LANTAYA, DECYRE CLARE R.

BSN 1-A

UTS Reviewers
THE PHYSICAL SELF
- marvelous container and complex finely tuned, machine with which we interfere with
our environment and fellow beings.
- concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person
- conveys important messages about social status and subculture membership
THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL SELF
WILLIAM JAMES
- considered body as the initial source of sensation
ERIK ERIKSON
- the role of bodily organs is important in early developmental stages of a person’s life
INDIAN TRADITION
- growth and enlightenment as the whole-body event
As a BIOLOGICAL ENTITY, the body has a functional role
As a SOCIAL ENTITY, it is the most visible way of expressing someone’s identity
Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money
In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates
based on “looks” 90% of the time.

COGNITIVE BIAS
- an error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental process
- often a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary
information
HALO EFFECT
- tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorable for their personality
traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive
SYMMETRY
- defined not with proportions but rather with similarity between the left and the right
sides of the face
BIOLOGISTS
- hypothesized that we prefer faces that epitomize the ‘manliness’ or ‘femininity’ of their
gender
- in the smaller, more remote communities, many women actually preferred the more
“feminine” looking men
BEAUTY AND SELF-EXPRESSIONS ACROSS CULTURES
- the socialized body is subjected to cultural norms
- the attitude towards the body and the bodily practices reflect the value constellation of
each particular society
Examples:
- FACE and BODY PAINTING of Karo tribes in Omo Valley, Ethiopia
- NECK RINGS
- FOOT BINDING in China
- SCARIFICATION
- BODY MODIFICATION

BODY IMAGE
- is how you view your physical body
- closely linked to self-esteem

 Recognize that your body is your own, no matter what shape or size it comes in.
 Identify which aspects of your appearance you can realistically change and which you
can’t.
 If there are things about yourself that you want to change and can, do this by making
goals for yourself.
 When you hear negative comments coming from within, tell yourself to stop.
 Try building your self-esteem by giving yourself three compliments every day.
 THE SPIRITUAL SELF

COMMON WORLD RELIGIONS

CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION
• A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being
• A focus on the sacred supernatural
• The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on
supernatural beings as well as physical beings and objects
• The performance of ritual activities
• Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of
social control within a community;
• Provide explanation for unknown and a sense of control for individuals

The choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self, although the choice maybe influenced
by the society and its culture.

ANIMISM
- is the belief that nature has soul

CRITERIA ANIMISM ANIMATISM

Definition the belief that spirits exist in belief that there is power in all forces around
natural objects us

Characteristics speaks of individual spiritual Does not speak of individual spiritual beings
beings
 Supernatural does not speak of a singular speaks of a supernatural force that exists
Force supernatural force but various everywhere in both inanimate and animated 
spiritual beings

Personality Supernatural forces have Supernatural force does not have a particular
personalities personality

DUNGAN
- spirit or soul
- is an indigenous Filipino term which refers to the soul or spirit
Ilonggos:
- “dungan” (if alive)
- “kalag” (if dead)
Tagalog: “Kaluluwa”
Bagobos: “Gimokud”
Bukidnons: “Makatu”
Ilokanos: “Kadkadwa”

The "dungan" or soul of the Ilonggos, according to Alicia Magos (1986), is not normally seen by
the human eye.
Sometimes, however, it comes out of the body and takes on a visible form such as that of an
insect (a housefly or a moth) or a small animal like a lizard.

RITUALS AND CEREMONIES

Characteristics of Rituals
• a feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred
• dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language of myth
• is symbolic in relation to its reference

Functions of Rituals
• Reduce stress
• Reinforce group norms and identity
• Provide sanctions for individual behavior
• Provide a sense of the world

Note: The SELF can be described as a ritual being

Participation in ritual is an expression of religious beliefs
CEREMONY
- is "a formal religious or public occasion, typically one celebrating a particular event or
anniversary."

