COMPUTER KEY BOARD SHORTCUT KEYS AND OTHER

PROGRAMME SHORTCUT KEYS AS FOLLOWS.:-

FOLLOWS

 Basic Computer Shortcut Keys

 Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys
 Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
 Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys
 Window key Shortcuts
 F1 - F1
F12
2 function keys shortcuts
 YouTube Shortcuts Keys
 Google Chrome Shortcut Keys
Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys

In modern times, there is no confusion in saying that computers have become a very useful part of
daily life. If you use the computer frequently, you must have knowledge about the computer shortcut
keys.
Computer shortcut keys provide an easier way of navigating and performing commands in computer
software. The use of shortcut keys is beneficial for computer users, as it allows them to complete tasks
accurately and in less time. Furthermore, by using shortcut keys, you can increase your productivity
and reduce the strain caused by repetitive motions.
The computer shortcut keys are a set of one or more keys that generate a particular command to be
executed. Shortcut keys are generally executed by using the Alt or Ctrl key with some other keys.
 Basic Computer Shortcut Keys
 Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys
 Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
 Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys
 Window key Shortcuts
 F1 - F12 function keys shortcuts
 YouTube Shortcuts Keys
 Google Chrome Shortcut Keys

Basic Computer Shortcut Keys with Explanation

The table contains a list of some commonly used basic shortcut keys that work with
wit IBM compatible
computers and software. It is highly recommended that all users should use these keys and try to
remember them.
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Shortcut Keys Explanation

It allows you to switch between open programs on a computer. You are
required to hold down the Alt key and keep pressing the Tab key to move from
Alt+Tab
one program to another and release the Tab key when it is on the program that
you want to open.
It is most often used to access Edit Option in the current program. There are
some more uses of ALT+E, which are given below:
Alt+E  In Google Chrome, it allows you to open the File Menu option.
 In Winamp and KMPlayer, it brings up the Toggle playlist editor.
 In Blender
Blender, it enables you to open the Extrude menu.
Alt+F It enables you to access the File menu options in the current program.
 F1 is the first Function key, and it is used to display help information on
every Windows program.
 For example, in Micros
Microsoft
oft Windows, it allows you to open the Microsoft
F1
Windows help and support screen by pressing F1 and Window key+F1.
 Furthermore, it is also used to access the Microsoft Office task pane by
pressing Ctrl+F1.
It provides users the option to rename an icon or a file which user selects.
F2
In MS word, if you press Ctrl+F2, the print preview option opens.
It is mainly used to refresh the current window or contents of a file or a folder.
Additionally, if you press Ctrl + F5 or Shift + F5 in a web browser, it reloads
F5
that web page irrespective of the cached content, and re
re--download the whole
content of the web page.
It allows you to select the entire content of a page, including images and other
Ctrl+A
objects.
 It offers users with the option to bold the selected text of a page. It also has the
various uses in different internet browsers, like in Firefox and Netscape, it is
Ctrl+B
used to view the bookmarks, and in Internet Explorer, used to display the
favorites.
Ctrl+C It is used to copy the selected content, including other objects of a page.
It offers users with the option to paste the copied data. You need to copy data
Ctrl+V
once, and then you can paste it any number of times.
It is mostly used in internet browsers to add the current site to a bookmark or
Ctrl+D
favorite.
It provides users with the option to find or search text in the current document
Ctrl+F
or window.
Ctrl+I It allows the user to italicize and un-italicize the selected text.
It allows the users to create a new or blank document in Microsoft applications
Ctrl+N
and some other software. It is also used in internet browsers to open a new tab.
Ctrl+O It is widely used to open a file in the current software.
It has various uses, depending on the program. For example, in some
applications, it is used to insert a hyperlink, and in Internet browsers, it
focuses on the search bar. Such as:
Ctrl+K  In Chrome, it opens Omnibox (search bar)
 In Firefox, it opens search bar.
 In Internet Explorer, it duplicates a current tab
 In Opera, it checks e-mail.
It is used to open the print preview window for the current page or document.
Ctrl+P For example, if you press Ctrl+P when a browser or any other document
window is open, you will see a print preview window of this page.
It is used to save the document or a file. You can also use Shift+F12 to save the
Ctrl+S
file in Microsoft Word.
Its use is to redo any undo text and other objects, and it is also used to repeat the
Ctrl+Y
last performed action.
It is used to undo the content and other objects. For example, if you have
Ctrl+Z deleted the data by mistake, you can retrieve this data by pressing Ctrl+Z
immediately.
Shift+Insert It is used to paste the copied item.
 It is primarily used to deletee the selected text, and it also provides the option to
Shift+Delete
delete any folders or a file permanently.
It is mainly used to bring the typing cursor to the starting of the line, which you
Home are currently typing. If you press Ctrl+home, it returns the cursor to the
beginning of a document, web page, or cell.
It is used to move the typing cursor at the end of the line, and it is also used to
End
move the cursor to the end of the document by pressing Ctrl+End.
It is widely used to access the properties of the selected item, such as file,
Alt+Enter
folder,, or any other objects.
It is used to close the currently open window.. For example, if you press Alt+F4
when the browser window is open, it will close the browser window and other
Alt+F4 open tabs. Additionally, you can use this key to shut down the system, for that
you need to press Alt+F4 on desktop screen, and you will see a dialog box then
click OK button
button, the system will shut down.
It will open the start menu. You can also use the Window Key to open the start
Ctrl+Esc
menu.
It provides users with the benefit to quickly open the Windows Task
Tas Manager
Ctrl+Shift+Esc
in all versions of Windows since Windows 95.
By pressing Shift and Home keys together, you can select all text from the
Shift+Home
current position of the cursor to the beginning of a line.

Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys

A simple list of Microsoft Word shortcut keys is given below with explanation.
 Ctrl+A: It is used to select all content of a page, including images and other objects.
 Ctrl+B: It provides users with the option to bold the selected item of a page.
 Ctrl+C: Its use is to copy the selected text, including other objects of a file or page.
 Ctrl+D: It is used to access the font preferences window, which offers several options such as
font size, font style, font color, etc.
 Ctrl+E: It is used to align the selected item to the center of the screen.
 Ctrl+F: It helps users to find or search data in the current document or window.
 Ctrl+G: It is used to Go To or jump to any page. When you press Ctrl+G, a dialog box appears,
which offers you various options such as find, replace, and Go to. For example, you have 15
pages in your file, and you want to visit page number 4, then enter number 4 in the given box
and press the Go To It will take you to the desired page. As shown in the below figure:

 Ctrl+H: It is used to replace the words or sentences in a file. For example, if by mistake you
have written spple instead of apple at many places in your file, you can replace it with the apple
in one go.
 Ctrl+I: It offers an option to italicize and un-italicize the highlighted text.
 Ctrl+J: It is used to Justify (distribute your text evenly between the margins) the selected text.
 Ctrl+K: It allows you to insert the hyperlink. For example, http://www.javatpoint.com
 Ctrl+L: It is used to adjust (align) the selected content to the left of the screen.
 Ctrl+M: It provides users with the option to indent the As shown in the below picture:

 Ctrl+N: It is used to open a new or blank document in Microsoft applications and some other
software.
 Ctrl+O: It is used to open the dialog box where you can choose a file that you want to open.
 Ctrl+P: It is used to open the print preview window of a document or a file. It can also be done
by pressing Ctrl+F2 and Ctrl+Shift+F12.
 Ctrl+Q: Its use is to align the selected paragraph to the
 Ctrl+R: It offers users the option to align the line or selected content to the right of the screen.
 Ctrl+S: Its use is to save the document or a file.
 Ctrl+T: It gives users the benefit of creating a hanging indent for a paragraph. For better
understanding, see the below image:

 Ctrl+U: It is used to underline the selected text.

