RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Education In the 19th Century, Philippine Nationalist were born

and the Nation became united and worked together for
Social Studies Department common aims as they wanted to be independent of
Spain.

GE09-LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Chapter 10: Philippines Nationalism and National Philippine Nationalism

Symbols The Propaganda Movement was the first Filipino
Objectives: nationalist movement, led by the ‘Illustrados” (Dr. Jose
Rizal, M.H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena) when
At the end of the discussion the students are able to: Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
were executed (Luneta) at the hands of colonial
• Understand the concept of Philippine
authorities.
Nationalism;
• Analyze the Factors contributed to the further
development of the Philippine Nationalism and •
Acknowledge National Heroes and Philippine
National Symbols

Artwork|

Image| ‘Ilustrados’ in Madrid (1890)

Propaganda Movement is a peaceful crusade for reforms

that is spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle
class and among others, Dr. Jose P. Rizal most
The outstanding among the propagandists, the one who
Martyrdom of Rizal Mural (1960) work of Carlos "Botong” V. Francisco
started the newspaper, La Solidaridad (Solidarity) which
Filipino nationalism began with an upsurge of patriotic was the medium of the Propaganda Movement.
sentiments and nationalistic ideals in the 1800s
Philippines that came as a consequence of more than
two centuries of Spanish rule. This served as the
backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the
Philippine Revolution of 1896, and continues up to this
day. These nationalistic sentiments have led to a wide
ranging campaign for political, social, and economical
freedom in the Philippines.

Image| ‘La Solidaridad’ Newspaper

What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is simply the love of a country with all its

The Members and Pen Names:
inhabitants.
• José Rizal (Laong Laan and Dimasalang) • Marcelo
A state of awareness that a nation does exist and is
made of people who owe allegiance not only to a tribe, H. del Pilar (Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat,
clan, or region nor to any religious or political entity. Siling Labuyo, Cupang, Maytiyaga, Patos, Carmelo,
 D.A. Murgas, and L.O. Crame)
• Graciano López Jaena (Diego Laura)
• Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog)
• Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning) •
José María Panganiban (Jomapa)
• Dominador Gómez (Ramiro Franco)
• Graciano López Jaena, the first editor of La
Solidaridad
• Marcelo H. del Pilar, the second and last editor of
La Solidaridad
friars
5.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala
(forced sale of local products to the government)
6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and
association
7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service.
8. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain
9. Secularization of Philippine parishes

Other Members 10. Recognition of human rights

• Pedro Paterno
• Antonio María Regidor The Failure of the Propaganda Movement
• Isabelo de los Reyes
The Propaganda Movement targeted the Spanish
• Eduardo de Lete government and public, but as an elite movement failed
• José Alejandrino to engage with the wider Filipino population. The
• Juan Luna Spanish government was little interested in the
• Tomás Arejola conditions of the Philippines, particularly with the
• Félix Resurrección Hidalgo immense political foment in the Spanish political
environment, and the movement ultimately received
• Pedro Serrano Laktaw
scant support and made little headway in Spain. The
• Pablo Rianzares Bautista propagandists themselves were considered to be rebels
• Dámaso Ponce at home in the Philippines, and many were exiled.
• Galicano Apacible Despite its overall failure, the movement generated a
political consciousness that fed into the nationalist
revolution of 1896 and the struggle for independence
International Members that followed.
• Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian La Liga Filipina
ethnologist)
• Dr. Miguel Morayta Sagrario (Spanish historian, In 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines and
university professor and statesman) proposed the establishment of a civic organization
• Colonel Pio de Pazos (Spanish army officer and called “La Liga Filipina.” On July 3, 1892, the following
writer) were elected as its officers: Ambrosio Salvador,
president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo,
• Juan José Cañarte (Cuban student)
treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, secretary. Rizal
functioned as its adviser.

