Operating System

Operating System (OS) is one of the core software programs that

runs on the hardware and makes it usable for the user to interact
with the hardware so that they can send commands (input) and
receive results (output). It provides a consistent environment for
other software to execute commands. The following figure shows
the basic working of the operating system and how it utilizes
different hardware or resources. Eg. Windows, iOS, Android,
Symbian, Badu etc.

Basic Functions of the Operating system

The key five basic functions of any operating system are as
following

1. Interface between the user and the hardware : An OS

provides an interface between user and machine. This interface
can be a graphical user interface (GUI) in which users click
onscreen elements to interact with the OS or a command-line
interface (CLI) in which users type commands at the
command-line interface (CLI) to tell the OS to do things.
2. Coordinate hardware components :An OS enables
coordination of hardware components. Each hardware device
speaks a different language, but the operating system can talk to
them through the specific translational softwares called device
drivers.. These drivers make the communication successful
between the other softwares and the hardware.

Figure: Device Drivers in between OS and Hardware devices

3. Provide environment for software to function: An OS

provides an environment for software applications to function. An
application software is a specific software which is used to perform
specific task.

4. Provide structure for data management : An OS displays

structure/directories for data management. We can view file and
folder listings and manipulate on those files and folders like
(move, copy, rename, delete, and many others).

5. Monitor system health and functionality: OS monitors

the health of our system’s hardware, giving us an idea of how well
(or not) it’s performing. We can see how busy our CPU is, or how
quickly our hard drives retrieve data, or how much data our
network card is sending etc. and it also monitors system activity
for malware.

Figure: Performance Monitor in windows

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been
many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in
2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-
loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.
HOW TO USE YOUR COMPUTER MOUSE
The computer’s mouse controls a graphical mouse pointer or mouse cursor on the screen. When you
move the mouse around by rolling it on your desk, the pointer on the screen moves in a similar manner.
some of the more basic mouse operations:
Click: A click is a press of the mouse button.
Right-click: This action is the same as a click, although the right mouse button is used.
Double-click: This one works just like the single click, although you click twice in the same spot —
usually, rather rapidly.
Drag: The drag operation is done to graphically pick up something on the screen and move it. To do that,
you point the mouse at the thing you want to drag, press and hold the mouse’s button (which “picks up”
the object), and then move the mouse to another location. To release, or drop, the object, release the
mouse button.
MY COMPUTER
My Computer is a section of Microsoft Windows first found in Windows 95 and included with all later
versions that allows you to explore and manage the contents of your computer drives.
Recycle bin
the Recycle Bin is a location where deleted files or folders are temporarily stored in every version
of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. The Recycling Bin allows users to recover files that have
been deleted in Windows and can be found on the desktop.
Task Bar
A bar located at the bottom of the screen first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95and found in all
the versions of Windows that followed. The taskbar allows you to locate and launch programs
through the Start button or view any program that is currently open. It also allows them to check the
date and time, items running in the background through the Notification Area
Start Menu
Start Menu is the primary location in Windows to locate your installed
programs and find any files or folders. By default, the Start Menu is
accessed by clicking the Start button, located in the bottom left-hand
corner of the Windows Desktop screen.

Running an application
Press windows key or click start button>> search the application you want to run>>click on it to run it.
Setting system date and time
1. In the lower right-hand corner of the screen, click or tap the Windows Notification Area
where you see the date and time.
2. Select Change date and time settings... in the bottom of the window that appears

4. In the Date and Time window, under the Date and Time tab, click the Change date and
time... button.
5. Make your adjustments and click OK.
6. Click OK on the main Date and Time window to save the changes.
Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer, Explorer is a file browser found in every version
of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. It is used to navigate and
manage the drives, folders, and files on your computer.
TO open windows explorer

 Press Win + E (hold down the Windows key and press E), or
 Click Start and select Run (or press Win + R), then type explorer or explorer.exe and
press Enter.

