plan clearance;
8) Relevant meteorological information.
07 October 2020 38
Flight Preparation
07 October 2020 39
Aerodrome Selection
[CAT.OP.MPA.180]
Where it is not possible to use the departure aerodrome due to meteorological or

performance reasons, the operator shall select another adequate take-off alternate
aerodrome that is not further than:
Two-engined aircraft Three and four-engined aircraft
One hour flying time OEI Two hours flying time OEI
ETOPS two hours flying time OEI
07 October 2020 40
Aerodrome Selection
[CAT.OP.MPA.180] The operator shall select at least one destination alternate
aerodrome for each instrument flight rules (IFR) flight unless the destination
aerodrome is an isolated aerodrome or:
• The duration of the planned flight from take-off to landing or, in the event of in-
flight replanning, the remaining flying time to destination does not exceed six
hours; and
• Two separate runways are available and usable at the destination aerodrome and
the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts for the destination aerodrome
indicate that, for the period from one hour before until one hour after the
expected time of arrival at the destination aerodrome, the ceiling will be at least
2000 ft or circling height + 500 ft, whichever is greater, and the ground visibility
will be at least 5 km.
07 October 2020 41
Aerodrome Selection
[CAT.OP.MPA.180]
The operator shall select two destination alternate aerodromes when:
• The appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts for the destination aerodrome
indicate that during a period commencing one hour before and ending one hour
after the estimated time of arrival, the weather conditions will be below the
applicable planning minima; or
• No meteorological information is available.
07 October 2020 42
Planning Minima for Take-off Alternate

[CAT.OP.MPA.185]
The operator shall only select an aerodrome as a take-off alternate aerodrome when
during a period commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after the ETA the
weather conditions will be at or above the applicable landing minima.
07 October 2020 43
Planning Minima for a Destination Aerodrome

[CAT.OP.MPA.185]
The operator shall only select the destination aerodrome when:
1. During a period commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after the ETA the
weather conditions will be at or above the applicable minima:
• RVR/Visibility;
• For a NPA or a circling operation, the ceiling at or above MDH.
2. Two destination alternate aerodromes are selected.
07 October 2020 44
Planning Minima for an Alternate, Isolated, ERA

[CAT.OP.MPA.185]
The operator shall only select an aerodrome for one of these purposes when the
appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period
commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after the ETA at the aerodrome, the
weather conditions will be at or above the planning minima.
07 October 2020 45
Refuelling/Defuelling
[CAT.OP.MPA.195]
1) An aircraft should not be refuelled/defuelled with Avgas or wide-cut type fuel or

a mixture of these when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking.
2) For all other types of fuel, necessary precautions shall be taken, and the aircraft
shall be properly manned by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an
evacuation of the aircraft by the most practical and expeditious means available.
07 October 2020 46
Refuelling/Defuelling
[AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.195] Operational procedures should specify that at least the
following precautions are taken:
• One qualified person should remain at a specified location during fuelling with
passengers on board;
• Crew, personnel and passengers should be warned;
• “Fasten Seat Belts” sign off;
• “NO SMOKING” sign on;
• Provision is made for a safe and rapid evacuation;
• (…)
07 October 2020 47
Crew Members
[CAT.OP.MPA.210]
Flight Crew Members
During take-off and landing each flight crew member required to be on duty in the
flight crew compartment shall be at the assigned station; At least one qualified pilot
remains at the controls of the aircraft at all times; If unexpected fatigue is
experienced, a controlled rest procedure, organized by the commander, may be used
if workload permits.
Cabin Crew Members
During critical phases of flight, each cabin crew member shall be seated at the
assigned station
07 October 2020 48
Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses

[CAT.OP.MPA.225]
Crew members shall be properly secured by all safety belts and restraint systems at:
• Take-off and landing;
• Other phases of flight while at his/her station;
• Whenever decided by the commander, in the interest of safety.
07 October 2020 49
Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses

[CAT.OP.MPA.225]
Passengers shall be properly secured at:
• Take-off and Landing;
• While Taxiing;
• Whenever decided by the commander, in the interest of safety.
07 October 2020 50
Smoking on Board
[CAT.OP.MPA.240] The commander shall not allow smoking on board:
• Whenever considered necessary in the interest of safety;
• During refuelling and defuelling of the aircraft;
• While the aircraft is on the surface unless the operator has determined
procedures to mitigate the risks during ground operations;
• Outside designated areas, in the aisle(s) and lavatory(ies);
• In cargo compartments and/or other areas where cargo is carried that is not
stored in flammable resistant containers or covered by flame-resistant canvas;
and in areas of the passengers compartment where oxygen is being supplied.
07 October 2020 51
Securing of Passenger Compartment and Galley

[CAT.OP.MPA.230]
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that before taxiing, take-off and
landing all exits and escape paths are unblocked and all equipment is properly
secured.
07 October 2020 52
Meteorological Conditions
[CAT.OP.MPA.245]
On IFR flights the commander shall only:
• Commence take-off; or
• Continue beyond the point from which a revised ATS flight plan applies in the
event of in-flight replanning,
When information is available indicating that the expected weather conditions, at the
time of arrival, at the destination and/or required alternate aerodrome(s) are at or
above the planning minima.
07 October 2020 53
[CAT.OP.MPA.245]
On IFR flights, the commander shall only continue towards the planned destination
aerodrome when the latest information available indicates that, at the expected time
of arrival, the weather conditions at the destination, or at least one destination
alternate aerodrome, are at or above the applicable aerodrome operating minima.
On VFR flights, the commander shall only commence take-off when the appropriate
weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions along
the part of the route to be flown under VFR will, at the appropriate time, be at or
above the VFR limits.
07 October 2020 54
[CAT.OP.MPA.246]
On IFR flights with aeroplanes, the commander shall only continue beyond:
• The decision point when using the reduced contingency fuel (RCF) procedure; or
• The pre-determined point when using the pre-determined point (PDP) procedure,
When information is available indicating that the expected weather conditions, at the
time of arrival, at the destination and/or required alternate aerodrome(s) are at or
above the applicable aerodrome operating minima.
07 October 2020 55
Meteorological Conditions – Take-Off

[CAT.OP.MPA.265]
Before commencing take-off, the commander shall be satisfied that:
• According to the information available to him/her, the weather at the aerodrome

or operating site and the condition of the runway intended to be used would not
prevent a safe take-off and departure; and
• Established aerodrome operating minima will be complied with.
07 October 2020 56
Ice and other Contaminants – Ground Procedures

[CAT.OP.MPA.250]
The operator shall establish procedures to be followed when ground de-icing and
anti-icing and related inspections of the aircraft are necessary to allow the safe
operation of the aircraft.
The commander shall only commence take-off if the aircraft is clear of any deposit
that might adversely affect the performance or controllability of the aircraft, except
as permitted under (a) and in accordance with the AFM.
07 October 2020 57
Ice and other Contaminants – Flight Procedures

[CAT.OP.MPA.255]
The operator shall establish procedures for flights in expected or actual icing
conditions.
The commander shall only commence a flight or intentionally fly into expected or
actual icing conditions if the aircraft is certified and equipped to cope with such
conditions.
If icing exceeds the intensity of icing for which the aircraft is certified or if an aircraft
not certified for flight in known icing conditions encounters icing, the commander
shall exit the icing conditions without delay, by a change of level and/or route, if
necessary by declaring an emergency to ATC.
07 October 2020 58
Fuel and Oil Supply

[CAT.OP.MPA.260]
The commander shall only commence a flight or continue in the event of in-flight
replanning when satisfied that the aircraft carries at least the planned amount of
usable fuel and oil to complete the flight safely, taking into account the expected
operating conditions.
07 October 2020 59
In-Flight Fuel Management

[CAT.OP.MPA.280] The operator shall establish a procedure to ensure that in-flight
fuel checks and fuel management are carried out according to the following criteria.
In-flight Fuel Checks:
The commander shall ensure that fuel checks are carried out in-flight at regular
intervals. The usable remaining fuel shall be recorded and evaluated to:
• Compare actual consumption with planned consumption;
• Check that the usable remaining fuel is sufficient to complete the flight; and
• Determine the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival.
07 October 2020 60

[CAT.OP.MPA.280]
The flight shall be conducted so that the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival at
the destination aerodrome is not less than:
• The required alternate fuel plus final reserve fuel; or
• The final reserve fuel if no alternate aerodrome is required.
07 October 2020 61