RELIGION, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT

Religion
- is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere, along with ceremonial
practices.
Functions:
• creates a moral community
• provides rites of passage
• provides emotional support
• serves as a means to provide answers to ultimate questions
• agent of social change
Magic
 - are illusions.
- they are the oldest performing arts in the world
Functions:
• avoidance or healing of illness in humans
• seeking some “luck” where the outcome is in doubt or beyond factual influence
• captivate audience with expert showmanship

Witchcraft
- is an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an
innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death
Functions:
• Effective way for people to explain a personal misfortune without having to shoulder
any blame to themselves
• Provides an outlet for feelings of hostility and frustration without disturbing the norms
of the larger group

FINDING AND CREATING MEANING

Viktor E. Frankl
- Father of Logotherapy
- proposes that "man's primary motivational force is search for meaning"

Logotherapy
- uses the philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy, where people are capable of
"turning suffering" into human achievement and accomplishment
Three Ways of Discovering Meaning in Life
1. Experiential Values (family, relatives, friends, and workmates)
2. Creative Values (by becoming involved in one’s projects)
3. Attitudinal Values (practicing virtues such as compassion, bravery, and the like)
Logotherapy Assumptions
 1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable
3. People have a will to meaning
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful
6. The individual is unique

Frankl's Sources of Meaning

• Purposeful work
• Courage in the face of difficulty
• Love

Finding your life purpose creates a sense of meaning in your life. You know what you love to
do, what you are good at, and how you can contribute to the world.
Finding a sense of meaning to life gives you a sense of place. When you have found your
purpose, it is easier to know where you belong.
 THE SEXUAL SELF
SEXUALITY IN ADOLESCENCE
• Physical changes: Puberty
– Increased sex drive (motivation)
– Maturation of sex organs (reproduction)
– Secondary sex characteristics
• Cognitive changes:
– Introspective reflection
– Self-consciousness
• Social changes
– Significance of sexual relations
– Curiosity becomes sexual motivation
– Connection with adult roles
DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES
- Comfort with maturing body (changes)
- Accepting feelings of sexual arousal
- Engaging in voluntary sexual activities (not referring to reproductive sexual activities)

Developmental Patterns in Dating

(The American Experience)
• Most adolescent girls begin dating around age 12 or 13
• Most adolescent boys begin dating around 13 or 14
• By age 15 about 20% of adolescents say they have “gone with” someone
• Dating before among American adolescents tends to follow a developmental sequence
of four steps:
1. Adolescents in same-gender groups go to places where they hope to find
other-gender groups
2. Adolescents take part in social gatherings arranged by adults, such as
parties
3. Mixed-gender groups arrange to go to some particular event together,
such as a movie
4. Adolescent couples begin to date as pairs in activities such as movies,
dinners, concerts and so on

Social Scripts
- Expectations for how males and females behave in romantic relationships
- Shaped by relationships at home
- Shaped by the mass media

DATING SCRIPTS: Proactive and Reactive Script

Proactive Script
- Males tend to follow this type of script
Includes:
initiating the date and sexual contact
deciding where they will go
Reactive Script
- Females tend to follow this type of script
Focuses on:
Private domain (grooming & dress)
Responding to the male’s gestures in the public domain
Responding to his sexual initiatives

ROBERT STERNBERG’S THEORY OF LOVE

Forms Passion Intimacy Commitment

Physical attraction Closeness and Pledge to love over
and sexual desire emotional attachment the long run

Liking No Yes No

Infatuation Yes No No

Empty Love No No Yes

Romantic Love Yes Yes No

Companionate Love No Yes Yes

Fatuous/Foolish Yes No Yes

Consummate Love Yes Yes Yes
Applying Sternberg to Adolescence
• In most adolescent love relationships, commitment is either missing or highly tentative
• The absence of long-term commitment in adolescence means that there are two
principal types of adolescent love: infatuation and romantic love
Note:
- In industrialized countries people are not likely to get married until they are in at least
their mid- to late twenties

- adolescents’ love relationship would not involve commitment as much as passion or

intimacy

Consensual validation
– People like to find in others an agreement, or consensus
– Finding this consensus supports, or validates, their own way of looking at the
world

People of all ages tend to have romantic relationships with people who are similar to them in
characteristics such as:
– Intelligence
– Social class
– Ethnic background
– Religious beliefs
– Physical attractiveness
CULTURAL BELIEFS AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY
• Restrictive cultures:
– Place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage
– Strict separation of boys and girls in early childhood through adolescence
– Some countries will even include the threat of physical punishment and public
shaming for premarital sex
– Usually more restrictive for girls than boys
• Semi-restrictive cultures:
– Have prohibitions but they are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
– If pregnancy results from premarital sex, the adolescents are often forced to
marry
• Permissive cultures:
– Encourage and expect adolescent sexuality
– Sexual behavior is encouraged even in childhood and the sexuality of
adolescence is simply a continuation of the sex play in childhood

WHAT INFLUENCES SEXUAL ACTIVITY?