File, folder and directories

Press the F3shortcut key to open search at any time while in Windows Explorer.
Within the Search tab you can find files or folders on your computers. Double click
on desired file to open it.
Create a file
1. Right click on the desktop
2. Click on new
3. Click on the type of file you want to create.
Rename a file or folder:
1. Highlight the file or folder.
2. Press the F2 key on the keyboard.
3. Rename the file and press enter.

Closing of window : Press Alt + F4 or click on the Close button (cross icon) at top right corner of
window.

Minimize: minimize button hides a window but keeps the application

running and accessible in the background.
Maximize: Maximize allows the user to enlarge a window, usually
making it fill the entire screen or the program window in which it is
contained.
Restore: Restoring is the process of taking a window that has been minimized
and enlarging it back to maximized or its "Normal" size. Restore also refers to
taking a maximized window and reducing it to a "Normal" size.

Click on the specific buttons to perform the functions.

Desktop : the Desktop is a system of organization of icons on a screen.

Title bar: The title bar is a bar located at the top of a window or a dialog
box that displays the name of the window or software program being
used.
Menu bar A menu bar is a thin, horizontal bar containing the labels
of drop-down menus in an operating system's GUI.
Status bar: A status bar is the bottom partition of Internet browsers and
program windows that display the current state of the web page or
window being displayed.
Scroll bars: A vertical or horizontal bar commonly located on the far right
or bottom of a window that allows you to move the window viewing
area up, down, left, or right.
Right click: the right-click is the action of pressing down on the
right mouse button. The right-click provides additional functionality to
a computer's mouse, usually in the form of a drop-down
menu containing additional options.
Creation of shortcut: Right-click on the program and select Create Shortcut. Cut this
shortcut and paste it anywhere to execute this program.
Notepad is a generic text editor included with all versions
of Microsoft Windows that allows you to create, open, and
read plaintext files.

Microsoft Paint, Paint is a simple program that allows users to

create basic graphic art on a computer. Paint provides basic
functionality for drawing and painting in color or black and white, as
well as shaped stencils and cured line tools.
 WordPad is a free rich text editor first included with Microsoft
Windows 95 and all versions since. It gives you additional features,
such as the capability of inserting pictures and text formatting.

Calculator : TO access it
1. Click the Start button.
2. Click the All apps option.
3. Click the Calculator utility.
Clipboard:
The clipboard is a special location in your computer's memory that
temporarily stores data that has been cut or copied from a document.
This data can then be pasted to a new location. Microsoft does not
include any clipboard viewer.

MS Word
Microsoft Word is a word processor published by Microsoft. It is one of the office
productivity applications included in Microsoft Office. It allows you to create
professional-quality documents, reports, letters, and résumés. Microsoft Word has
features including spell check, grammar check, text
and font formatting, HTML support, image support, advanced page layout, and
more.

Creating and Saving

1. Open MS word
2. Click on office button
3. Click on New for creating a new document.
4. Click on save to save the current document.
Formatting a document:
Click on home button. Here you can select text style, Font type, Font size, change the color of text,
change the alignment of text, write in subscript or superscript, use bullets and Numbering, Use Format
painter
Click on insert button: Here you can add header and footer, Page number, shapes, clipart, pictures,
tables, wordarts etc.
Spelling and Grammar
Click on review then click on Spelling and Grammar
Print Preview
1. Click Office Button
2. Highlight print
3. click on print preview
Print
1. Click Office Button
2. Click Print
3. Select printer device
4. Check properties
5. Click ok to print.
MS Excel
Spreadsheet: a
spreadsheet computer application program that simulates a
physical spreadsheet by capturing, displaying, and manipulating data
arranged in rows and columns.
Worksheet: A worksheet or sheet is a single page in a file created with an
electronic spreadsheet program.
Workbook: A workbook is the name given to an Excel file and contains one or
more worksheets.