 Ctrl+V: It is used to paste the copied data. It allows you to copy data once, and then you can
paste it any number of times. You can also paste the data by using Shift+Insert.
 Ctrl+W: Its use is to close the currently open document or a file quickly.
 Ctrl+X: If you want to cut some text, you can use this key to cut the selected content. You can
also paste it by using Ctrl+V.
 Ctrl+Y: It allows the users to redo the last action performed in a file. For example, you have
written a word mango; you can repeat this word multiple times by pressing Ctrl+Y.
 Ctrl+Z: It is used to get back the deleted item. For example, if you have deleted the data by
mistake, you can press Ctrl+Z to retrieve (Undo) the deleted data. It can also be done by
pressing Alt+Backspace.
 Alt+F, A: It allows users to use the Save As option, which means to save a file with a different
name. For that, you need to press Alt+F, which displays a dialog box or a page, then press A for
Save As option. It can also be done simply by pressing
 Ctrl+Shift+L: This key is used to create a bullet point in the file quickly.
 Ctrl+Shift+>: It increases the font size by +1pts up to 12pt thereafter increases by +2pts.
 Ctrl+Shift+<: It is used to decrease the font If the font size is 12pt or lower; it decreases the
font by -1pts, and if the font size is above 12, it decreases the font by +2pts.
 Ctrl+]: Its use is to increases the font size by +1pts.
 Ctrl+[: It is used to decreases the font size by -1pts.
 Ctrl+/+C: It offers users the option to insert a cent sign (¢).
 Ctrl + (Left arrow ←):I t allows users the benefit to move one word to the left in the line or a
paragraph.
 Ctrl + (Right arrow →): It is used to move one word to the
 Ctrl+Shift+*: It is used to show or hide non-printing characters.
 Ctrl + (Up arrow ↑): This key is used to move the typing cursor to the beginning of the line or
paragraph.
 Ctrl + (Down arrow ↓): It enables you to move the typing cursor to the end of the paragraph.
 Ctrl+Delete: It allows users to delete a word to the right of the cursor.
 Ctrl+Backspace: It allows users to delete a word to the left of the cursor.
 Ctrl+End: Its use is to move the cursor to the last of the document.
 Ctrl+1: It is used to give a single line space. For example, to make the 1.0 space between the
lines of a paragraph.
 Ctrl+2: It is used to give the double line space. For example, to make the 2.0 space between
the lines of a paragraph.
 Ctrl+5: It is used to make the 5 space between the lines of a paragraph.
 Ctrl+Spacebar: It enables you to reset the selected text to the default font.
 Ctrl+Home: It allows you to move the cursor to the beginning of the document.
 Ctrl+Alt+1: It changes text format to heading 1.
 Ctrl+Alt+2: It changes text format to heading 2.
 Ctrl+Alt+3: It changes text format to heading 3.
 Alt+Ctrl+F2: It is used to open the new file or a document.
 Ctrl+F1:I ts use is to open the task pane in some Microsoft office versions, in word 2016, it is
used to hide and show the ribbon as shown in the below image:

 Ctrl+Shift+F6: It allows the users to switch between open documents in Microsoft Word.
  F1: The function key F1 is used to open the help and support
 F4: It enables you to repeat the last action performed. For example, when you want to retype
the last typed word multiple times, you can use this key.
 F5: It is used to access the find and replace dialog box, including Go to
 F7: It provides users the advantage to check spelling and grammar of selected text or
document.
 Shift+F3: It is used to use the change case option where you can change the text from
uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
 Shift+F7: It offers users the option to check the thesaurus of the selected word. You need to
select the word and press this key. As shown in the below picture:

 Shift+Alt+D: It is used to insert the current date.

 Shift+Alt+T: Its use is to insert the current time.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

If you work on Microsoft Excel, you can use the number of keyboard shortcut keys to speed up your
work and make it more convenient. We have tried to provide a simple list of shortcut keys.
The following table contains
ins the commonly used shortcut keys for Microsoft Excel with
description.
Shortcut Keys Description
Ctrl+Shift + ; It is used to insert the current time.
Ctrl+; It is used to enter the current date.
Shift + F3 Its use is to open the Excel formula's window.'
Shift + F5 It provides users the option to display the find and replace dialog box.
Ctrl + A Its use is to select or highlight all contents of a worksheet.
It allows you to bold all selected items of an Excel sheet. It can also be done
Ctrl + B
by pressing Ctrl+2
Ctrl+2.
Ctrl + C It is used to copy the selected content of a worksheet.
It enables you to fill down the cells with the content of the selected cell. As
shown in the below pi
picture:

Ctrl + D

It offers the option to open find and replace dialog box quickly. You can also
Ctrl + F
use Shift + F5 for it.
It is used to open the go-to option dialog box where you can go to the specific
Ctrl + G
cell. It can also be done by using F5.
Ctrl + H It allows you to find and replace the word or sentences in a file. For example,
 if by mistake you have written a somputer instead of the computer at many
places in your sheet, you can replace it with the computer in one go.
It is used to put italics on all cells in the selected section. It can also be done
Ctrl + I
by pressing Ctrl+3.
Ctrl + K It provides the option to insert a hyperlink in a file.
Ctrl + L It enables you to access the create table dialog box.
Ctrl + N Its use is to open the new document or a workbook.
It offers users the option to open the dialog box where you can choose a file
Ctrl + O
that you want to open. You can also use Ctrl+F12 to open a file.
Ctrl + P It allows you to print a current sheet or a document quickly.
It is used to display the quick analysis options for the selected cells with data.
As shown in the below image:

Ctrl + Q

It allows you to fill the cells to the right with the content of the selected cell.
As shown in the below screenshot:
Ctrl + R

Ctrl + S Its use is to save the document. It can also be done by using Alt+Shift+F2.
Ctrl + T It offers users the option to display the create table dialog box.
It is used to underline all selected cells. You can also use the shortcut key
Ctrl + U
Ctrl+4 to underline the cells in the Excel sheet.
It provides users the option to paste the copied data onto the Excel sheet. You
Ctrl + V
are required to copy the data once, and then you can paste it any number of
 times.
It is used to close the currently open document or a file quickly. It can also be
Ctrl + W
done by pressing Ctrl+F4 shortcut keys.
It allows users the option to cut the entire data of the selected cells in an Excel
Ctrl + X
sheet.
Ctrl + Y It provides users the option to redo any undo contents.
It is used to undo (get back) the deleted item. For example, if you have
Ctrl + Z deleted the data by mistake, you can press Ctrl+Z to retrieve the deleted data.
It can also be done by pressing Alt+Backspace.
Ctrl + Page up & It allows you to move from one worksheet to another worksheet in the same
Page Down Excel file.
It enables the users to move from one document to another document in
Ctrl + F6
Microsoft Excel. It can also be done by pressing Ctrl+Tab.
Ctrl + F9 It enables users the option to minimize the current window.
Ctrl + F10 It uses to maximize the currently selected window.
F1 It is used to open the help screen window.
F2 It allows you to edit the selected cell in the Excel sheet.
It provides users the option to repeat the last action. For example, if you
F4 change the red color of the text in a cell, by pressing F4, you can apply the
same text color in another cell.
F7 It is used to check the spelling of the selected text.
The function key F10 is used to activate the menu bar. For example, if you
F10
want to open the file menu, you need to press F10, then F.
F11 Its use is to create a chart in Excel.
It enables you to use the Save As option, which allows you to save a file with
F12
a different name. It can also be done by using Alt+F2.
Alt + = It allows you to use the formula to add the data of all the above cells.
It allows you to copy the content of a cell and to paste it into a cell, which is
just below it. It can also be done by using Ctrl+" key. For example, if you
Ctrl+Shift+"
have written "Excel" in cell B1 and its below cell is B2, by pressing
Ctrl+Shift+" or Ctrl+' the word "Excel" will be copied in cell B2.
Ctrl + Shift + ! It is used to apply comma format in numbers. For example, as shown in the
 below image:

Its use is to apply currency format to numbers. As shown in the below

screenshot:

Ctrl + Shift + $

It provides users the option to apply percentage sign to numbers. For

example, see the below picture:
Ctrl + Shift +%

Ctrl + Space It enables you to select the entire active columns.