• Hormones are especially important for boys
– Testosterone for boys and girls are influenced by estrogens
– Boys who are more popular with girls and mature earlier tend to initiate sex
earlier than unpopular boys
• Context is especially important for girls
– The most important predictor of girls’ involvement in sexual intercourse is
whether their friends are doing it or have sexually permissive attitudes
PARENTS AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
• Parent-child communication
• Most effective
– for females (rather than males)
– with mothers (rather than fathers)
– if communication of values/attitudes
– for preventing risky sexual behaviors

SEXUALLY ACTIVE ADOLESCENTS

• Characteristics of non-virgins
– Similar self-esteem as virgins
– Similar overall life satisfaction as virgins
– More likely to be early maturing
– Tend to have lower levels of academic performance and academic aspirations

• Adolescents who have sex early (15 years old or younger)

– Early users of drugs and alcohol
– More likely to be from single parent households
– More likely to have grown up in poverty

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescents

• It is during adolescence that most lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adolescents
(LGBT) people become fully aware of their sexual orientation
Coming out
- beginning at an average age of 14 for gay males and a year or two later for lesbians
- Involves a person’s recognizing his or her own sexual identity and then disclosing the
truth to friends, family and others
Homophobia
- Fear and hatred of homosexuals
- Because of this phenomenon, coming to the realization of an LGBT identity can be
traumatic for many adolescents

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• HIV/AIDS
– Strips the body of its ability to fend off infections
– The body is highly vulnerable to a wide variety of illnesses and diseases
– 90% of cases of HIV in the US result from intercourse between homosexual or
bisexual partners
– Outside the U.S. HIV/AIDS is spread mainly between heterosexual partners
– Has a long latency period (tend to by asymptomatic up to 5 years)
– AIDS is the leading cause of death worldwide among persons 25 to 44 years old
– 10 of every 11 new HIV infections worldwide come from Africa
– The mortality rate for people who have AIDS remains extremely high

SEX EDUCATION
• Americans agree that rates of premarital pregnancy and STDs in adolescence are serious
problems that must be reduced
• However, there is a strong disagreement about what is the best solution
– One side: comprehensive sexuality education
– Other side: abstinence promotion
– Result: Neither!
 MATERIAL SELF/ ECONOMIC SELF
What is Material Self?
- it is the part of the self that is associated of what we possess. It can be our
body, clothes, money, family and anything we have

MATERIALISM
- Having a self- concept that is based on what one possesses either
- INSTRISICALLY (Abilities, skill or Physical Appearance)
- EXTRINCICALLY (Material Objects)

OWNERSHIP EFFECT
- Due to our materialistic selves we create an association or attachment
towards the things that we own
- Cognitively, people prefer things that they own over things that they not
- People are more likely to refuse trading what they own over something
that is more valuable simply because they own that thing

PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP (Owning Effect)

- of this is mine and this is me

4 LAYERS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP

 PERCEIVED SELF - allows individuals to be seen by others in a certain

way by owning a material/ non- material target
 LIVED SELF - allows individuals to live out certain behaviors, emotions
and cognitions by owning a material product
 LEARNED SELF - allows individuals to function according to the set of
conscious/ unconscious rules and roles by owning a material/ non
material target
  CORE SELF - allows individuals to express their innermost personnel
identity by owning a material/ non material target
CONSUMER CULTURE
- our sense of self and identity is bounded by social structures such as
markets and a culture of consumption

NEEDS vs WANTS

Necessities or Essentials Desires

Essential for survival Not Essential for survival

Do not change over time Change over time

Non- fulfilment can lead to adverse Non- fulfilment may result in mental
outcomes distress

Wants may differ according to different

All individuals have the same basic needs
individuals
 THE POLITICAL SELF
The Political Self
- explores how our social and economic contexts profoundly affect our
mental health and well-being