[CAT.OP.MPA.280]
If an in-flight fuel check shows that the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival at
the destination aerodrome is less than:
• The required alternate fuel plus final reserve fuel, the commander shall take into
account the traffic and the operational conditions prevailing at the destination
aerodrome, at the destination alternate aerodrome and at any other adequate
aerodrome in deciding whether to proceed to the destination aerodrome or to
divert so as to perform a safe landing with not less than final reserve fuel; or
• The final reserve fuel if no alternate aerodrome is required, the commander shall
take appropriate action and proceed to an adequate aerodrome so as to perform
a safe landing with not less than final reserve fuel.
07 October 2020 62

[CAT.OP.MPA.280]
The commander shall declare an emergency when the calculated usable fuel on
landing, at the nearest adequate aerodrome where a safe landing can be performed,
is less than final reserve fuel.
07 October 2020 63
Use of Supplemental Oxygen

[CAT.OP.MPA.285]
The commander shall ensure that flight crew members engaged in performing duties
essential to the safe operation of an aircraft in flight use supplemental oxygen
continuously whenever the cabin altitude exceeds 10000 ft for a period of more than
30 minutes and whenever the cabin altitude exceeds 13000 ft.
07 October 2020 64
Supplemental Oxygen – Pressurised Airplanes

[CAT.IDE.A.235]
Pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above 10000 ft shall be

equipped with supplemental oxygen equipment that is capable of storing and
dispensing the oxygen supplies in accordance with Table 1.
07 October 2020 65
07 October 2020 66

[CAT.IDE.A.235] Pressurised aeroplanes operated above 25000 ft shall be equipped
with:
• Quick donning types of masks for flight crew members;
• Sufficient spare outlets and masks or portable oxygen units with masks to ensure
immediate availability of oxygen to each required cabin crew member;
• An oxygen dispensing unit (number of units and outlets shall exceed the number
of seats by at least 10%) connected to oxygen supply terminals immediately
available to each cabin crew member, additional crew member and occupants of
passenger seats, wherever seated; and
• A device to provide a warning indication to flight crew of any loss of

pressurisation.
07 October 2020 67

[GM1 CAT.IDE.A.235] Quick Donning Mask:
• Can be placed on the face from its ready position, properly secured, sealed and
supplying oxygen upon demand, with one hand and within 5 sec;
• Can be donned without disturbing eyeglasses;
• Does not inhibit radio communications or the intercommunication system.
07 October 2020 68
Supplemental Oxygen – Non-Pressurised Airplanes

[CAT.IDE.A.240] Non-pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above
10000 ft shall be equipped with supplemental oxygen equipment capable of storing
and dispensing the oxygen supplies in accordance with Table 1.
07 October 2020 69
Approach and Landing Conditions

[CAT.OP.MPA.300]
Before commencing an approach to land, the commander shall be satisfied that,

according to the information available to him/her, the weather at the aerodrome and
the condition of the runway intended to be used should not prevent a safe
approach, landing or missed approach, having regard to the performance
information contained in the operations manual.
07 October 2020 70
Commencement and Continuation of Approach

[CAT.OP.MPA.305]
The commander may commence an instrument approach regardless of the reported

RVR/VIS.
If the reported RVR/VIS is less than the applicable minimum the approach shall not
be continued:
• Below 1000 ft above the aerodrome; or
• Into the final approach segment in the case where the DA/H or MDA/H is more
than 1000 ft above the aerodrome.
07 October 2020 71
Commencement and Continuation of Approach

[CAT.OP.MPA.305]
If after passing 1000 ft above the aerodrome, the reported RVR/VIS falls below the
applicable minimum, the approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H.
The approach may be continued below DA/H or MDA/H and the landing may be
completed provided that the visual reference is maintained.
07 October 2020 72
Occurrence Reporting
[ORO.GEN.160]
The operator shall report to the competent authority, and to any other organisation
required by the State of the operator to be informed, any accident, serious incident
and occurrence.
Reports shall be made as soon as practicable, but in any case, within 72 hours of the
operator identifying the condition to which the report relates, unless exceptional
circumstances prevent this.
Where relevant, the operator shall produce a follow-up report to provide details of
actions it intends to take to prevent similar occurrences in the future, as soon as
these actions have been identified. This report shall be produced in a form and
manner established by the competent authority.
07 October 2020 73
[AMC 20-8 Occurrence Reporting]
07 October 2020 74
[AMC 20-8 Occurrence Reporting] Aircraft Flight Operations Reportable Occurrences:
• Risk of collision with an aircraft, terrain or other object or an unsafe situation

when avoidance action would have been appropriate;
• An avoidance manoeuvre required to avoid a collision with an aircraft, terrain or

other object;
• Take-off or landing incidents;
• Inability to achieve predicted performance during take-off or initial climb;
• Critically low fuel quantity or inability to transfer fuel or use total quantity of
usable fuel;
07 October 2020 75
[AMC 20-8 Occurrence Reporting] Aircraft Flight Operations Reportable Occurrences:
• Loss of control (including partial or temporary loss of control) from any cause;
• Occurrences close to or above V1 resulting from or producing a hazardous or

potentially hazardous situation (e.g. rejected take-off, Tail strike, engine power
loss, etc.);
• Go-around producing a hazardous or potentially hazardous situation;
• Heavy landing - a landing deemed to require a 'heavy landing check’;
• Exceedance of fuel imbalance limits.
• (…)
07 October 2020 76
Questions
07 October 2020 77
Sample Questions (1)

• When refuelling with passengers on board:
a) Provisions for a safe and rapid evacuation should be made.
b) Fasten Seat Belt sign should be On;
c) Refuelling with passengers on board is not permitted;
d) All doors should remain open.
07 October 2020 78

• On a CAT flight, when carrying (SCPs), such as (PRMs):
a) The commander must be notified;
b) These passengers must sit in an aisle seat for ease of evacuation;
c) The cabin crew must be notified;
d) These passengers must be accompanied by an airline employee.
07 October 2020 79

• An aircraft has suffered a bird strike that resulted in significant damage to the
aircraft or the loss or malfunction of an essential service. What is the
Commander of the flight required to do?
a) Inform other flights operating within the area by reporting the bird strike on
121.5MHz;
b) Perform an exterior inspection of the aircraft to estimate the extent of the

damage;
c) Dry crank the engines, to check their condition after all passengers have
disembarked;
d) Submit a written report, after landing to the competent authority.

07 October 2020 80

• According to the regulations, the minimum requirements for Supplemental
Oxygen to be supplied in pressurised aeroplanes, during and following an
emergency descent, are that pilots supply shall be available for the entire time
the cabin pressure altitude exceeds a minimum of:
a) 13000 ft;
b) 14000 ft;
c) 15000 ft;
d) 25000 ft.
07 October 2020 81

• On a pressurised aeroplane, supplemental oxygen is used to:
a) Protect the aircrew fighting fires;
b) Provide selected passengers with oxygen;
c) Assist a passenger with breathing disorders;
d) Provide passengers on board with oxygen following a cabin depressurisation;
07 October 2020 82

• When planning an IFR sector with a destination alternate airfield equipped with
a CAT II ILS, the required weather minima at the Alternate airfield are:
a) CAT I RVR;
b) CAT II RVR;
c) CAT I minima + 200ft;
d) CAT III minima.
07 October 2020 83

• For two-engined aeroplanes not approved for ETOPS, the take-off alternate, if
required, shall be located – still air conditions – within:
a) Two hours flight time at one engine inoperative cruising speed;
b) Two hours flight time at cruising speed with all engines operating;
c) One hour flight time at holding speed with one engine inoperative;
d) One hour flight time at one engine inoperative cruising speed.
07 October 2020 84

• During the passenger briefing for a flight requiring life jackets, the passengers
shall be instructed to inflate their life jackets:
a) Immediately on the opening of the exits;
b) Immediately on ditching;
c) As soon as ditching is prepared;
d) When outside the aircraft.
07 October 2020 85

• At which levels may RVSM be used?
a) Above FL245;
b) Between FL270 and FL410 inclusive;
c) Between FL290 and FL450 inclusive;
d) Between FL290 and FL410 inclusive.
07 October 2020 86