Shift + Space It enables you to select the entire active rows.
Ctrl + (Right arrow
It allows the users to move the cursor to the next cell, which contains the text.
→)
It is used to open the format cells dialog box where you can change the text
Ctrl + 1 format like text color, font size, font style, text alignment, etc. It can also be
done by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F or Ctrl+Shift+P.
Its use is to put the strikethrough to all selected cells. As shown in the below
picture:

Ctrl + 5

Ctrl + 9 Its use is to hide the selected rows in the worksheet.

Ctrl + Shift + ( Its use is to show (unhide) the hidden rows.
Ctrl + 0 It is used to hide the selected columns.
Ctrl + - (Minus) It will open a delete dialog box where you can delete a selected row or
 column.
It will open the insert dialog box where you can insert the new row or a
Ctrl + Shift + =
column.
It is used to make an exponential form of any number. For example, you have
Ctrl + Shift + ^ written a number 12345 in the worksheet, and if you press Ctrl+shift+^, the
number will be changed 1.23E+05 in exponential form.
Ctrl + Shift + & It offers users the option to make a border around the selected cells.
It offers users the option to remove a border around the selected cells in a
Ctrl + Shift+ _
worksheet.
Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar It is used to select the entire worksheet.
It allows the users to move the cursor to the beginning (cell A1) of the
Ctrl + Home
worksheet.
Ctrl + End It is used to move the cursor to the last cell with text on the worksheet.
Shift + Page Up It allows you to select all the cells located above the selected cell.
Shift + Home It enables you to select all cells to the left of the current active cell.
Shift + (Up Arrow ↑) It enables you to extend the selected area up by one cell.
Shift + (Down Arrow
It enables you to extend the selected area down by one cell.
↑)
It allows the users to write in multiple lines in one cell. For example, if you
Alt + Enter are typing in a cell, it enables you to move on the next line in one cell by
pressing Alt+Enter.
Alt + ' It is used to access the style dialog box.
Ctrl + F3 It is used to open the name manager in Microsoft excel.
Ctrl + F5 Its use is to restore the Window size.
Ctrl + F11 It is used to insert a macro sheet in Microsoft excel.
Alt + F8 It is used to display the macro dialog box.
Alt + F11 It provides users the option to open the Visual Basic editor.
Alt + Shift + F1 It enables you to create a new worksheet in Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys

Shortcut keys Explanation

It is used to jump to the desired slide during a slide show. For example,
(Slide number) +
during the slide show, if the 5 th number slide is being viewed, and you want to
Enter
jump to the 8th number slide, press the 8-number
number key and then the Enter key.
It allows you to open th
the date and time window to insert the current date and
Shift+Alt+T or D
time.
It provides users the option to select all items like the text in a text box and
objects in a slide. In slide sorter view, it is used to select all slides.
slides
Furthermore, in slide show, its use is to display the various options as shown
Ctrl+A in the below mage:

Ctrl+B It enables you to add or remove bold to the selected content.

Its use is to copy the selected text, including other objects in the slide. It can
Ctrl+C
also be done by pressing Ctrl+Insert.
It is used to create a copy of the selected slide.. For example, if you want to
Ctrl+D add a copy of any slide, you need to select it, and press the Ctrl+D shortcut
keys.
Ctrl+E It enables you to align the line or selected text to the center of the slide.
Ctrl+F It provides users the option to find or search content in the file.
Ctrl+H It is mostly used to replace a word or sentences in the file, and in
i slide show,
 it is also used to hide the cursor or any activated tools, like the pen or a
highlighter tool.
It allows you to add or remove italicize to the selected text. Furthermore, in
Ctrl+I slide show view, it is also used to change the cursor to the highlighter tool.
You need to hold the mouse button to use the highlighter on the screen.
It enables you to Justify (align your text evenly across the slide) the selected
Ctrl+J
text.
Ctrl+K It offers an option to insert a hyperlink.
Ctrl+L Its use is to align the content or selected line to the left side of the slide.
Ctrl+M It is used to insert the new or blank slide just below the selected slide.
Ctrl+N It enables you to create a new or blank file in another PowerPoint window.
It is used to open the dialog box or page, where you can select a file that you
Ctrl+O
want to open. You can also use Alt+Ctrl+F2 to open a file.
It provides users with the option to open the Print Preview page to print the
file. It can also be done by using Ctrl+Shift+F12 or Ctrl+F2 shortcut keys.
Ctrl+P
Additionally, in slide show view, it is also used to change the cursor to the pen
tool.
Ctrl+R It moves the text or selected paragraph to the right side of the slide.
It allows you to save the open file. You can also use the Shift+F12 to save a
Ctrl+S
file.
It is used to open the font window, where you can adjust the font size, style,
Ctrl+T
type, etc. It can also be done by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F shortcut keys.
Ctrl+U It enables the users to add or remove an underline from the selected content.
It is used to paste the copied text, slides, and other objects in the file. You
Ctrl+V need to copy the data once, and then you can paste it multiple times. You can
also paste the data by using Shift+Insert.
Ctrl+W It enables you to close the currently open document.
Ctrl+X It allows you to cut the selected item.
Its use is to repeat the last performed action. It can also be done by pressing
Ctrl+Y
the function key F4.
It is used to undo (get back) the deleted text, slide, and other objects. Suppose,
Ctrl+Z
by mistake; you have deleted any slide, you can get back it by using this
 shortcut key.
It allows the users to change the selected text into uppercase or lowercase
Shift+F3 and can be used to change the first letter of a word into a capital letter. If the
text is not selected, only the first word after the cursor will be changed.
It helps to start the slide show from the selected slide. For example, if you
Shift+F5 have 20 slides in your file and you want to start a slide show from the 5th
slide, you need to select the 5th slide, and press Shift+F5.
It is used to check the thesaurus of the selected word. As shown in the below
image:

Shift+F7

Shift+F9 Its use is to show or hide the grid on the slide in Microsoft PowerPoint.
It is used to change the display to black during slide show, and again press B
B
to get back to the slide show.
It is used to open the help menu, and in slide show view, its use is to display
F1 the slide show help window that provides a list of shortcuts for use in a slide
show.
F5 It allows the users to view the slide show of all the slides.
It provides users the benefit of checking grammar and spelling to the
F7
selected word.
It allows you to use the Save As option, in which you can save a file with a
F12
new name.
Ctrl+F1 It is used to show or hide the Ribbon.
It is used to increase the font size of the selected text. It can also be done by
Ctrl+Shift+>
pressing Ctrl+].
It is used to decrease the font size of the selected text. It can also be done by
Ctrl+Shift+<
pressing Ctrl+[.
Ctrl + Shift + = It helps users to change the selected text into a subscript. For example, plain
(Equal sign) text subscript text, X2 → X2
Ctrl+Spacebar It allows you to change the selected text to the default font size and type.
Its use is to move the cursor to the first slide. For example, if you have 50
Ctrl+Home slides in your file, and the cursor is on 45th slide, by pressing Ctrl+Home, you
can move the cursor to the first slide.
It is used to move the cursor to the last slide. For example, your PowerPoint
Ctrl+End file has 100 slides, and you want to move the cursor to the last slide, you can
press Ctrl+End.
Ctrl+Backspace It will delete the word to the left of the cursor.
Ctrl+Delete It will delete the word to the right of the cursor
It enables you to insert a picture in your file. You need to press Alt and N
Alt+N, P
keys together then press P.