 Post-independence in 1946
- the Philippines was known as the “showcase of democracy” in the Asia
Pacific
- having been under the tutelage of the United States for nearly 50 years, the
Philippines was also socialized by the American colonizers to the ways of
democracy
- there are several forms of government. Each state uses one form of
government
- Philippines is known to be a democratic country
- it is governed by a president and several officials
- In a democratic government, the people of the state have freedom and
rights to express their desire
- for a democracy to exist as system, economic and political power should be
dispersed

Filipinos must have knowledge about democracy so they may know their rights in
the society

 The Affirmation of Civil Rights

- this helps us to have the right to choose, as well as to have freedom in
speech, freedom of assembly, etc
 Economic Rights and Social Responsibility
- this gives us the right to vote and gives us the privileges to gain all the
things that we worked for
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY / WHO IS A FILIPINO?
- The Philippines today has only emerged in the 1980s after over three
centuries colonization of the Spaniards
- the Japanese only occurred in 1946
- foreign culture, beliefs, language, and religion have made a huge dent on
our own by setting a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity and
culture

The 1987 Philippine Constitution

- Filipino citizens are “those who father or mother are citizens of the
Philippines those born before Jan. 17, 1973 of Filipino, mother who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority and those who are
naturalized in accordance with law”

The individual’s race, ethnicity, and physical characteristics are not the only
factors that make a person’s national identity.

FILIPINO VALUES & TRAITS

WHAT DO FILIPINOS VALUE?
The term ‘kapwa’ or a shared inner self lies at the core of Filipino values and
psychology.
1. UTANG-NA-LOOB
- it is a technique of reciprocity of debt of gratitude to others
- it is a sign of marginal economy

2. PAKIKISAMA
- closely related to utang-na-loob
- it is the value of belongingness and loyalty
- sensitivity to the feelings of others on the principle of “give and take”
3. HIYA
- it controls a large extent of the behavior of an individual
- dependent on what others will think, say and do
- because of hiya, a Filipino cannot say “NO” even it is against his will

4. BAYANIHAN
- Pronounced like "buy-uh-nee-hun," 
- bayanihan is a Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town,
nation, or community in general
- "Bayanihan" literally means, "being a bayan," and is thus used to refer to a
spirit of communal unity and cooperation

5. BAHALA NA
- it is a common expression among Filipinos and this rest on the fatalistic
outlook
- strong dependence on the “spirits” or “bathala” who will take care of
everything if they are really meant for a person

6. AUTHORITARIANISM
- it is the dependence of the Filipinos in a paternalistic rather than in a stern
way upon the elders of the family
- commonly practiced in the Filipino family which is patriarchal in nature
- the father is seen as the head that makes major decisions affecting the
family

7. INDIVIDUALISM
- pattern of behavior which characterizes the Filipino as self-centered
- the desire to make the name for himself becomes the primary motivation
for success

8. AMOR-PROPIO
- “Amor propio” is Spanish word which means self-love; a sense of self-
esteem or self-respect that prevents a person from swallowing his pride. 
 - common forms of this are “hele hele bago quiere” or pakipot which shows
at a person initially refusing an offer even if he wants very much to accept
it.

9. SERENADE (HARANA)
- Harana was a traditional form of courtship in the Philippines wherein men
introduced themselves and/or wooed women by singing underneath her
window at night

10. PAGMAMANO
- the Tagalog word pagmamano comes from the root word mano, which
means “hand” in Spanish
- it is an act of paying respect to an older person by touching the back of the
elder’s hand against a younger one’s forehead
- the phrase “mano po” meaning “may I have your hand” is spoken by the
younger individual asking for the hand while the response “kaawaan ka ng
Diyos” or “God bless you” is uttered by the elderly

PHILIPPINE DEMOCRACY AND NATIONALISM

Filipino Markers
 Salawikain or Proverbs
- Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are traditional sayings or maxims
used by Filipinos based on local culture, wisdom, and philosophies from
Filipino life
- the word proverb corresponds to the Tagalog words salawikain, kasabihan
and sawikain, and to the Ilocano word sarsarita.