The Aim of The Propaganda Movement The Aim of The La Liga Filipina:
1. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes ▪ Unite the whole country
Generales, the Spanish parliament; ▪ Protect and assist all members
2. Secularization of the clergy ▪ Fight violence and injustice
▪ Support education
3. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; ▪ Study and implement reforms
4. Creation of a public school system independent of the

La Liga Filipina had no intention of rising up in arms
against the government; but the Spanish officials still
felt threatened. On July 6, 1892 only three days after La
Liga Filipina’s establishment, Jose Rizal was
secretly arrested. The next day, Governor General
Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan,
a small, secluded town in Zamboanga.
La Liga Filipina's membership was active in the
beginning; but later, they began to drift apart. The rich
members wanted to continue supporting the
Propaganda Movement; but the others seemed to have
lost all hope that reforms could still be granted. Andres
Bonifacio was one of those who believed that the only
way to achieve meaningful change was through a
bloody revolution.
The Start of Filipino Nationalism (the 1760s-1820s)
The term “Filipino" originally referred to the
natives of the Philippines themselves. It was Pedro
Chirino, a Spanish Jesuit, who first called the natives
“Filipinos,” in his book Relación de las Islas Filipinas.
Book| Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) auth. Pedro Chirino
Caste System During the Spanish Era
When Spain came to the Philippines, they instituted a
racial caste system. Similar to what they instituted in
Latin America.
Racial hierarchy in the Philippines incorporates the
practices, views and actions that reflect the fact that
humanity is divided into several groups or divisions that
are called races. According to this theory, the members
of a certain race share certain qualities and attributes
which make that group as a whole more desirable, less
desirable, inferior or superior to other races depending
upon any
such attributes. The racial discrimination has occurred in
almost all the major countries in the past and this has
greatly influenced the world. The Spanish caste system
based on race was abolished after the Philippines’
independence from Spain in 1898.
During the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the
19th century, the racial mixture in the Philippines
occurred on a quite smaller scale as compared to the
other Spanish territories. A caste system, like that used
in Spanish America, existed in the Philippines, with
some explicit differences. The racial hierarchy in the
Philippines is explained starting from the highest rank
group having maximum power and authority and ending
with the group having lowest or zero rights, power and
authority.
Image| ‘Racial Hierarchy in Philippines’
Peninsulares – The highest level of the racial hierarchy
in the Philippines is composed by Peninsulares class.
These were people of pure Spanish descent born in
Spain.
These people possessed maximum command and
influence over the Philippines.
Insulares/Criollos – The next rank in the Philippines
racial hierarchy. Basically, the Philippine-born Spanish
were classified as ‘Filipinos’.
Tornatras – These were the persons of mixed
indigenous Spanish ancestry (referred to as Filipino or
Peninsular), Chinese (referred to as Sangley), and Malay
(referred to as Indio). Most people of the Tornatras
caste in the Philippines used Spanish as their primary
language and in many cases converted to the Catholic
faith.

Mestizos de Espanola – The next in the hierarchy is the
class Mestizos de Espanola, subordinate to the
Tornatras. This term was used to describe people of
mixed Filipino and foreign ancestry.
Sangley – This is a level used in hierarchy to
demonstrate the persons of pure Chinese ancestry,
while Mestizos de Sangley was used to refer to a person
of mixed Chinese and indigenous ancestry
Spain. When the Galleon trade was suspended in 1815
by order of the Spanish King, it had a negative impact
on the Philippines' economic development. But then, in
1869
The Suez Canal opened, making the travel time from
Asia to Europe shorter than before.

Indio – Indio was the term that was used to refer the
native

Negrito – The lowest level in the Philippines racial

hierarchy was of the Negritos. This group represented
the black Negro people who possessed minimal or zero
rights and worked as labors in the Spanish colonial
system.
Economy
The first wave of globalization occurred in the
nineteenth century (1801-1900). It takes place in Rizal's
life, who was born on June 19, 1861. The Philippines
were still under the control of the Spanish government
at the time. Mercantilism was once known as an
economic philosophy practiced by European countries in
the 17th and 18th centuries. Many European countries
conquered other countries, including the Philippines,
during this time period in order to expand their power.
Their colonies were forbidden or rather restricted, from
importing and exporting goods to countries other than
the mother country. In the case of Britain, they regard
their colonies as money-makers (UShistory, n.d).
The same thing happened to the Spaniards in one of
their colonies, the Philippines. They imposed
restrictions on the goods that their colonies could
produce and trade with. They did not formally recognize
the free trade market or the laissez-faire economy until
1834, when the 'Royal Company of the Philippines' was
abolished, opening Manila port and many other ports
throughout the country.
Image| Manila Acapulco Galleons (1815)
This allowed upper-middle-class Filipinos, including
Creoles and mestizos, to rent a portion of land from the
friars, who legally owned haciendas at the time. The
situation was that Filipinos were going to rent land from
the friar and would also invest in it. They will hire
farmers to assist them in growing farm goods such as
crops. After a while, they will be able to freely sell it in a
market composed of traders from various countries. As
they benefit from it, they could now send their children
to study abroad.
Those who rented lands from the friars are called the
inquilinos. That includes the Family of Jose Rizal who
became one of the principal inquilinos of the hacienda
de Calamba. They partially owned 380 hectares of land
making them rent the largest lease of land. They
produced crops like sugarcane−the most in-demand
crops in the world during that time. However, there was
a dispute between the owner of the hacienda and the
inquilinos including the Family of Rizal. In the end, the
ownership of the hacienda is proven to be Dominican
land, and the renters including the sharecroppers were
ordered to vacate the property.