Window key Shortcuts

The following table contains several Windows (Winkey) shortcuts keys:
Shortcut Keys Explanation
Window key It provides users the option to open and close the start menu.
It is used to minimize all opened windows and to restore the minimized windows.
For example, if you have opened different programs such as Google Chrome,
Winkey + D
Microsoft Word, then you can press window key and D together to minimize all
opened windows.
Winkey + E It helps users to open a computer window or hard disk drives.
Winkey + M It allows users to minimize all opened program windows.
Winkey + It is used to restore all windows, which are minimized by using Winkey+M and
Shift + M Winkey+D.
It offers users the option to switch between open programs by using Aero Flip 3-D
on a computer. You are required to hold down the Window key and keep pressing
Winkey + Tab
the Tab key to move from one program to another, release the Tab key when it is on
the program that you want to open.
It will show a window where you can search or find data available in your
Winkey + F
computer.
Winkey + L It is used to lock the computer or switch users.
 Its use is to open the Run dialog box where users can open various programs. For
Winkey + R example, if you want to open Microsoft Word, you are required to press Winkey +
R, and type winword in opened run window then press Enter key.
It allows you to open the ease of access center window, which enables you to
Winkey + U
access various options like start magnifier, on-screen keyboard, start narrator, etc.
Winkey +
Its use is to open the system properties dialog box.
Pause /Break
It provides users the option to open the programs pinned to the taskbar as per their
position on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below image, the Internet
Explorer is located on 1stposition on the taskbar; by pressing Winkey+1, the
Winkey +
Internet Explorer will be opened. Thus, if you press Winkey+6, the Excel will be
Number
opened as it is located on the 6th position on the taskbar.

It allows you to open the new window of the program pinned to the taskbar
according to their location on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below
image, the Internet Explorer is located on 1st position on the taskbar; by pressing
Shift +
Shift+Winkey+1, the Internet Explorer will be opened. If you press this shortcut
Winkey +
key again while opening Internet Explorer, it will open a new window of Internet
Number
Explorer again.

It is used to open the jump list for the program pinned to the taskbar as per their
position on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below picture: It is done by
pressing Alt + Winkey + 1.

Alt + Winkey
+ Number

Winkey + V Its use is to open the Clipboard app.

Winkey+ up
This key is used to maximize the window.
arrow (↑)
Winkey+
downarrow It is used to minimize the window.
(↓)
Winkey+
It helps users to maximize the window to the left side of the screen.
leftarrow (←)
Winkey+ right
Its use is to maximize the window to the right side of the screen.
arrow (→)
It allows users to choose a presentation display mode. As shown in the below
image:

Winkey + P

It provides users the option to open the windows mobility center where you can
Winkey + X
adjust volume, brightness, and more.

F1 - F12 function keys shortcuts

The function keys range from F1 to F12 on a computer keyboard. These keys perform a special
function defined by the operating system or by a currently running program. These keys can be used
with Alt or Ctrl keys to perform different functions.

The function keys may perform different tasks on different keyboards. As some laptop's and small
keyboards' function keys are used to change the screen brightness, volume, and perform other specific
functions. The common shortcut keys for Windows and macOS are given below:
F1
 It is used to open the help window in almost every program.
 It is also used to enter the BIOS or CMOS Some computers allow you to enter the BIOS setup
by using different keys such as F2, F10, Delete, Esc.
 If you press Window + F1, it will open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.
F2
 In Microsoft Windows, it is used to rename an icon, file, or folder which the user selects.
 In Microsoft Excel, the key F2 allows you to edit the selected cell in the Excel sheet.
 In Microsoft word, if you press Ctrl+F2, the print preview window will open, and Alt+Ctrl+F2 will open the
new file or a document.
 Furthermore, it is also used to enter the CMOS setup.
F3
 It is mostly used to open a search feature for many programs.
 In MS-DOS or Windows command line, it provides users the option to repeat the last command entered.
 In Microsoft Word, if you press Shift + F3, it allows you to change the selected text from uppercase to
lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
 In Microsoft Outlook, if you press Windows Key + F3, it will open the advanced find window.
 Furthermore, it is also used to open the Mission Control on an Apple computer.
F4
 Its use is to open the find window in Windows 95 to XP.
 It is used to open the address bar in Internet Explorer as well as Windows Explorer.
 In Microsoft Word, it allows you to repeat the last action performed. For example, if you want to retype the last
typed word or sentences multiple times, you can use this key.
 If you press Alt+F4, it will close the currently open window in Microsoft Windows. Furthermore, it is also
used to shut down the system, for that you need to press Alt+F4 on desktop screen, you will see a dialog box
then click OK button, and the system will be shut down.
F5
 It is mainly used to refresh or reload the page or document window.
 If you press Ctrl + F5 or Shift + F5 in a web browser, it completely refreshes the web page, clear the cache,
and re-download the whole content of the web page.
 It provides users the option to access find, replace, and Go To dialog box in Microsoft Word.
 Furthermore, it is also used to start the slideshow in PowerPoint.
F6
 It helps users to move the cursor to the address bar in Internet browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.
 In Microsoft Word, if you press Ctrl+Shift+F6, it allows you to switch between other open Word documents.
 Furthermore, it reduces laptop speaker volume (on some laptops).
F7
 It is commonly used to check spelling and grammar of a document in Microsoft programs such as Microsoft
Word, Outlook, etc.
 If you press Shift+F7, it allows you to check the thesaurus of the selected word in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint.
 It provides users the option to turn on Caret Browsing in Mozilla Firefox.
  It is also used to increase the laptop speaker volume (on some laptops).
F8
 The F8 function key allows users to enter the Windows startup menu, generally used to access Windows Safe
Mode.
 It is also used to access the Windows recovery system by some computers but may require a Windows
installation CD.
 Furthermore, it displays a thumbnail image for all workspaces in macOS.
F9
 It is used to send and receive an email in Microsoft Outlook.
 It is also used to refresh document in Microsoft Word.
 Its use is to access the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.
 It helps to reduce screen brightness on some laptops.
 It offers users the option to display a thumbnail for each window in a single workspace on macOS 10.3 or later
versions.
 On Apple computer, if you press Fn and F9 keys together, the mission control will open.
F10
 It allows you to activate the menu bar of an open application in Microsoft Windows.
 Shift+F10 is used to open the right-clicking options on a selected word, icon, file, or Internet link. As shown
in the below screenshot:

 It allows users to access the hidden recovery partition on Compaq, HP, and Sony computers.
 It provides users the option to enter CMOS setup on some computers.
 It is also used to increase the screen brightness on some laptops.
 On macOS 10.3 or later, it displays all open Windows for the active program.
F11
 It is used to enable and disable the full-screen mode in all modern internet browsers.
 It allows users the option to access the hidden recovery partition on eMachines, Gateway, and Lenovo
computers.
 On macOS 10.4 or later, it is used to hide all open windows and shows the desktop.
F12
 It is used to open the Save as option where you can save a file with a different name in Microsoft Word, Excel,
etc.
 By pressing Ctrl+F12, you can open a file or document in Word, Excel, etc.
 Shift+F12 is used to save a file in Microsoft Word like we do by using Ctrl+S.
 If you press Ctrl+Shift+F12 in Microsoft Word, it will open the print preview window of a document or a file
like we do by using Ctrl+P.
 F12 is also used to open a firebug or debug tool of browser.
 On Apple computer 10.4 or later, F12 is used to display or hide the dashboard.
 Furthermore, it provides a list of bootable devices on a computer at startup. You can choose that device from
the list, which you have connected to your PC to boot from, Such as hard drive, DVD drive or CD, floppy drive,
USB drive, and network.

YouTube Shortcuts Keys

Shortcut
Description
Keys
Spacebar
It is used to play and pause a video on YouTube.
or K
Zero or If you press zero (0) key while watching a video on YouTube, it will start that video
Home again from the beginning.
It provides users the option to jump to the end of the video. If you are watching a
End
playlist, it will play the next video in the playlist.
Right
It is used to fast forward the video by five seconds each time you press the key.
Arrow (→)
Left Arrow
Its use is to fast backward the video by five seconds when you press the key.
(←)
The J key is used to rewind the video with 10 seconds, and L is used to forward the
J and L
video with 10 seconds.
Any number of keys from 1 to 9 is used to jump the video in the form of a percentage.
Numbers (1
For example, if you press 1 while watching a video, the video will forward 10%. If you
to 9)
press 2, the video will forward 20%. Thus, if you press 8, the video will forward 80%.
F It allows you to switch the video to full-screen mode or theater mode.
T Its use is to switch between theater mode and normal mode.
Up Arrow It is used to increase the volume while watching video on full-screen mode. Whereas
(↑) during normal mode, you have to click on the video before pressing this key.
Down It is used to decrease the volume while watching video on full-screen mode. On normal
Arrow (↓) mode, you have to click on the video before using this key.
M It enables you to mute the video on YouTube.

Google Chrome Shortcut Keys

The below list contains all widely used shortcut keys on the Google Chrome browser.
Key Combination
Explanation
Alt + Home It is used to open the homepage in the Chrome browser.
It offers users the option to show the current website in full-screen mode, and
F11
press F11 again to exit this mode.
Alt + Left Arrow Its use is to return to the previous page.
Alt+Right Arrow It is used to goto the next page.
Ctrl + Plus (+) It provides users the option to zoom in a page.
Ctrl + Plus (-) It provides users the option to zoom out a page.
Ctrl + 0 It is used to reset browser zoom to the default size.
It offers users the option to switch to one of the opened tabs on the tab bar. For
Ctrl+1 to 8
example, if you press Ctrl+3, the third tab will appear.
Ctrl + 9 It allows you to switch to the opened last tab on the tab bar.
Ctrl + A It is used to select all content on a page.
Ctrl + D It is used to add the bookmark for the currently opened page.
Ctrl + F It enables you to open the find bar to search text on the current page.
It helps users to add.Com extension in web address quickly. For example, if you
Ctrl+Enter type 'javatpoint' in the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter, it will be completed
automatically, such as javatpoint.com.
It provides users the option to access the clear browsing data window to clear the
Ctrl+Shift+Del
browsing history, cookies, and other private data.
Ctrl + O It allows you to open a file in the browser.
Ctrl + Shift + O It is used to open the bookmark manager in the Chrome browser.
Ctrl + H Its use is to open the history window where you can manage your browser
 history as required.
Ctrl + J It enables users to open the downloads window in a new tab.
It offers users the benefit of moving the text cursor to the searchbar, where you
Ctrl+K or E
can search any query.
It takes the cursor to the browser address bar and selects all the text available in
Ctrl + L
the address bar
Ctrl + N Its use is to open the new browser window.
Ctrl + P It is used to open the print window and allows you to print the pages.
It provides users the option to access a new window in incognito mode.
Ctrl + Shift + N Incognito mode or private mode allows you to search query in a unique sandbox
web session. It provides you the option to temporary control your browser
history, as when you close your browser window, it forgets to store your history.
Ctrl + R or F5 It is used to refresh the current page on the browser.
It allows you to open the save as window where you can save the currently
Ctrl + S
opened web page.
Ctrl + T It offers users the option to open a new tab on the browser quickly.
Ctrl + U It enables you to display the source code of the web pages.
Ctrl + W It is used to close the current tab.
Ctrl+Tab It allows you to move to the right side of the browser from one tab to another tab.
Ctrl+ Shift + Tab It allows you to move from one tab to another tab to the left side of the browser.
Ctrl+Shift+W It provides users the option to close the currently selected window.
It allows users to open a search result link in the new tab without leaving the
Ctrl + Left-click
current page.
Ctrl + Shift Left- It enables you to open a search result link in the new tab and switch to the new
click tab.
Spacebar It is used to move down the page.
Shift + Spacebar It is used to move up the page.
End Its use is to move at the bottom of the page.
Home Its use is to move at the beginning or top of the page.
It provides users the benefit to reopen the last tab you closed. If you have closed
Ctrl+Shift+T multiple tabs, you can also reopen those tabs by pressing this shortcut key
multiple times.
What is a Browser?
A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and display the information available
on the World Wide Web. This information may be in the form of pictures, web pages, videos, and
other files that all are connected via hyperlinks and categorized with the help of URLs (Uniform
Resource Identifiers). For example, you are viewing this page by using a browser.
A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or mobile device and contacts the
webserver for the information requested by the user. The web server sends the data back to the
browser that displays the results on internet supported devices. On behalf of the users, the browser
sends requests to web servers all over the internet by using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). A
browser requires a smartphone, computer, or tablet and internet to work.

History of Web Browser

 The WorldWideWeb was the first web browser. It was created by W3C Director Tim Berners-
Lee in 1990. Later, it was renamed Nexus to avoid confusion caused by the actual World Wide
Web.
 The Lynx browser was a text-based browser, which was invented in 1992. It was not able to
display the graphical content.
 Although, the first graphical user interface browser was NCSA Mosaic. It was the first most
popular browser in the world, which was introduced in 1993.
 In 1994, there were some improvements occurred in Mosaic and came to Netscape Navigator.
 In 1995, Microsoft introduced the Internet Explorer It was the first web browser developed by
Microsoft.
 A research project started on Opera in 1994. Later, it was publicly introduced in 1996.
 Apple's Safari browser was introduced in 2003. It was specifically released for Macintosh
computers.
 In 2004, Mozilla introduced Firefox as Netscape Navigator.
 In 2007, a browser Mobile Safari was released as Apple mobile web browser.
 The popular browser Google Chrome was launched in 2008.
 The fast-growing mobile-based browser Opera Mini was released in 2011.
 The Microsoft Edge browser was launched in 2015.