 Superstition
- superstition is "a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the
unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation" or
 "an irrational abject attitude of mind toward the supernatural, nature, or
God resulting from superstition

 Myths and Legends

- these are stories of origin for certain places, their names and their creation.
They are used to explain certain events or phenomena in our ancestors’
lives that cannot be explained by the limited practical kind of science they
knew back then

 Heroes and Icons

- heroes serve as reminder of true patriotism as they have sacrificed their
lives for the sake of their country’s freedom and progress

FAMOUS LANDMARKS
1. Rizal monument (Bantayog ni Jose Rizal)
2. Bonifacio Monument (Monumento)
3. Lapu-Lapu Shrine
4. Magellan Shrine
5. Leyte Landing Monument
6. Sandugo (Blood Compact) Shrine
7. Dambana ng Kagitingan
8. Sultan Kudarat Monument
9. Pinaglaban Shrine
10. Balangiga Encounter Monument
 THE DIGITAL SELF

DIGITAL SELF
- the digital self is the persona you use when you’re online
- people act differently when they are online and offline
- we have our real identity and online identity

ONLINE IDENTITY
- is any bit of information that can be found about an individual on the
internet
- It is actually the sum of all our characteristics and our interactions

PARTIAL IDENTITY
- is a subset of characteristics that make up our identity
PERSONA
- is the partial identity we create that represents ourselves in a specific
situation

SELF PRESENTATION
– The process of controlling how one is perceived by other people
– It involves expressing oneself and behaving in ways that create a
desired impression.
 – Self-presentation is part of a broader set of behaviors called
impression management

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
– refers to the controlled presentation of information about all sorts of
things
– a conscious or subconscious process

Personal Identity
- is the interpersonal level of self which differentiates the individual as
unique from others

Social Identity
- is the level of self whereby the individual is identified by his or her group
memberships

Belk (2013)
- explained that sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced as
soon as human beings were formed
- digital devices help us share information broadly, more than ever before
- diaries that were once private or shared with close friends are now posted
as blogs which can be viewed by anyone

Schwarz (2010)
- we have entered an extraordinary era of self-portraiture
 - blogs and web pages have been continuously used for greater self-
reflection and self-presentation
- facebook and other social media applications are now a key part of self-
presentation for one sixth of humanity
phenomenon of “oversharing”
- because of this, researchers and participants become concerned with
actively managing identity and reputation
FEAR OF MISSING OUT
- a condition caused by the conversion of private diaries into public
revelations of inner secrets wherein the lack of privacy in many aspects of
social media make the users more vulnerable

DISINHIBITION EFFECT
- one of the reasons for so much sharing and self-disclosure online

Taylor (2002)
- the resulting disinhibition causes people to believe that they are able to
express their “true self” better online than they ever could in face-to-face
contexts

Morris et al. 2010

- the self is still a work in progress and we keep on improving and developing
ourselves every single day. Seemingly self-revelation can be therapeutic to
others especially if it goes together with self-reflection

GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE

Marwick (2013)
 - the terms "Sex" "Gender" and "sexuality" are often thought of a
synonymous where in fact there are difference between the common
understanding of these terms
SEX
- biological state that corresponds to what we might call a "man" or a
"woman"
- it is often explained as biological, fixed, immutable, and it is actually socially
constructed

GENDER
- The social understanding of how sex should be experienced and how sex
manifests in behavior, personality, preferences, capabilities, and so forth
- It is a socio culturally specific norms that are mapped onto the category of
"sex".
- It is historical.
- It is produced by media and popular culture
- It is taught by families, schools, peer groups and nation states
- It is reinforced through: songs, sayings, admonition, slang, language,
fashion and discourse

SEXUALITY
- It is an individual expression and understanding of desire.
- While like gender, this is often viewed as a binary (homosexual or
heterosexual) in reality, sexuality is often experienced as fluid

Performing gender online

- Theorist Judith Butler (1990) conceptualized gender as a performance

Wynn and Katz, 1997

 - according to disembodiment hypothesis, internet users are free to actively
choose which gender or sexuality they are going to portray
WIKIPEDIA
- both men and women use Wikipedia
- 87% of Wikipedia contributors were identified as male

GUIDELINES FOR SETTING BOUNDARIES TO YOUR ONLINE SELF: SMART

SHARING
 Is this post / story necessary?
 Is there a real benefit to this post?
 Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue?
 Is it appropriate?
 Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited
for sharing with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?

Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use
of the Internet according to New (2014):
 Stick to safer sites.
 Guard your passwords.
 Limit what you share.
 Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever,
even if you try to delete it.
 Do not mean or embarrass other people online.
 Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
 Be choosy about your online friends.
 Be patient.