Name of Student: ORLAN AMBA

AS230 RELIM EXAM

AS 230 ADVANCES IN DAIRY PRODUCTION

Direction: Please read the instruction carefully. Your exam will be submitted on October
28, 2022 (before 9:00 pm) via email (josephine_nocon07@yahoo.com)

I. Question: From what you have learned in the previous topics assume that
for once you can play the role of a farm owner in your place. What are
things you wanted to put up in dairy production? Write your essay
according to the lessons learned (chap 1-9) in the course. Give particular
attention to the strength and weaknesses of the dairy animal you have
chosen which can be applied in your place. Be sure to give a rationale for
why you choose that type/kind of dairy production.

Answer:

Establishing a dairy production takes into many considerations and is very risky in
attaining its maximum yield of production. Few new dairy farmers will have the money
necessary to start production because it takes a significant financial investment to start a
dairy farm. After all, the land, facilities, machinery, and cows are expensive. It's crucial to
keep in mind that a dairy farm is a commercial enterprise. A SWOT analysis of the
strategy and the available resources is necessary for the development of a detailed
business plan that will help the dairy industry succeed.

The dairy animal we will rear for milk production is where our planning begins.
Cows, goats, sheep, and buffalos are the most common dairy animals. We must eliminate
dairy animals that can't endure the particular region's environment. It concerns the type
of dairy animal we wish to cultivate on our farm. A good dairy breed is a crucial component
of getting milk of high quality. We need to think about what we'll feed our dairy animals.
To save money in the long term and just supplement with concentrates for the extra
nutrients the animals need, it is important to set up the food source by creating enough
pasture area on our dairy farm. Without well-planned and suitable housing, proper
housing that is favorable to excellent health, comfort, and protection from inclement
weather and that would enable the animals to exploit their genetic potential and feed for
optimal output and effective management of cattle will fall short. The owner's profit may
be reduced by additional labor costs brought on by improper planning in the animal
housing arrangement. The adequate cleanliness, durability, and procedures for the
production of clean milk under practical and affordable circumstances are not less
significant. Even if we employ dairy farmers to run our farm and learn the foundations of
how to feed the dairy animals the right nutrients, if we are new to dairy farming we will still
need to invest a lot of time in mastering agricultural methods. Healthy animals are more
productive and create milk that is of higher quality. Before milk is sold to consumers, it
must pass a series of tests (such as the California Mastitis Test, Organoleptic Test, Clot
on Boiling Test, Alcohol Precipitation Test, Methylene Blue Test, and Somatic Cell Count)
that help quickly identify mastitis in dairy cows.

Managing a dairy animal involves caring for and selecting good quality stocks.
Good body scoring ranges to 3 for dairy animals. Check for the abnormalities of the calves
while it is still in the womb up until it is delivered. Proper management of the heifer,
pregnant herd, and milking herd, managing dry cows, breeding sire, and replacement sire
is very important for the smooth flow of production.

I will consider the goat as my dairy animal because it can easily adapt to adverse
conditions and requires only less management compared to cattle. It is a Coconut-Dairy
Goat Based Integrated Farm. The proposed dairy business and processing site will be
operated at P3-Sangay Diot, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. The site is endowed with
water and surrounded by trees and a few residential houses. We have seen that the place
will be suitable for dairy goat farming since it is away from residential areas. It is also
accessible since it is along the road. The farm's main product is coconut since it is already
established in the farm and integrated by dairy goats for additional income for milk and
its manure will serve as organic fertilizer that helps replenishment of the soil. It will supply
coconut and goat milk to the city of Ozamiz and even the neighboring areas of Misamis
of Occidental.

Therefore, extensive knowledge involving the breeding, rearing, and use of dairy
cows, primarily dairy cows, helps farmers achieve their on-farm goals and objectives to
produce milk and the various dairy products processed from it.

II. Explain and discuss the factors affecting breeding success.

Answer:
Reproductive efficiency/reproductive efficiency is controlled by both genetic and
non-genetic factors. An animal's climate, diet, and husbandry are non-genetic factors.
Reproductive efficiency varies by species and breed, and even between animals of the
same breed. Reproductive success includes the ability to mate, the ability to conceive
and nourish an embryo, and the birth of viable young at the end of normal gestation. If
this sequence of events is interrupted, the cow will not conceive, the embryo will die, or
the fetus will be born prematurely.

Start with step-by-step selection. A pedigree is a record of a person's ancestry,

including parents. This information is valuable because each individual has half a sample
of the genes from each parent. Knowing the exact phenotype of an individual is of little
gain even considering the degree of selection in selection. Level considerations are useful
when there is not a sufficiently accurate record of an individual's production. It also helps
in early selection when the trait in question may not be present. It is also useful in selecting
males when the selected trait is expressed only by females. The first limitation on the
reproductive efficiency of animal fertility is the number of functional oocytes released
during each ovulatory cycle. A second limitation is oocyte fertilization. Fertilization failure
can have several causes. Consider embryonic mortality where hormonal deficiencies or
imbalances can lead to failure of the fertilized egg cell to implant and subsequent death.
Age at first pregnancy, frequency of pregnancies, and life expectancy. The longer the
parent lives, the lower the percentage of cows that need replacement each year.
Therefore, a highly developed embryo during fertilization is essential for successful
reproduction.

III. Explain and discuss the functions and purpose of housing and other
facilities in dairy farming.

Answer:

Successful milk production is also based on how the farm is housed. Animal
husbandry must protect animals from environmental influences such as bad weather and
ensure a clean and comfortable stay for animal health and efficient management. Dairy
cows can be accommodated successfully under a variety of conditions, from closed
rooms to minor restrictions other than milking times. However, two types of dairies are
currently in common use. A loose pen in combination with a milking parlor of some kind
or a milking parlor for dairy cows should be used to provide comfortable accommodation
for individual animals. Animals should be kept at a high rate of growth, maturity, and
growth while minimizing experimental variability, as inadequate housing planning when
placing animals can result in additional labor costs and reduced loss of beneficial owners
and require an environment that allows them to maintain their health and species-specific
behavior. By providing suitable housing and other facilities for our cows, we achieve our
maximum milk production targets.

IV. Explain why nutritional management the most important determinant of

dairy farming.

Answer:

For most dairy herds, nutritional management is the most important factor in
determining herd productivity. The basis of milk nutrition is controlling feed intake to meet
the absolute nutritional needs of dairy cows to produce high-quality milk. The relationship
between nutrition and productivity begins at birth. Colostrum should be given to the calf
as soon as possible. A feeding system must provide each cow with the nutrients it needs
during the proper growth and lactation stages to maintain optimal productivity throughout
the production period. Otherwise, milk yield will decrease. Nutritional management is
important as it is the determining factor for high and low yields on dairy farms. Highly
productive dairy cows require diets that also provide nutritional requirements for high milk
production. Failure to meet these requirements during the growing season will also affect
yield. Feeding cows the recommended amounts of grass and concentrates maximizes
yield potential.