As demand for supply increased and more ports opened

for trading, the 'export economy' grew. But before that,
there was a trade from the port of Manila to Acapulco,
which is now Mexico, and the last route will be in Spain;
this was known as the Galleon trade, and it shipped out
products such as porcelain, silk, and many others,
including spices, in exchange for silver money from

Image| Hacienda de Calamba
Education
When the Spaniards completely occupied the
Philippines, they took control of the country's social,
cultural, political, and economic aspects. This includes
the county's educational system, which was led by
Spanish friars. They took over education in the country,
teaching primarily Catholicism, how to read Spanish
books, and a little of the native language. They also
taught Latin rather than Spanish, and subjects such as
mathematics and science were neglected. During this
time, schools were only for Spaniards, but they later
allowed middle-class mestizo and creole families or
wealthy Filipino families to participate.
Rizal attended a private school in Binan Laguna before
enrolling in the Ateneo Municipal De Manila, or the now
famous Ateneo de Manila University, when he was 11
years old. He also attended the University of Santo
Tomas but had to leave due to conflicts and decided to
study abroad with the help and support of his brother
Paciano.
Meanwhile, in Manila, the Jesuits established the first all
boys college. It was later named Colegio de San Ignacio
at the time. It was soon followed by other schools,
including Colegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu City and
Colegio de San Juan.
The Jesuits were given charge of the Escuela Pia, which
was later renamed the Ateneo de Municipalidad before
becoming the Ateneo de Manila University in modern
times. However, the Dominicans also built schools that
are still known today, such as the University of Santo
Tomas, which was located in Intramuros Manila at the
time.
Image]
University of Santo Tomas (1877)
The country's education system, facilitated by Spaniards
or Spanish friars, was said to have a limited curriculum,
very poor school facilities, important subjects being
neglected, and an outdated method of teaching.
Secularization issue of friars
The problem began when the friars took over the
parishes throughout the country. Secular priests are
assigned to administer the parishes, but because there is
a need for secular priests at that time and only a few are
available, the friars take over the task. When the influx
of secular priests occurred, they insisted on returning
the task of parish administration to them; however, the
friars refused to relinquish their position. Friars are
afraid to lose their influence among the people. And
possible that they will also lose ways to exploit money
from the people through their so-called “donations”.
Padre Jose Burgos continued the fight for secularization
that Padre Pelaez started along with Padre Mariano
Gomez. Padre Pedro Pelaez didn’t have the chance to
continue the fight as he died in an earthquake that
happened in Manila during that time. Padre Burgos then
replaced him as the parish priest of Manila and
continued the secularization movement. He continues
to fight for equality between regulars or the friars and
the secular priest. However, as his intentions grew
deeper, he began a larger fight for equality between
Filipinos and Spaniards. The three Martyr priests,
GomBurZa (Padre Gomez, Padre Burgos, and Padre
Zamora) are part of the secularization movement,
aiming to have equal rights with the regular or the
friars. However, the Cavite Mutiny happened and the
three Martyr priests were accused of leading the
mutiny. With the ‘witness’ they have, Francisco Zaldua,
the three Martyr priests were judged to be guilty of
 inciting a mutiny against the Spanish government and ideas that led him to seek reform for his beloved
they were then executed via the Garrote. The death of country, the Philippines.
the three martyr priests led the Filipinos to take an
action and create a Propaganda movement to fight for The Liberal Regime of De la Torre
reform

Image] ‘GOMBUZA’ (1877)

Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada assumed office

as the new Spanish governor general of the Philippines
The influx of Liberal ideas on June 23, 1869.