Excel is a software program from Microsoft. Excel is capable of creating and

editing spreadsheets that are saved with a .xls or .xlsx file extension. General uses
of Excel include cell-based calculation, pivot tables, and various graphing tools.
the Excel documents consist of columns and rows of data, made up of
individual cells. Each of these cells can contain either text or numerical values
that can be calculated using formulas.
Entering number text
1. Select a cell
2. Start entering text or number
3. Press enter

Insert a static date or time

1. Current date Select a cell and press CTRL+;

2. Current time Select a cell and press CTRL+SHIFT+;

3. Current date and time Select a cell and press CTRL+; then SPACE then CTRL+SHIFT+;

Autofill

Move cursor to right bottom of active cell to get autofill option.

Formatting in excel
Click on home button:
Here you can select text style, Font type, Font size, change the color of text, change the alignment of
text, write in subscript or superscript, Use Format painter etc

Insert blank cells on a worksheet

1. Select the cell or the range of cells where you want to insert the new blank cells. Select the same number of

cells as you want to insert.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to Insert, and then click Insert Cells.

3. In the Insert dialog box, click the direction in which you want to shift the surrounding cells.

NOTES

Insert rows on a worksheet

1. Do one of the following:

 To insert a single row, select the row or a cell in the row above which you want to insert the new row.

For example, to insert a new row above row 5, click a cell in row 5.

 To insert multiple rows, select the rows above which you want to insert rows. Select the same number

of rows as you want to insert. For example, to insert three new rows, you need to select three rows.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to Insert, and then click Insert Sheet Rows.

Insert columns on a worksheet

 To insert a single column, select the column or a cell in the column immediately to the right of where

you want to insert the new column. For example, to insert a new column to the left of column B, click a

cell in column B.
  To insert multiple columns, select the columns immediately to the right of where you want to insert

columns. Select the same number of columns as you want to insert. For example, to insert three new

columns, you need to select three columns.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to Insert, and then click Insert Sheet Columns.

Delete cells, rows, or columns

1. Select the cells, rows, or columns that you want to delete.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, do one of the following:

 To delete selected cells, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Cells.

 To delete selected rows, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Sheet Rows.

 To delete selected columns, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Sheet Columns.

3. If you are deleting a cell or a range of cells, in the Delete dialog box, click Shift cells left, Shift cells up,

Entire row, or Entire column.

Entering a Formula

1. Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.

2. Type = (an equal sign).

3. Enter the formula.

4. Press ENTER.

Cell Referencing
✦Relative: The row and column references can change when you copy the formula
to another cell because the references are actually offsets from the current
row and column. Eg A1or B6
✦Absolute: The row and column references do not change when you copy the
formula because the reference is to an actual cell address.Example: $A$5

✦Mixed: Either the row or column reference is relative, and the other is absolute. Example $A5 or A$5

Printing a worksheet

1. Select all the cells which are to be printed.

2. Click on page layout button

3. Click on print area

4. Click set print area

5. Click on office button

6. Select printer

7. Check properties

8. Click ok

Adding a table
1. Open Excel and move to the cell you want to insert the table.
2. Click the Insert tab.
3. Click the Table button.
4. Click OK

Embedding charts
1. Click the Insert tab.
2. Select the type of chart you want to enter
3. Click on select data
4. Select the chart data range
5. Click on ok
Statistical Functions

Sum –

1. Select the cell where sum is to be calculated

2. Press F2

3. Enter =Sum(range)

4. In range select all the cells whose sum is to be calculated.

5. Press Enter

Average

1. Select the cell where Average is to be calculated

2. Press F2

3. Enter =AVERAGE(range)

4. In range select all the cells whose sum is to be calculated.

5. Press Enter

Max

1. Select the cell where maximum is to be calculated

2. Press F2

3. Enter =MAX(range)

4. In range select all the cells whose Maximum is to be calculated.

5. Press Enter

Min
1. Select the cell where Minimum is to be calculated

2. Press F2

3. Enter =Min(range)

4. In range select all the cells whose Minimum is to be calculated.

5. Press Enter

IF

Use IF to conduct conditional tests on values and formulas.

Syntax

IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)

Example

A B

1 Actual Expenses Predicted Expenses

2 1500 900

3 500 900

4 500 925

Formula Description (Result)

=IF(A2>B2,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the first row is over budget (Over Budget)

=IF(A3>B3,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the second row is over budget (OK)