Features of Web Browser

Most Web browsers offer common features such as:
1. Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the contents of the web pages.
Most of the web browsers store local copies of visited pages to enhance the performance by
 using a caching mechanism. Sometimes, it stops you from seeing the updated information; in
i
this case, by clicking on the refresh button, you can see the updated information.
2. Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web browser with the server and
stops loading the page content. For example, if any malicious site enters the browser
br
accidentally, it helps to save from it by clicking on the stop button.
3. Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the predefined home page of the website.
4. Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in the address bar and visit
v the
website.
5. Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to open multiple websites on a single window.
It helps users to read different websites at the same time. For example, when you search for
anything on the browser, it provides you a list of se
search
arch results for your query. You can open all
the results by right-clicking
clicking on each link, staying on the same page.
6. Bookmarks: It allows the users to select particular website to save it for the later retrieval of
information, which is predefined by the us
users.

What is the URL (Uniform Resource Locator)?

A uniform resource locator is the address of a resource on the internet or the World Wide Web. It is
also known as a web address or uniform resource identifier (URI). For example, https:
www.javatpoint.com,, which is the URL or web address for the javatpoint website. A URL represents
the address of a resource, including the protocol used to access it.

A URL includes the following information:

 It uses the protocol to access the resource.
 It defines the location of a server by IP address or the domain na
name.
 It includes a fragment identifier, which is optional.
 It contains the location of the resource in the directory of the server.
A URL forwards user to a particular online resource, such as a video, webpage, or other resources. For
example, when you search information on Google, the search results display the URL of the relevant
resources in response to your search query. The title which appears in the search results is a hyperlink
of the URL of the webpage. It is a Uniform Resource Identifier, which refers to all kinds of names
and addresses of the resources on the webservers. URL's first part is known as a protocol identifier,
and it specifies the protocol to use, and the second part, which is known as a resource name, represents
the IP address or the domain name of a resource. Both parts are differentiated by a colon and two
forward slashes like http://www.javatpoint.com.

Component of a Web browser

The primary components of a browser are shown in the below image:

1. User Interface: The user interface is an area where the user can use several options like address
bar, back and forward button, menu, bookmarking, and many other options to interact with the
browser.
2. Browser Engine: It connects the UI (User Interface) and the rendering engine as a bridge. It
queries and manipulates the rendering engine based on inputs from several user interfaces.
3. Rendering Engine: It is responsible for displaying the requested content on the browser screen.
It translates the HTML, XML files, and images, which are formatted by using the CSS. It
generates the layout of the content and displays it on the browser screen. Although it can also
display the other types of content by using different types of plugins or extensions. such as:
o Internet Explorer uses Trident
o Chrome & Opera 15+ use Blink
o Chrome (iPhone) & Safari use Webkit
o Firefox & other Mozilla browsers use Gecko
 4. Networking: It retrieves the URLs by using internet protocols like HTTP or FTP. It is
responsible for maintaining all aspects of Internet communication and security. Furthermore, it
may be used to cache a retrieved document to reduce network traffic.
5. JavaScript Interpreter: As the name suggests, JavaScript Interpreter translates and executes
the JavaScript code, which is included in a website. The translated results are sent to the
rendering engine to display results on the device screen.
6. UI Backend: It is used to draw basic combo boxes and Windows (widgets). It specifies a
generic interface, which is not platform-specific.
7. Data Storage: The data storage is a persistence layer that is used by the browser to store all
sorts of information locally, like cookies. A browser also supports different storage mechanisms
such as IndexedDB, WebSQL, localStorage, and FileSystem. It is a database stored on the local
drive of your computer where the browser is installed. It handles user data like cache,
bookmarks, cookies, and preferences.

How does a browser work?

When a user enters a web address or URL in the search bar like javatpoint.com, the request is passed
to a domain name servers (DNS). All of these requests are routed via several routers and switches.
The domain name servers hold a list of system names and their corresponding IP addresses. Thus,
when you type something in the browser search bar, it gets converted into a number that determines
the computers to which the search results are to be displayed.
The browser acts as a part of the client-server model. A browser is a client program that sends the
request to the server in response to the user search queries by using Hypertext Transfer Protocol or
HTTP. When the server receives the request, it collects information about the requested document and
forwards the information back to the browser. Thereafter, the browser translates and displays the
information on the user device.

In Brief:
 When a user enters something (like javatpoint.com) in the browser. This request goes to a
domain name server.
 The browser sends the user request to the server using an IP address, which is described by the
domain name server.
 The domain name server sends an IP address to the web server that hosts the website.
 The server sends the information back to the IP address, which is defined by the browser at the
time of the request. The requested page may include links to other files on the same server, like
images, for which the browser also requests the server.
  The browser gathers all the information requested by the user, and displays on your device
screen in the form of web pages.

List of Internet Browsers

There are various types of internet browsers, which are as follows:
 Microsoft Edge: Microsoft Edge is a web browser that comes pre-installed with Windows 10
operating system and Windows Server 2016. It was introduced to replace the Internet Explorer
Web browser, and its code name was Spartan. It offers various types of features such as
freestyle writing over Web page displays, refined search, and presentations for e-books and
other reading resources.
Microsoft Edge was developed under the Spartan codename Project. In April 2015, Microsoft
changed the project Spartan name as Microsoft Edge. Although Internet Explorer and Edge are
included with Windows 10, Edge act as a default browser. It combines new web technology
evaluations and enhances the speed of browsing.

Although, Internet Explorer 11 was available in Microsoft Windows operating system, Microsoft
Edge has become the default browser in Windows 10. It needs at least 1 gigabyte of memory. It offers
several types of features, such as annotation features, a new rendering engine, and easy-to-use icons,
etc. Furthermore, it also provides better security as compared to Internet Explorer, and it can be
combined with Cortana, Microsoft's virtual personal assistant.
Features of Microsoft Edge
 It provides support for Firefox and Chrome add-ons.
 It has the ability to fill the form automatically.
 It can be integrated with Cortana.
 It provides faster page rendering.
 It has more security features and also allows private browsing.
 It is modern, lightweight, and reduces resource consumption.
Latest versions of Edge browser
Platform Versions Release Date
Window 10 79.0.309.71 22-01-2020
 Window 10 Mobile 40.15254.603 21-01-2020
Xbox One 40.15063.0 30-08-2018
 Amazon Silk: Amazon silk is a proprietary Internet browser. It was released for Fire OS
devices on 15 November 2011. It is based on the open-source Chromium project and derives
most of the features from the Google Chrome browser. It divides the task of loading webpages
between Amazon's servers and Fire.

Silk is the default browser on most Amazon hardware devices as well as on app-based Kindle
devices, TV, Fire, and compatible Echo devices. Furthermore, it is the first new mass-market,
client software delivery mechanism, which should be built from the base of the cloud, not only
the web.

How does Silk Work?