• A CAT operator has a fleet of turbine-engine aeroplanes. For this operator, an
isolated aerodrome is one for which the alternate and final reserve required to
the nearest adequate destination alternate aerodrome is more than the fuel to
fly for…
a) 2 hours at normal cruise consumption, including final reserve;
b) 45 minutes plus 15% of flying time at cruising level or 2 hours, whichever less;
c) 2 hours at normal cruise consumption, excluding final reserve fuel;
d) 45 minutes plus 15% of flying time at cruising level or 2 hours, whichever more.
07 October 2020 87

• According to regulations, what is the flight preparation planning minima for a
destination alternate with a non-precision approach available?
a) Non-precision minima (RVR and ceiling at or above MDH) plus 200ft/1000m;
b) Non-precision minima (RVR and ceiling at or above MDH);
c) Circling Minima;
d) Non-precision minima plus 100ft/200m;
07 October 2020 88

• In establishing a noise abatement procedure, an operator should:
a) Ensure that safety has priority over noise requirements and that the procedure
does not significantly increase pilot workload;
b) Publish a minimum of one NADP, noise abatement departure procedure;
c) Publish two NADP’s, noise abatement departure procedures, inclusive for all
types of aircraft operated by the AOC holder;
d) Ensure that noise abatement departure procedures, NADP’s, must always be

complied with.
07 October 2020 89
See you next Class!
07/10/2020 90

OPS 2 Operational Procedures

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OPS 2 Operational Procedures

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Operational Procedures

- 071 01 General Requirements

OPS 13-15 OPS 16-18 OPS 19-21 OPS 22-24

OPS 25-27 OPS 28-30 OPS 31-33 OPS 34-36

OPS 37-39 OPS 40-42

Isolated Aerodrome & Adequate Aerodrome

Isolated Aerodrome & Adequate Aerodrome

Air Traffic Services

The operator shall ensure that:

Aerodromes and Operating Sites

• Other-than complex motor-powered aeroplanes; and Helicopters.

Aerodrome Operating Minima

• The composition, competence and experience of the flight crew;

• The dimensions and characteristics of the runway/final approach and take-off

Aerodrome Operating Minima

• The required aircraft performance criteria are met; and

• The crew is appropriately qualified.

Approach Flight Technique

Low Visibility Operations

• Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) Operation;

• Lower than standard Category I (LTS CAT I) operation;

• Standard Category II (CAT II) operation;

• Other than standard Category II (OTS CAT II) operation;

• Standard Category III (CAT III) operation;

• Approach operation using Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) (…).

Instrument Departure / Approach procedures

Noise Abatement Procedures

Except for VFR operations of other-than-complex motor-powered aeroplanes, the

The procedure shall:

• Ensure that safety has priority over noise abatement; and

• Be simple and safe to operate with no significant increase in crew workload

Noise Abatement Procedures

NADP 1, is designed to meet close-in noise abatement objective.

NADP 2, is designed to meet distant noise abatement objective.

Noise Abatement Procedures

Noise Abatement Procedures

Routes and Areas of Operation

• Spaced-based, ground facilities and services (including meteorological services)

• Performance is adequate to comply with minimum flight altitude requirements;

• Equipment meets the minimum requirements;

• Appropriate maps and charts are available.

Routes and Areas of Operation

Aircraft shall only be operated in designated airspace where a reduced vertical

RVSM Flight Planning

• Verifying that the airframe is approved for RVSM;

• Reported and forecast weather for the route;

• Minimum equipment requirements;

• Any airframe or operating restriction.

RVSM Equipment Requirements

• An altitude alerting system;

• An automatic altitude control system;

• A secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder with altitude reporting system.

RVSM Height-keeping Errors

• A total vertical error (TVE) of ± 90 m (± 300 ft);

• An altimetry system error (ASE) of ± 75 m (± 245 ft); and

• An assigned altitude deviation (AAD) of ± 90 m (± 300 ft).

Reports of such occurrences shall be sent to the competent authority within 72

• When changing level, the maximum allowed overshooting/undershooting is 45m

• Cross-checks between instruments must be made at intervals of +/- 1h.

Minimum Flight Altitudes

• Minimum flight altitudes that provide the required terrain clearance;

• A method for the flight crew to determine those altitudes;

Carriage of Special Categories Passengers (SCPs)