The constant interaction of Filipinos with Western
countries brought liberal ideas to the Philippines. It also
contributed to the spread of liberal ideas among
Filipinos, as trade between Europe and even America to
the Philippines occurred. When the Suez Canal opened
in 1869, it reduced travel time from the Philippines to
European countries, particularly Spain. The trading ship
transported not only goods but also educational
materials such as books and newspapers, which could
potentially influence the minds of Filipinos at the time.
When Carlos Maria De la Torre became the Governor
General of the Philippines, he showed liberal leadership
to the Filipinos. He abolished some of the old tactics of
Spaniards such as espionage or the old strategy where
they will send someone to spy on their opponents. He
instead executes freedom of speech among the Filipino
people. That made the Filipinos like him and his idea of
liberalism. Despite this, he was replaced after two years
by Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo, who was the
one who ordered the execution of the three martyr
priests, the GomBurZa. Jose Rizal was an ilustrado who
studied in another country. He spent more than a year
abroad, and while in there, he adopted various liberal
Spanish citizens, who had become weary of Isabella II's
dictatorial rule, rose up in a revolution in September
1868 and were successful in installing a government that
upheld fundamental human freedoms. Don Carlos de la
Torre was appointed as the governor and captain
general of the Philippines during this administration, led
by President Serrano. The liberal-minded Spaniards,
mestizos, and Filipinos in Manila welcomed him with
open arms and hailed him as their savior from the
purported tyrannies of the region's conservative and
reactionary forces.
He pretended to be and behaved like a true democrat
during his time. The aristocratic and arrogant Spanish
citizens of the city were astonished by some of his
initiatives and believed the governor had gone insane.
Governor De la Torre's accomplishments that
demonstrated his democratic leanings included:
● The removal of press restrictions
● Removing whipping from native soldier punishment
for deserting and replacing it with a month of
incarceration
● The resolution of the agrarian unrest in Cavite and
the selection of Eduardo Camerino, the tenant
leader who had been wronged, as captain of the
"Guias de la Torre," giving him the authority to
support the Guardia Civil
● His endorsement of the Morel Decrees of
November 6, 1870, which would have secularized a
number of Manila secondary and collegiate
educational institutions
De la Torre's liberal administration surely inspired the
Filipino people to debate social concerns and push for
additional reforms. Therefore, the priests and laypeople
who were intellectuals among them formed a
committee of reformers with the goals of Filipinize the
parishes and granting their people more political rights
as outlined in the Spanish Constitution. Even the Filipino
students at the University of Santo Tomas were
motivated by the liberal spirit of the time to organize the
"Juventud Escolar Liberal," a nationalist organization.
Cavite Mutiny
On January 20, 1872, roughly 200 Filipino soldiers
stationed at Fort San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines, committed a mutiny. This action served as a
precursor to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The
withdrawal of long-standing worker personal benefits
including tax and compulsory labor exemptions on order
from Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo sparked the
Cavite Mutiny in 1872.
In 1871, Izquierdo took over as governor general after
Carlos Maria de la Torre resigned a few months earlier.
He promptly reversed Torre's liberal policies and
instituted an authoritarian regime. Any hints of reformist
or nationalistic movements in the Philippines were
resisted by him. Although he served in government for
less than two years, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—collectively known as
"Gomburza"—were brutally executed by him because
they were martyr-priests and were held responsible for
the revolt. Sgt. Fernando La Madrid served as the leader
of the rebels, who took control of the Fort and
murdered the Spanish officers. The Spanish government
in Manila despatched a regiment led by Wider Felipe
Ginoves to retake the Fort out of fear of a general
rebellion. Sgt. La Madrid was one of many mutineers
who died as the besieged rebellion was put down.
Others later received death or severe labor sentences.
Izquierdo accused Gomburza and other prominent
Filipinos with liberal views using the mutiny. Priests,
professionals, and businesspeople were among the
prominent Filipinos who were detained and given
prison, death, or exile sentences after being found guilty
on flimsy and false allegations. These people are Antonio
M. Regidor, Jose Basa, and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera. The
Cavite mutineers are reported to have taken their cue
from Manila when they heard and saw fireworks across
Manila Bay, which were really being used to celebrate
the feast of the Lady of Loreto in Sampaloc.
The GOMBURZA Execution
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora—collectively referred to as
GOMBURZA—three martyred priests—were killed by
garrote by the Spaniards in Bagumbayan on February 17,
1872, in connection with the Cavite Mutiny.
For spearheading the movement against the abusive
Spanish friars and promoting equality among priests, the
three priests earned the enmity of the Spanish
government. The struggle between the church
secularists and the religious regulars was a result of
unsolved issues about the Philippines' secularization.
The Cavite Mutiny, which involved workers at the naval
shipyard's arsenal protesting wage cuts brought on by
higher taxes, was exaggerated into a deadly uprising,
and the Spanish government used it as an excuse to
silence proponents of secularization. The Spanish
prosecutors bribed a witness to testify against the three
priests who were accused with sedition and treason,
which led to their murder by garrote. Numerous
Filipinos were profoundly affected by their execution,
notably Dr. Jose Rizal, the nation's hero, who wrote Noli
Me Tangere in their honor.
Executive order No. 75, 1993 national heroes
Commitee Rizal as a Nation Heroes
No law, presidential order, or proclamation has ever
been passed or issued designating a historical individual
from the Philippines as a national hero. However, there
were laws passed and proclamations made recognizing
these heroes due to their vital involvement in the
nation-building process and contributions to history.
Even Jose Rizal, who is regarded as the greatest of the
Filipino heroes, did not have his status as a national hero
declared in a formal declaration. The place he currently
occupies in Philippine history is a monument to the
people's ongoing worship or acclamation of him in
honor of his role in the important socioeconomic
changes our nation underwent.
Findings and Recommendation of the National Heroes
Committee
In honoring Filipino Historical Figures, we entrust the
National Heroes Committee to study, evaluate and
recommend personages/heroes in due recognition of
their sterling character and remarkable achievements for
the country. This was signed in 1993 by late president
Fidel V. Ramos under Executive order no. 75, this law is
made to inculcate patriotism and Nationalism.
Now, the question that is yet to be answered is how can
one be considered a national hero. Here in the
Philippines, we don’t have an official historical figure as
a national hero but the country honored those who
contributed to the process of nation-building and
contribution to history.
The National Heroes Committee recommended Jose
Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario
Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat,
Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang to be
recognized as national heroes on November 15, 1995.
Their report was submitted to the Department of
Education, Culture, and Sports on November 22 of that
year-- this was in the year 1990. After a careful review of
all the recommendations of the NHC, fourteen (14)
historical figures were selected by the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines (NHCP). They are Jose
Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario
Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Juan Luna, Melchora
Aquino, Gabriela Silang, Lapu-Lapu, Father Jose Burgos,
Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jacinto Zamora, Emilio
Jacinto, and Jose Abad Santos.
At the present time, in compliance with Executive Order
 No. 75 dated March 28, 1993, the National Heroes order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead
Committee submitted its findings and to anarchy. So, heroes should have the quality to
recommendations, and all throughout the findings and contribute to the life and destiny of a nation.
recommendations of NHC, we consider Jose Rizal as one
National Heroes Committee recommends the basis for
of the greatest heroes of the nation, He currently has a
memorial/monument that is located close to the spot choosing a national hero:
where he died at the Luneta in Bagumbayan. The 1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and
monument carries the inscription “I want to show to thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom.
those who deprived people the right to love their
country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves 2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a
for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if system or life of freedom and order for a nation.
one dies for those one loves—for his country and for
3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life
others dear to him”. We cannot deny the fact that Rizal
and destiny of a nation.
is one of the historical figures who greatly influence, his
Additional Criteria for Heroes were also set:
works and writings are source of pride and
patriotism for the Filipinos. He ignited the Filipinos’ 1. A hero is part of the people’s expression. But the
hope for freedom from our first colonials’ masters. process of a people’s internalization of a hero’s life and
works takes time, with the youth forming a part of the
Criteria for National Heroes.
internalization.
In order for the Committee to fully assess historical
2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future
figures, the Criteria for the National Heroes are imposed
generations.
by the Technical Committee of NHC. They held a series
of meetings on June 3, 1993, August 19, 1993, 3. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting
September 12, 1994, and November 15, 1995. of an episode or events in history but of the entire
process that made this particular person a hero.
The National Heroes Committee adopted the following
References:
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What is the main idea of mercantilism? Find

the Answer at BYJU'S UPSC Preparation.
(n.d.). BYJU'S. Retrieved August 28, 2022,
from https://byjus.com/ias
questions/what-is-the-main-idea-ofmercanti
lism/

Prepared By:

CED-08-301A-Group 10

Pascua, Melissa Kate

Pefanio, Chris Jericho

Ramos, Emily
Uy, Jasmin

Subject Instructor:
Prof. Andres Delos Santos