Silk browser works through Amazon EC2 (Elastic cloud computing). EC2 acts as the middleman
between devices and webpages and simplify them for examined mobile consumption. Then, it
includes the whole host of processes like page caching, file compression, and local file storage.
It tries to guess your browsing habits. Accordingly, it predicts the pages that you may like to visit, and
then pre-loads those pages in advance. These background processes use lower bandwidth and promote
speed of page loading. If EC2 is offline, the silk browser switches to a backup mode where it
translates all information on the Kindle Fire itself.
Rendering pages on EC2
When the all contents of a page have been fetched on EC2, it renders the pages for display in the
client's browser window. It depends on the amount of load and the client's network conditions.
The components that can be handed off to EC2 to speed up browsing are: HTML, CSS, Networking,
JavaScript, Block building, Marshaling, Native OM, etc.
  Opera: An Opera web browser was first conceived at Telenor company in 1994, later bought
by the Opera Software on 1 April 1995. It was designed for desktop and mobile interfaces, but
it is more popular now for mobile phones. It is based on Chromium, and it uses the blink layout
engine. An opera mini was released for smartphones on 10 August 2005 that could run standard
web browsers. It can be downloaded from the google play store or Apple play store.
 Apple Safari: Safari is an internet browser available for the Macintosh, and Windows operating
systems included the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It was developed by Apple, Inc. on 30 June
2003. It is the default browser for the operating system in its products, such as OS X for the
MacBook and Mac computers and iOS for the iPad and iPhone mobile devices. It is at number
four in the browser market after Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google
Chrome. It uses the WebKit engine, which is used for rendering fonts, displays graphics,
determining page layout, and running JavaScript.
 Google Chrome: Google Chrome is an open-source internet browser. It is developed by
Google on 11 December 2008 for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, and iOS operating
systems. Read more AS BELOW:-

Google Chrome

Google Chrome is an open-source and the most popular internet browser that is used for accessing the
information available on the World Wide Web. It was developed by Google on 11 December 2008
for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, and iOS operating systems. It uses sandboxing-based
approach to provide Web security. Furthermore, it also supports web standards like HTML5 and CSS
(cascading style sheet).
Google Chrome was the first web browser that has a feature to combine the search box and address
bar, that was adopted by most competitors. In 2010, Google introduced the Chrome Web Store,
where users can buy and install Web-based applications.
How to install or uninstall the Google Chrome browser
Google Chrome is commonly used as an alternative to the default browsers which come with your computers such as
Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge.

To install Google Chrome, follow the given below steps:

 Open the Internet browser and enter the Google Chrome download in the search bar.
 Open the link Google Chrome download as shown in below picture:

 Click the Download Chrome button, as shown in the below image:

 When you click on the Download Chrome button, the installation process will be started.
To uninstall Google Chrome, follow the given below steps:
  Open the Run dialog box by pressing Window key + R and type control then press the OK
button.

 When you click the OK button, the control panel window will be opened with various options.
Click 'uninstall a program' in the Programs option.
 Now, find and select Google Chrome in the opened list.
 Click the Uninstall button as shown in the below figure:

Advantages of Google Chrome

There are so many advantages of Google Chrome that make it easier to use, which are as follows:
1. Modern Layout: The Chrome browser has a simple user-interface that includes frequently-
used buttons such as forward, backward, refresh, etc. It also has a search bar or an Omnibox;
that allows users to input the web address for searching anything.
2. Speedy Performance: There are many websites (like news and online commerce sites) that are
developed by using sophisticated programming that can be a cause for the slow browsing.
Chrome deals with this programming efficiently and displays complex pages quickly. Thus, it
helps to save your time and hold your internet session snappy responsive in many situations.
3. Safe and Secure: The Chrome browser is updated regularly by Google to keep it safe and
secure. It has the ability to get updated automatically when you connect the internet.
Furthermore, Chrome provides the following protection:
o It can block harmful and malicious websites.
o It helps to identify and remove the malware that affects the browser with the help of the
Chrome cleanup tool.
o Additionally, it has the ability to identify the secure connection of a website. It will show
a lock pad icon in the address bar to disclose a secure connection. If any site does not use
HTTPs encryption, it will show a site as 'Not Secure.'
 4. Integration with Google Apps: Chrome has become a popular browser in the world as it can
be integrated with other Google products like Gmail. When you login the Chrome, the other
Google applications such as Gmail, AdSense, Analytics, Search Console, Google Ads, and
more will also be logged in automatically.
5. Cross-Platform Browser: Google provides a cross-platform browser. As Edge and Safari
browsers cannot run on all operating systems, but Chrome can be used on Windows, Linux, and
Mac platforms. Although Mac is different from Windows in terms of certain functionalities,
like changing language and most features will remain the same. It will help to maintain your
experience across all desktop devices. For example, most of the people use the Ctrl+Enter to
add .com within web address in windows. Chrome allows users to use the same shortcut key to
add .com in the web address on Mac.

Disadvantages of Google Chrome

The Google Chrome also has some limitations, which are as follows:
1. High amount of memory (RAM) usage: The Google Chrome browser utilizes more RAM
(Random Access Memory) and CPU as compared to other browsers. Although the browser is
lightweight, high consumption of memory can impact the other applications running
simultaneously on your computer.
2. Limited Customization and Options: The Chrome browser does not offer certain
customization and options like other browsers. For example, when you close the chrome
browser window with multiple open tabs, it does not ask you whether to close all tabs or not. It
will close all the tabs and windows directly. Whereas other browsers like Internet Explorer ask
you if you want to close all the tabs or not. As shown in the below picture:

3. Synchronize: Google Chrome has no synchronize feature. Whereas other browsers like Mozilla
Firebox have an ability to synchronize across multiple computers using the Mozilla Weave
option. This feature allows you to synchronize the settings and history of your home browser,
laptop browser, and office browser.
4. URL drop-down bar: The Chrome has no feature to drop-down in its search bar. However,
other browsers provide a drop-down bar in their Omnibox to allow users see their recent
searched URLs.
Incognito mode
Chrome provides a private mode option called Incognito Mode, which refers to a private browsing,
private window, or InPrivate browsing. It is an internet setting that stops browsing history from
getting stored. Generally, when you visit any web page, the image, content, and cookies needed by the
page are stored locally on your computer. Furthermore, any search queries or filled out forms may be
stored in autocomplete fields. If you do not store this data and close your browser window, Incognito
mode forgets to store this data.
In Chrome, Incognito Mode allows users to search in a unique sandbox web session. It offers you
temporary control on your browser history and session identity, as when you close your browser
window, it forgets to store your history, although it does not provide the guarantee of anonymity.
To open a new incognito browser window, press Ctrl+Shift+N on windows or Linux OS and
Command+Shift+N on MacOs X. An Incognito Mode browser window image is given below:

How to change the homepage in the Chrome browser

To change homepage in the Chrome browser, follow the given below steps:
 Open the Chrome browser.
 Click the menu ⋮ icon located on the top-right corner of the Chrome screen.
 Select the settings option from the opened drop-down menu.
 Select the On startup In 'On startup' section, click the 'Open a specific page or set of pages'
option.
 Then, select add a new page or use current pages to set homepage of the Chrome.
 When you click on the Add a new page option, a box will be appeared with a message to add a
new page.
  Type URL of the site that you want to set for your browser homepage and press Enter.

How to update the Chrome browser

Google Chrome will update automatically when the new version is released. You can also update your
Chrome version manually when the latest version is available.
To update the Chrome, follow these given steps:
 Open the Chrome browser.
 Click the Chrome menu button ⋮ located on the upper-right corner of the Chrome browser
screen.
 Select the Help option from appeared a drop-down menu, then select About Google Chrome.
 The opened window automatically checks for updates and shows the current version of Chrome.
If the version needs to be updated, it will be updated automatically. After this, click to the
RELAUNCH option to restart Chrome and complete the update.

 Mozilla Firefox: The Mozilla Firefox web browser is developed by the Mozilla Foundation and
its subordinate company, Mozilla Corporation. It was first released was beta on 23 September
2002. Although it was released as the Mozilla Browser, it was internally code-named Phoenix.
The First version 1.0 of Firefox was introduced on 9 November 2004. Read more AS BELOW
:-

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser that is used to access the data available on the World
Wide Web. As compared to Internet Explorer, the popular Web browser Firefox provides users a
simple user interface and faster download speeds. It uses the Gecko layout engine to translate web
pages, which executes current and predicted web standards.
Firefox was widely used as an alternative to Internet Explorer 6.0 as it provided user protection
against spyware
are and malicious websites. In the year of 2017, it was the fourth
fourth--most widely used web
browser after Google Chrome, Apple Safari, and UC Browser.
The Firefox version 2.0 was released in October 2006. This latest version came with new features,
such as:
 It has a mail component that is called Thunderbird.
 It provides a quick link to open the Google search engine.
 It has the ability to search multiple search engines simultaneously.
 It provides an efficient user interface.
 It has improved tabbed browsing.
 It offers
ffers new security features, including anti
anti-phishing protection.

How to download Mozilla Firefox

It can be downloaded from the official Firefox website.. It is available for Windows, Linux, macOS X,
iOS, and Android operating systems.. The Mozilla Firefox download link is given below:

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https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/
US/firefox/

Firefox Quantum
Mozilla introduced Firefox Quantum, a technical base, for the Firefox browser on 14 November 2017.
All the recent Firefox versions, starting with the version 57, for desktop comp
computers
uters use Firefox
Quantum technology. The mobile versions use the new appearance features code-named
code 'Photon UI'.
It is almost twice as fast as the old versions of Firefox, as it needs less RAM at the time of browsing.
It also offers enhanced thread safety, as its large sections were re
re-written
written by using Rust, which is
Mozilla's home-grown
grown system programming language.
Advantages of Mozilla Firefox
1. Easy Customization: The most important benefit of using Mozilla Firefox is its easy
customization. It is available free to download and easily compatible with various devices.
Furthermore, it is also able to integrate add-ons that can be used easily.
2. Extensions and Themes: The Mozilla Firefox provides better support for browser extensions,
themes, and plug-ins that, as per the user requirements, change the function and appearance of
the browser. The Firefox included Add-ons library features with more than 6,000 extensions
and more than 500 themes till June 2011. Extensions are useful to perform several tasks such
as:
o Providing access to your Facebook wall from the Firefox toolbar.
o Alert you of breaking news to changing website elements with scripts.
o Integrate the Firefox interface and much more.
3. Security: Firefox gives importance for browser security by introducing various features that
protect you from viruses, phishing schemes, and harmful sites. It has a powerful pop-up blocker
and strong authentication protocols that help to stop an unauthorized person from running
harmful code when you are using the browser. Additionally, Firefox security can be more
enhanced with extensions like NoScript and FlashBlock that allow you to execute the
selectively advanced code on websites.

Disadvantages of Mozilla Firefox

1. Compatibility: The Mozilla Firefox is unable to compatible with some websites. For example,
there are some business-oriented websites, which cannot be displayed properly in the Mozilla
Firefox. It also affects system's performance as it uses more memory to run properly. Thus,
Mozilla Firefox is not more appropriate as compared to other browsers.
2. Loading Time: The Mozilla Firefox takes more time for loading web pages as compared to its
competitors. Also, the other browsers like Google Chrome and Opera have the ability to open in
less time, whereas Mozilla Firefox is yet to improve in this respect. Furthermore, it provides
multiple add-on features, which make the browser slower and hamper browsing speed.
3. More Plug-ins: The more Plug-ins are also an issue with the Mozilla Firefox, which slow down
the downloading of web pages.
4. Non-Resuming Downloads: It is one of the most significant limitations of Mozilla Firefox. It
does not have the feature to resume the downloading of a file from the point where the
downloading has been interrupted. For example, if you are downloading a huge file from the
internet and it gets interrupted in between due to any technical and network issue. Then, you
have to download it from the start.
How to check version and update of Mozilla Firefox
Follow the steps given below to check the version of Firefox browser:
 Open the Firefox browser.
 Press the Alt key to access the menu bar as shown in the below image, then select Help option
from the menu bar.

 Now, select About Firefox option from the drop-down list. As shown in the below screenshot:

 Then, you will see a window that displays the version of Firefox that you are using. It will also
check for updates automatically. If an update is required, you can click on the update button to
install the latest version.
  Internet Explorer: It is a web browser that is manufactured by Microsoft Corporation, and it is
included with the Microsoft Windows operating system. But It was removed in Window 10 in
support of Microsoft's new Edge Browser. Read more AS BELOW:-

Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer is a free web browser, commonly called IE or MSIE, that allows users to view web
pages on the internet. It is also used to access online banking, online marketing over the internet, listen
to and watch streaming videos, and many more. It was introduced by Microsoft in 1995. It was
produced in response to the first geographical browser, Netscape Navigator.
Microsoft Internet Explorer was a more popular web browser for many years from 1999 to 2012 as it
surpassed the Netscape Navigator during this time. It includes network file sharing, several internet
connections, active Scripting, and security settings. It also provides other features such as:
 Remote administration
 Proxy server configuration
 VPN and FTP client capabilities

Versions of Internet Explorer

All 11 versions of Internet Explorer were released in many years. The last IE11 web browser was
introduced in 2013. At that time, Microsoft has introduced versions of Internet Explorer for Unix
machines and for Mac OS X operating system, but those versions were discontinued as well. The
below table contains all versions of IE and release date:
Versions Release Date
Internet Explorer 1 In 1995, it was introduced.
Internet Explorer 1.5 It was also introduced in 1995 for Windows NT.
Internet Explorer 2 It was introduced on 22 November 1995 for PC and later for Mac in 1996.
Internet Explorer 3 On 13 August 1996, it was introduced for PC and Mac.
Internet Explorer 4 In September 1997, it was released for PC and Mac.
Internet Explorer 4.5 In 1999, it was introduced for the Mac.
Internet Explorer 5 In 1999, it was introduced for the PC and Mac.
Internet Explorer 5.5 In July 2000, it was introduced.
Internet Explorer 6 On 27 August 2001, it was introduced.
Internet Explorer 7 On 18 October 2006, it was introduced.
Internet Explorer 8 On 19 March 2009, it was released.
Internet Explorer 9 On 14 March 2011, the 9th version of IE was introduced.
Internet Explorer 10 It was introduced on 26 October 2012.
Internet Explorer 11 On 17 October 2013, it was introduced.

History of Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer web browser was first released on 16 August 1995 by Microsoft. The initial version
of IE was 1.0, and it came with Microsoft Windows 95.

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The IE version 2 was introduced in November 1995, which provided support for secure sockets layer
(SSL) encryption and cookies.
The next version 3 was released in August 1996, followed with the features of Java and cascading
style sheets (CSS).
The last version of IE11 was released in 2013. With the release of Windows 10 in 2015, it was
replaced by the Microsoft Edge as a default browser in Windows.

How to install and uninstall Internet Explorer browser

Although the Internet Explorer comes by default with Microsoft Windows operating systems and it
has been replaced by the Microsoft Edge browser from Windows 10. Furthermore, you can install and
uninstall it from your computer by following the below steps:
 Press window key + R, to open the run dialog bo
box.
 Now, type control on the appeared box, and press Enter to open the control panel.
panel
 A window will open with various options; you have to select Programs and Features
 Next, on the Programs and Features window, click 'Turn Windows features on or off' option. As
shown in the below screenshot:

 Check/Uncheck the box to Install or Uninstall Internet Explorer. See the below picture: