The Truth One The Roots of Corruption BNHS Final

THE TRUTH ON THE ROOTS OF CORRUPTION
IN THE GOVERMENT
____________________________
A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Presented to the SENIOR HIGH FACULTY
Babag National High School
Babag 1, Lapulapu City, Philippines
____________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Course
RESEARCH
___________________________
BY:
MANULAT, CG V.
ONG, JOHN VINCENT S.
VIOS, JARVEE
SAN GRABRIEL, GABRIEL LAURENCE
LOMOCSO, JENNY ROSE
ROSALES, KERK
MAY 2022
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APPROVAL SHEET
This investigatory project entitledTHE TRUTH ON THE ROOTS OF

CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERMENTprepared and submitted BY MANULAT, CG
V.ONG, JOHN VINCENT S.VIOS, JARVEE SAN GRABRIEL, GABRIEL
LAURENCELOMOCSO, JENNY ROSEROSALES, KERK in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for Practical Research has been examined and recommended for acceptance and
approval for Oral Examination.
COMMITTEE
Mr. Allan Godinez

Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude and appreciation to the
following people who have helped in the completion of this study. This research project would
not have been successful if their support is not present within this.
To our Practical Research teacher, for the lectures and for sharing some of his skills and
learnings. He has given us overwhelming support all throughout the different processes involved;
To our dear and loving parents who sacrificed their time, effort, and for always being
there to support their child to the end;
Grade 12 - ACG, for the support and trust throughout the study;
Lastly, to the Almighty Father, who made every inch of this study successful. He has
continuously showered bountiful blessings which helped us persevere. For His guidance and
unconditional love, and to the Blessed Mother Mary for her love and protection.
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DEDICATION
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents,
who have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength
when we thought of giving up, who continually provide their moral,
spiritual, emotional and financial support.
To our adviser, teachers, friends, classmates, brothers and sisters
who shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this project.
And lastly, we dedicated this project to the man above us,
our almighty father, thank you for the guidance, strength,
power of mind, and the protection while we are doing this project.
All of these we offer to you.
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ABSTRACT
Title : The Truth on the Roots of Corruptionin the Government
Researchers : MANULAT, CG V. ,ONG, JOHN VINCENT S. ,VIOS, JARVEE, SAN GRABRIEL,

GABRIEL LAURENCE, LOMOCSO, JENNY ROSE, ROSALES, KERK
Grade and Section : 12 – ACG
School : Babag National high school
Adviser : Allan C. Godinez
Date Completed : 5/30/2022
This research's goal is to pinpoint the truth and roots of corruption. Not just in our
country but, also the general topic of "corruption". Why does it exist? Why is not solved right
away? Would it be possible for us to have a community which is corrupt free? What should be
done to solve this dilemma? On this research, the researcher will be emphasizing on these
questions.
Corruption is a really controversial topic in which it is attracting a lot of attention around
the world. The researchers decided to conduct this research for it needs to be discussed more
often. The findings of this study will redound to exceedingly substantial and indispensable role
in the awareness and judgement adhered specifically to the following: youth, and community and
voters.
Corruption is a portent destabilizing national to international scale of development efforts
and it, in the long run, undermines human security. In emergencies, post conflict and transitional
countries, corruption often takes the form of a systemic and endemic complex phenomenon
linked to organized crime and correlated to weak institutions. All of these, present in our
country, Philippines.
This research was organized with the help of the researcher’s professor. Proper guidelines
and procedures were followed. The researchers made an interview basing from the research’s
problems and theories. Then the researchers chose five (5) informants with the credentials to be
able to take part of the study. Due to COVID 19, the researchers were limited to communicating
online, with respect to the informant’s schedule, the interviews were only done during their free
time.
In conclusion, corruption is an existing dilemma in our country due to various reasons.
Mainly, for the personal benefit an individual. Corruption is maintained by the passing and
forwarding regimes as officials are constantly having their own reason for committing such
crime. Because of the complexity of the phenomenon, it is impossible to have a corrupt-free
nation in the near future, but it is still possible if the people constantly fight for it and be led by a
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proper leader.By being educated, filing legal actions through correct protocols and procedures,
and by speaking out, are three steps in trying to obtain a corrupt-free government in the far
future.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
Title page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Acknowledgement 3
Dedication 4
Abstract 5
Table of Contents 6-7
List of Tables 8
List of Figures 8
CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION 9
A. Rationale of the Study 9-10

B. Theoretical Background of the Study 10-14
C. Theoretical Framework of the Study 15
D. Statement of the Problem 15-16
E. Significance of the Study 16-17
F. Definition of Terms 17-18
CHAPTER II-REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, STUDIES, READINGS 19
A. Related Literature 19-21

B. Related Studies 21-24
C. Related Readings 24-27
CHAPTER III- RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 28
A. Research Method 28-29

B. Research Environment 29
C. Research Informants 29-30
D. Research Instruments 30
E. Research Procedures 30-31
CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION32-43
CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44
A. Summary of Findings 44-45

B. Conclusion 46
C. Recommendation 47
REFERENCES 48
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APPENDICES 49
Appendices A. Transmittal Letter for Approval 49

Appendices B. Transmittal Letter to the Informants 50-54
Appendices C. Interview Guide Questions 55-56
Appendices D. Transcriptions of the Interview 57-66
Appendices E. Documentation 67-68
CURRICULUM VITAE 69-76
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LIST OF TABLES
Page Number
Table 1: Research Informants 30
LIST OF FIGURES
Page Number
Figure 1: Theoretical Framework 15

Figure 2: Question 1 Result Data 32
Figure 3: Question 2A Result Data 33
Figure 4: Question 2B Result Data 34
Figure 5: Question 3A Result Data 35
Figure 6: Question 3B Result Data 35
Figure 9: Question 6 Result Data39
Figure 13: Documentation 1 67
Figure 17: Documentation 568
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THE CHAPTER I CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
The corruption of public officials and institutions— “political corruption”—is generally
recognized as one of the deepest rooted and persistent pathologies of human societies (see
Buchan & Hill, 2014). It is not at all surprising, therefore, that numerous studies in sociology,
law, economics, and political science have engaged with this multifaceted phenomenon. These
studies have offered primarily descriptive analyses of the causes of political corruption and anti‐
corruption measures aimed at remedying the negative consequences of this phenomenon,
especially regarding its material (e.g., economic inefficiency—see Nye, 1967) and social costs
(e.g., loss of political trust—see Della Porta & Vannucci, 1999).
But in what exactly does political corruption consist and what kind of wrong does it
imply? Political corruption is often associated with the idea of a public official who acts in
breach of his professional duties in exchange for a personal gain. The standard example is
bribery. But the question remains of how exactly we should distinguish an official's behavior as
an instance of political corruption from other forms of personal misconduct. Is it a necessary
feature of political corruption that it involves some kind of material and personal gain for the
corrupt public official? What is the relation between the corrupt behavior of an official and the
corruption of an entire institution? Should we be concerned about political corruption only to the
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extent that it produces negative externalities? Or is there a sense in which corrupt practices are
inherently wrong?
This research paper discusses the possible causes and consequences of corruption and
how it affects us a citizen in this country. It provides a synthetic review of recent studies that
analyze this phenomenon empirically. In addition, it presents further results on the effects of
corruption on growth and investment, and cross-political evidence on the link between
corruption and the composition of government expenditure.
To the extent that political corruption involves law‐breaking—as is typically the case
with bribes—we can look for answers to these questions in current laws and regulations that
govern the public sector. However, in many cases, it is not entirely clear what counts as an
instance of political corruption. For example, in cases of nepotism, which are often taken as
instances of corruption, it is not obvious what corrupt exchanges are involved.To overcome these
uncertainties, a growing number of political philosophers have engaged in conceptual and
normative analyses of political corruption. The adoption of a philosophical perspective allows
concentrating on two main tasks. First, it allows investigating the very idea of political
corruption to find a characterization of this phenomenon that reveals its specificity—with respect
to other forms of political malfunctioning. Second, it allows clarifying the specific nature of the
wrongfulness of this form of corruption as a political and personal bad.
Theoretical Background of the Study
Corruptionis a portent destabilizing national to international scale of development efforts
and it, in the long run, undermines human security. Corruption, both in its grand and petty
typologies, undermines humanitarian assistance, poverty alleviation, human development, and
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human security. In emergencies, post conflict and transitional countries, corruption often takes
the form of a systemic and endemic complex phenomenon linked to organized crime and
correlated to weak institutions. Numerous studies have demonstrated how corruption contributed
to the systemic vulnerability of people already affected by violence, disasters, poverty, and
inequality. All of these, present in our country, Philippines. There are about four, founded
theories that can explain corruption and as to why it occurs. The following are as it shows:
Functionalism Theory
Functional psychology and behavioral functionalism surfaced within psychology in the
first half of the 20th century, to illuminate relationships in human behavior as the consequence of
reaction to exterior stimuli and adaptation to one’s environment (c.f. Angell 1907). In political
science, functionalist rationalizations of corruption appeared in the work of Political Science
scholars such as Samuel Huntington (1968), who regarded corruption as a way to “grease the
wheels” to get things done, especially for stockholders and companies (Marquette and Pfeiffer
2015; Manzetti and Wilson 2007). In this view, corruption is a tactic of rapidly cutting through
oppressive supervisory obligations, disseminating resources, and producing economic growth
(ibid). A relatively large but inconclusive body of literature has emerged within the field of
economics on the greasing versus sanding the wheels debate, with authors finding evidence that
both supports and challenges the greasing the wheels theory (c.f. Dreher and Gassebner 2013;
Méon and Sekkat 2005; Méon 2010). Marquette and Pfeiffer (2015) extend this logic to non-
investors in a neo-functionalist argument, arguing that corruption can be viewed as a form of
“problem-solving”, a useful way of dealing with problems that people face.
This principle has a pertinent relation to this study in all grounds of adaptation by the
person to the systemic as released by the exterior stimuli. It shows that the external factors sum
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up upon the cultivated root issue into the psychological reaction and mentality of the said
perpetrator. According to behavioral psychological tests and studies, corruption, therefore, is the
approach to standardized personal responses that results to systemic oppression held, even up
until now, prevalent.
Rational Choice
Rooted in methodological individualism, rational choice theory forms human behavior as
the outcome of individual, self-engrossed predilections (Hall and Taylor 1996; Elster 1989).
People are manipulative and strategic, and they carefully weigh the costs and advantages of
certain actions before commencing them. Moreover, individuals have static, well-characterized,
ranked, and consistent preferences, and they behave instrumentally to achieve those preferences.
The goal for individuals is to capitalize on utility: to accomplish whatever goal makes them
happier, more satisfied, or better off, such as power or money.
We can divide rational choice explanations for corruption into three sub-fields: collective
action (prisoner’s dilemma) approaches; principal agent approaches; and coordination game
approaches.
 Prisoner’s Dilemma
It said that corruption can be a collective action problem wherein individuals have
incentives to pursue their own self-interest, rather than work with others towards the
collective good. Köbis et al (2016) label this as the “social dilemma”.
 Principal-agent Problem
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This is a function of coordinating cooperative behavior, which often necessitates
allocation of accountability for tasks both to and within formal institutions and
organizations. Principals (i.e. citizens) give power to agents (i.e. bureaucrats) to act
on their behalf, for instance to produce public goods like environmental protection or
security. Agents are more likely to act in ways that amplifies their own interests
rather than those of the principal, especially when information irregularities exist, and
the principal cannot fully examine the agent’s behavior. This scenario is a particular
problem since, if we assume that individuals are rational actors, opportunities for
profitable rent-seeking (self-benefiting) behaviors are unlikely to be passed up.
 Coordination Problem
Corruption may be systemic and pervasive not because the institutions that
constrain dishonorable behavior are weak, but rather because of the presence of pro-
corruption social norms. In other words, informal institutions (social norms) provide
incentives for individuals to be corrupt. Norms like kin favoritism influence
predilections towards corruption rather than away from it, regardless of the material
benefits endowed by corruption.If corruption is a normative issue, there are few
benefits for acting ethically in a predominantly corrupt environment. In fact, in such
contexts, not being corrupt may impose costs in the form of serious social sanctions.
Rather, the problem lies in getting all actors to realize the joint gains of non-corrupt
behavior (e.g. improved economic growth) by making communally coherent
decisions.
In this related theory, the Rational Choice Theory represents the reaction of the victims of
force subjecting to power, that can immensely occupy the reasoning of choices of the said
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individual. One of the most common causes of such comes into the form of
bribery,misrepresentation, deceit, intimidation, force or threatsand everything aforementioned in
Section 39 to Section 42 of the Criminal Code of the Philippines, made valid and is subjected to
liability.
These justifications for corruption have different policy repercussions. If corruption is a
cooperation (prisoners dilemma) or principal-agent problem, then the incentive structure
(structure of material payoffs) must be changed such that individuals have clear enticements to
behave ethically, experience reduced opportunities to engage in corruption, and suffer
punishment for bad (corrupt) behavior. Such mechanisms include financial incentives to act
cleanly, channels that ensure the free flow of information, accountability institutions, and
monitoring and sanctioning systems. However, if corruption is instead a coordination problem,
and thus a mutually agreed-upon behavioral preference (or norm), then individual normative
ideas about correct behavior must be changed. This can occur through enhanced information
about both the social benefits of clean behavior. Information about other actors’ predilections for
such behavior is necessary to notify people about how they ought to behave in social
interactions.
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Theoretical Framework of the Study
Figure 1: Theoretical Framework
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study of the triggers and consequences of corruption has a long history in economics,
politics and people, dating back at least to the seminal contributions to the literature by Krueger
(1974), Bhagwati(1982), Johnston (2010)and others. However, related empirical work has been
rather limited, partly because the degree of proficiency of government establishments cannot
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easily be quantified and investigated. Corruption, in particular, is a difficult phenomenon to
measure, owing to its very nature.
This research intends to support the Filipino people with the necessary materials and
approach to the concealment ex rel. of the regime known and present today. By conducting this
study, the researchers will be able to assess the bylaws and gathered sources efficient to produce
a statement non-ex parte.
Renewed attention in the topic has recently led us to an attempt to assess and evaluate the
extent and to obtain the answers ofthe following:
1. Why is corruption in our country pertinent?
2. How is corruption maintained by the passing and forwarding regimes?
3. What can we do, as a Filipino citizen, to curtail and inhibit the said defects of the
governmental supervision?
Significance of the Study
Corruption is a problem in any State as long as the state functions without anarchy. It
causes a problem in the provision of basic goods and services in a society and its mere
presenceaccentuates the fact that the government is not working in a decorous way and that the
monetary system under which the workers work is therefore, not enough to sustain the world in
which they live in, one that affects us all.
The findings of this study will redound to exceedingly substantial and indispensable role
in the awareness and judgement adhered specifically to the following:
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Youth. It is said that the youth serves as the hope to the country, a brilliance marked by
change and wisdom uncharted. At this point, we have to acknowledge the actuality that the more
the youth is employed in the direction of the different communal issues and problems, the more
it is for them to generate a plausible solution that is all for one and one for all. We devote this
study to the youth, the power of the community, to be enlightened by the actualities of the world
as one, being corruption.
Community and Voters. The community is one of the major contributors to the
existence of corruption. One vote equates to change, and one process of change equates to
growth and progress. The essence of democracy lies within the nation’s vote and the nation’s
reliance to the corresponding runners that will either execute pivotal marks for altercation or be
one of the people in charge of corruption’s prevalence. With this study, we seek to educate and
clarify the minds and the egos of the community.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
o TRUTH = A fact about something or someone, an undeniable reality; Being honest, and
being correct.
o ROOTS = The cause or reason of something; Foundation and origin.
o CORRUPTION = A crime in which a dishonest Politician disregards the rights of other
people to gain power and money; An act of fraud and manipulation.
o GOVERNMENT = The core of a nation, state or community; Political structure
governing and controlling a nation or a community.
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THE CHAPTER II CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, STUDIES, AND READINGS
Related Literatures
Reliable sources and studies of different organizations and authorities have been
reviewed and taken into consideration by the researchers. In conducting a research about
corruption in the Philippines. The researchers explored the factors of corruption, basis of
corruption and the levels of corruption, which serve as key topics in this study.
Factors of Corruption.(1) Personal Interest or Personal Greed that leads to an unhealthy
desire for money and power, without any regard to any moral boundaries. (2) No sense of service
when working in public or private institutions. This is common for those people who use politics
for their own benefit, instead of serving the common good (3) Lack of courage to expose corrupt
behavior and situation. They cover for the corrupt individuals thinking that it is not their problem
or perhaps out of cowardice as to not make their lives more complicated (4) Cultural
environments that promote corruption. These are the people that defend or even admire leaders
who practice corruption. (5) Slow judicial processes. Swift processes can have a greater impact
than those that by the time the sentence comes; the crime already is nearly forgotten. (6)
Corruption is also strongly influenced by the low salaries of public administration employees,
who are trying to improve their financial position by receiving bribes. (7) Faults in the system –
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the people with political influence or the officials of higher authority take advantage of existing
loopholes in the system. The lack of awareness of the common people comes into play to allow
the higher officials to do corruption. (8) Introduction of more regulations- due to the
implementation of more regulations, it has become easier for the officials to take a bribe. The
introduction of new regulations has increased the opportunities to do corruption at various levels.
(9) Poor Financial Condition - Due to the high poverty in the developing countries, people find it
difficult to meet their needs. Another factor that contributes to the increase of corruption is
insecurity among people due to high risks in life. (10) The imbalance between population and
natural resources - the population in almost every developing country is more as compared to
natural resources. Hence, it becomes difficult for everyone to get everything according to his
demand.
Basis of Corruption. The simplest definition is: Corruption is the misuse of public
power by elected leaders for private gain. Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all
civilizations. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy
and the society. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic
environment, professional ethics and morality. Corruption inhibits economic growth and affects
business operations, employment and investments. Major corruption comes close whenever
major events involving large sums of money, multiple ‘players’, big personalities or huge
quantities of products are at stake. We know that corruption will not disappear from society. Our
efforts are meant to fight back against corruption and to protect as much as possible the poor and
weak in our societies. In the end the consumer and the taxpayer pay all corruption costs.
Discussion of corruption is extremely difficult as it is a hidden occurrence in our society. Both
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parties in exchange of power for privileges want to keep their transaction secret, which makes it
more difficult for us to end corruption in our society.
Levels of Corruption. Corruption exists in any institution where legitimate means of
getting ahead are circumvented by allowing individuals to enhance their personal power with
money or favors. As a result, it becomes harder or impossible for others to operate above board.
High-Level Corruption- This type of corruption takes place in the administration level and
there is an organized way to execute it. In the high-level corruption, the amount involved is very
high and it is very easy to execute it due to the influence of power. Low-Level Corruption – In
this category of corruption, people give bribe to officials in various organizations to get their job
done. It is the prominent types of corruption all over the world as it is not an easy task for a
commoner to get things done through legitimate ways.
Related Studies
Corruption has fierce impacts on economic and societal development and is subject to a
vast range of institutional and a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of existing literature on
corruption and its causes and effects. A particularly strong focus is put on presenting and
discussing insights resulting from empirical research and contrasting recent with older findings
(Eugen Dimant* and Guglielmo Tosato University of Pennsylvania)
The Philippines' Sandiganbayan is the oldest specialised anti-corruption court in the
world. Though established mainly to resolve corruption cases more expeditiously, the
Sandiganbayan is plagued by delays and inefficiency. This concern prompted recent legislative
reforms and has led to calls for other changes as well, including procedural reforms such as
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further narrowing its jurisdiction, limiting postponements, improving case management, and
introducing "continuous trials" rather than scheduling a series of piecemeal hearings stretched
out over a long period of time.This brief is part of a series of case studies on special anti-
corruption courts. The case studies discuss the courts' design and whether they have lived up to
the expectations that led to their establishment. We draw lessons for their particular country
context, but also specialisation of courts more generally.These case studies will be
complemented by a forthcoming issue paper discussing and comparing specialized anti-
corruption courts around the world.U4 Brief 2016:3
An important line of thinking in the corruption literature argues that the economic
benefits of corruption outweigh the costs (e.g., Leff, 1964; Nye, 1967; Huntington, 1968).
Rooted in Merton’s (1968) discussion of the latent functions of the political machinery, this
functional theory of corruption argues that the buying and selling of political favors have
(certain) political and economic advantages. One point often made is that bribery “grease the
wheels” by cutting red tape, and thus is improving efficiency. According to Samuel Huntington
(1968:386), in terms of economic growth, the only thing worse than a society with a rigid, over-
centralized dishonest bureaucracy, is one with a rigid, over-centralized, honest bureaucracy. On
the political side, it is argued that corrupt practices are a means of integrating people in the
political system. The claim that corruption is politically integrative is, however, questioned by
Johnston (1996, 1997) who argues that corruption also has disintegrative feature.
Because corruption is a deviation from the Weberian legal-rational model of democratic
and bureaucratic rule, the study of corruption has challenged somewhat the traditional political
science perspective on formal institutions. In addition to the theories on democratization and
institutionalization, some broader political debates on legitimacy, representation and
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participation have been brought in, largely in the form of a debate on the role of the civil society.
But also models from social anthropology and sociology on reciprocity and networks, and on
clientelism and nepotism, have been brought in to explain the causes of corruption. In
conventional political science, the causes of corruption were believed to be deficiencies in the
political system, and in particular in the “democratic deficit”. Corruption is understood as caused
by political systems that are deficient in democratic power-sharing formulas, checks and
balances, accountable and transparent institutions and procedures of the formal and ideal system
of democratic governance (Doig and Theobald 2000). The relationship between democracy and
corruption is understood as grossly negative: the less democracy, the more corruption.
Widespread corruption is seen as a symptom of a poorly functioning state, and as a failure of
ethical leadership, democracy and good governance (Hope 2000:19). The “law of
democratization”, which says the degree of corruption varies inversely to the degree that power
is consensual (Friedrich 1989) also supports what has become the basic and practical argument
on corruption; that it can only be reversed by democratizing the state. Much of the political
science literature on corruption has thus focused on broad issues of democratization. Within this
broad perspective, three basic mechanisms have been suggested: to strengthen the democratic
institutions (including parliaments, 53 judiciaries and the specialized bodies for political
participation, supervision and control); to strengthen the civil society (including the media), and
general public sector reforms. In political science, the literature on democratization and
institutional reform abounds, although with few contributions on corruption as such, but a
number of political science studies have made institutional assessments of anti-corruption
agencies, commissions and other specialized bodies of corruption control, in order to evaluate
their impact on corruption. Within the group of non-democratic systems, the correlation between
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authoritarian modes of rule and high levels of corruption seems to be confirmed (Amundsen
1999). There is nevertheless large variety of non-democratic rule systems, and one important
distinction has been made between controlled and uncontrolled systems, closely related to the
distinction predictable/unpredictable regimes and functional/ dysfunctional regimes (Girling
1997; Campos et al. 1999). The main analytical point here is that authoritarian control over
politics and economy also implies a strict control over corruption levels and distribution
mechanisms, and that controlled corruption is less economically damaging. In less controlled
non-democratic systems, corruption is decentralized, unpredictable and inhibitive for
investments and economic entrepreneurship. Within the family of authoritarian regimes, another
related distinction is between on the one hand the “developmental oriented” political elites or
“benevolent autocrats”, and on the other hand the “kleptocrats”. The former ideal type of
autocrat will seek to maximize society’s wealth (and be development oriented), while the latter
type of autocrat will be concerned only with his own riches (and be development oriented only to
the extent that it serves his own interests) (Coolidge and Rose-Ackerman 2000:58-59).
Related Readings
Reliable and major sources from laws and department directives, such as circulars orders
and memoranda are reviewed by the researchers to have supported the topic under study. In
conducting a research about corruption and its roots in the government, laws and even history are
key concepts needed.
Corruption at Various Points in Philippine History. The use of the public officefor
private ends by government officials and private businessmen has been evident sincethe Spanish
period. De Jesus (1980), for example, writes that around the 17th century theChinese population
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often exceeded the immigration quota in Manila. “Royal ordersperiodically attempted to impose
an immigration quota. But the fees that the Chinese paidto obtain a residence permit encouraged
officials to ignore the limits so that they couldpocket the additional collections” (De Jesus,
1980:19-20). In the same work, De Jesusalso documents unethical practices in the management
of the government’s tobaccomonopoly even under the enlightened, liberal administration of
Governor Jose Basco.
Many Filipinos today would think that corruption was negligible during the American
colonial era. However, as suggested in Medina’s report, corruption in the provinces was not
altogether eradicated. According to McCoy (1994), the Americans even “used the term cacique
to describe the provincial elites who combined local office with landed wealth to gain
extraordinary control over the countryside.” Nevertheless, he added, “Similarly, the colonial
executive tried to use insular auditors to restrain rent seeking by an emerging national elite.
Although it was effectively penetrated and manipulated by these elites from the outset of
American rule, the colonial bureaucracy managed to maintain its influence until the
Commonwealth period of the 1930s” (McCoy, 1994:12).
Although American colonial rule tried its best at eradicating, there were incidents that
already indicated prevalence. Hutchcroft (1998: 67-68), for example, cites the solvency problems
faced by the Philippine National Bank (PNB) less than five years after its establishment in
1917.American colonial rule also helped develop another building block for the national spread
of corruption. It maintained and expanded a big and interventionist government within a
democratic framework.
The Marcos government has been often regarded as the most systematic and corrupt of all
government administrations in the Philippines. This is somewhat justified by the concentration of
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State powers in the President.Centralized the political power notwithstanding, graft and
corruption have been noted even at the lowest levels of government. Although the Marcos
government has been considered as the most corrupt of all, succeeding political administrations
had their own share and have not effectively controlled the problem. In fact, with the return to
democracy, the perception is that the floodgates of corruption have been opened for more people
at various levels of government and society. The vacuum left by the Marcos regime has been
filled and even widened; opportunities have simply become available to a broader population.
Anti-Corruption Laws in the Philippines.In the Philippines, ordinary criminal cases are
heard in the first instance by either regional trial courts or municipal trial courts.Trial court
decisions can be appealed to the Court of Appeals, and from there to the Supreme Court (the
highest court in the Philippines, with general appellate as well as constitutional jurisdiction).
(1.)Domestic Bribery – Private to Public.Bribery of public officials is penalized under
Articles 210 to 212 of the Revised Penal Code.There are other laws that penalize corrupt
acts/practices and prohibit the giving of gifts to public officers under certain
circumstances.Republic Act No. 3019 (The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) is the main
anti-corruption law.Republic Act 6713 (The Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees) prohibits public officials and employees from soliciting or accepting,
directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value
from any person: (a) in the course of their official duties; or (b) in connection with any operation
being regulated by, or any transaction which may be affected by, the functions of their office.
(2.) Domestic Bribery – Private to Private.Philippine laws currently do not
regulate/penalize private bribery.
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(3.)Corruption of Foreign Public Officials.Philippine laws currently do not penalize the
corruption of foreign public officials.
(4.) Facilitation Payments.Facilitation payments are not allowed under Philippine anti-
bribery and anti-corruption laws, as payments to public officials by reason of their official
position are penalized. Republic Act 9485 (The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007) specifically
prohibits facilitation payments. The Anti-Red Tape Act prohibits a public officer from fixing
and/or colluding with fixers in consideration of economic and/or other gain or advantage.The
Anti-Red Tape Act applies to all government offices and agencies, including local government
units and government-owned or -controlled corporations that provide frontline services.
Excluded from the coverage are those performing judicial, quasi-judicial and legislative
functions.
(5.) Compliance Programs. Generally, Philippine laws do not require persons or
companies to adopt a compliance program. The presence of a compliance program does not
mitigate or eliminate a person’s criminal liability.As an exception, prescription pharmaceutical
products and medical devices (PPMD) companies are required to establish a written compliance
program, approved and signed by the company head, to ensure compliance with Department of
Health Administrative Order No. 2015-0053 (“DOH AO 2015-0053”), or the Implementing
Guidelines on the Promotion and Marketing of Prescription Pharmaceutical Products and
Medical Devices, which regulates, among others, the promotion to and sponsorship of,
healthcare professionals of prescription pharmaceutical products and medical devices.
(6.) Regulator with jurisdiction to prosecute corruption.The Office of the Ombudsman
is tasked with the investigation and prosecution of any act or omission of any public officer or
employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper or
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inefficient. Bribery and corruption cases fall under the prosecutorial jurisdiction of the Office of
the Ombudsman.
THE CHAPTER III CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methods
The researchers underwent different methods to complete this research. This research is a
Qualitative Research. Qualitative research focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and
conversational communication.Qualitative research is based on the disciplines of social sciences
like psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Therefore, the qualitative research methods allow
for in-depth and further probing and questioning of respondents based on their responses, where
the researchers also tries to understand their motivation and feelings. Understanding how our
audience takes decisions can help derive the research’s final conclusions.
Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and
perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. This method is not only about
“what” people think but also “why” they think so. The researchers used two types of methods in
collecting data: firstly, Historical Research, which is the review of archival records and
contemporary documents and other written, and secondly, Interviewing Informants about the
research topic.
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In an effort to understand the evidence and clarify the origin of events and their impact on
current events, historical analysis examines the significance of past events. In doing so,
historians rely heavily on primary historical data (direct case reports, archival data - official
documents, personal records, and eyewitness records) and less often on secondary historical data
(information from individuals who have not experienced the incident). As what is stated by
Eugen Dimant, and Guglielmo Tosato from the University of Pennsylvania; " A particularly
strong focus is put on presenting and discussing insights resulting from empirical research and
contrasting recent with older findings."
Informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews of people who know what's
going on in the group. The aim of key informant interviews is to gather data from a broad range
of individuals who have first-hand knowledge of the environment, including community leaders,
experts, or residents. Our questionnaire is located on Appendix C in which the given questions
are mostly revolved around his/her opinion on corruption based on their experience/observation.
Its sole purpose is to gather enough knowledge for us to come to a conclusion in which we would
present.
Research Environment
The researchers conducted the study at Babag national high school located at Babag 1
Lapu-Lapu City, however the researchers are not technically stationed at BNHS. The researchers
initiated the study at their personal homes due to the phenomenon that is happening presently.
The researchers conducted their study in the “New normal” where all of the researcher’s work
are done and made through online. Research and surveys are being executed online through the
app called “Messenger”. Messenger is a messaging app and platform developed by Facebook,
Inc. Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008, the company revamped its messaging
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service in 2010, and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011 and
standalone Facebook Portal hardware for Messenger-based calling in Q4 2018..
Research Informants
In this study, the researchers used survey method to collect data. The questions are to be
answered by qualified Filipino citizens who are aware and knowledgeable enough of the
Research topic such as lawyers, teachers, government officials, and the like.There are a total of
five (5) informants.
RESPONDENTS’ FEMALE MALE

PROFESSION
Lawyer 1 0
Computer Technology 0 1
Business 1 0
Financial Wealth Planner 0 1
Teacher 1 0
TOTAL:3 TOTAL:2
Table 1: Research Informants
Research Instruments
The research instrument to be used by the researchers will be through interview. The
interview will be used to gathers more opinion and data from the informants. The questions to be
used will be simple to avoid unnecessary information to be given to the chosen informants. The
questions will give the satisfactory rating for the subjects of The Truth on The Roots of
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Corruption in The Government that only students and teachers of IAU can answer. The questions
are carefully formulated by the researchers so that the researchers would acquire more accurate
answers from the respondents. These questions are carefully based from the problem of this
research to be able to acquire the right information from the informants.
Research Procedures
Asking permission:
The researchers had asked each possible informant if they are willing to be part of this
study and ensured the informants are only going to answer the interview on their free time.
Interview:
The researchers constructed a 9-item interview. The questions were focused on the truth
of the roots of corruption in the government and carefully based on the study’s problem. A test
was administered to the students of IAU to determine their answers and opinions regarding the
questions.
Preparation of the Interview:
The researchers constructed a 9-item interview. The questions were focused on the truth
of the roots of corruption in the government.
Administration of Interview:
An interview through Google Forms was administered to the chosen five (5) students
from IAU to determine their answers and opinions regarding the questions.
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THE CHAPTER IV CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION
This section focuses on presenting the data gathered by the researchers through
interviewing five informants who are qualified to be able to take part of this research. Data for
each question has been simplified through the presentation of charts, figures, and the like. These
questions are carefully based on the research’s statement of the problem in order to obtain the
right data, to come up with the proper conclusion. An Analysis and Interpretation will be given
for each question/data as generally speaking, analyzing, and interpreting the raw data should go
hand in hand in orderto give meaningful results.
1. Is corruption is a predicament in our country?
100%
Yes No
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Figure 2: Question 1 Result Data
ANALYSIS:Figure 1 presents question number one’s data with 100% (all five informants)
agreeing that corruption is indeed a predicament in our country.
INTERPREATATION:People or the citizens are actually aware of the predicament that
circulates our governing officials of the country.
2A. Is corruption necessarily positive or negative?
100%
Positive Negative
Figure 3: Question 2A Result Data

ANALYSIS: Figure 2 presents question number 2A’s data with 100% (all five informants)
agreeingthat corruption is actually negative.
INTERPRETATION: In a sense, people or the citizens are knowledgeable enough to say that
corruption is generally negative.
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2B. Why?
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
It is a crime It causes negative impact to the society
Figure 4: Question 2B Result Data
ANALYSIS: Figure 3 presents question 2B’s data which supports question 2A, with 4 of 5
informants chose only either of the two reasons, while 1 of 5 informants chose to answer both
reasons.
INTERPRETATION: Why is corruption negative? Judging from the status data presented, 60%
(3 out of 5) of the people thinks that corruption is negative because it is a crime. While another
60% (3 out of 5) thinks that corruption is negative because it causes negative impact to the
society. Both of the choices are right and accurate. Our wisdom gives us the right to decide on
what is right and wrong, and corruption is wrong because it is a crime, it is an unlawful act. At
the same time, it causes negative impact to the society because corrupting your people means
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starving them. Politicians take the money all for themselves while the citizens are hopelessly
starving or worst case, dying.
3A. Does corruption affect Filipino citizens?
100%
Yes No
Figure 5: Question 3A Result Data
ANALYSIS: Figure 4 presents question number 3A’s data with 100% (all five informants)
agreeing that corruption affect the Filipino Citizens.
INTERPRETATION: Corruption generally will always affect the citizens because corruption
prevents the natural laws of the economy from functioning freely. As a result, corruption in a
nation's political and economic operations causes its entire society to suffer.
3B. How?
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2.5
1.5
0.5
0
Poverty Shortage of Benefits Economic Crisis
Figure 6: Question 3B Result Data
ANALYSIS: Figure 5 presents question 3B’s data which supports question 3A, with 40% (2 out
of5) saying that corruption causes poverty. Another, 40% (2 out of 5) saying it causes a shortage
of benefits for the citizens. And 20% (1 out 5) saying corruption causes economic crisis.
INTERPRETATION: Eighty percent of the respondents says that poverty and shortage of
benefits are effects of corruption. Corruption causes shortage of benefits and poverty through
lower economic growth; biased tax systems favoring the rich and well-connected; poor targeting
of social programs; use of wealth by the well-to-do to lobby government for favorable policies
that perpetuate inequality in asset ownership; lower social spending; unequal access to education;
and a higher risk in investment decisions of the poor.
4. Why does corruption exist?
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ANALYSIS: Figure 6 presents question four’s data; this question asks the informants regarding
the cause/s of the existence of corruption. 100% (5 out of 5) believe it is due to the personal
benefit of the individual (money, greed, pride, et al.). 80% (4 out of 5) believe it is due to the
domineering “mana-system” or political dynasties. 60% (3 out 5) believe it is present for
commencing higher levels of political or market monopolization. 60% (3 out of 5) also believe
that it is a product of coercion, threat, and intimidation. 40% (2 out of 5) believe it is due to lack
of education. 10% (1 out of 5) believe it is due to weak property rights.
INTERPRETATION: Personal greed that leads to an unfettered desire for money or power,
with no regard whatsoever to moral boundaries. The underlying anthropological cause is the
innate human impulse to own external goods, when it is not subject to personal integrity.No
sense of service when working in public or private institutions. This is seen, for instance, in those
who use politics for their selfish interests, instead of serving the common good through politics.
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Regardless of the above, corruption cannot be assessed unambiguously, since there is
never only one phenomenon that is responsible for the occurrence and the development of it;
corruption always arises from an array of several, interrelated factors, which can differ
considerably from one another.
5. In what period do you think that the means of corruption prevailed/started in our country?
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Pre-colonial Era Spanish Period American Period
Japanese Period Contemporary Period
ANALYSIS: Figure 7 presents question five’s data, with 60% (3 out 5) believing that corruption
prevailed or started during the Spanish Period. 40% (2 out of 5) also believed that corruption
prevailed or started during the Pre-Colonial Era.
INTERPRETATION: Historical interpretations of graftand corruption in the
Philippinesattribute the phenomenon to thecolonial experience.The phenomenon of graft and
corruption in the present Philippine bureaucracy could betraced to the Philippine colonial
experience, especially duringthe Spanish period, but certain features in the culture of pre-
conquest Philippines could be described as amenable to corrupt behavior. It was during
theAmerican period that public service was very much improved because adequate compensation
was given to. those in the civil service; and the civilservice law waseffective in punishing guilty
officials. The climate of rectitudewas maintained throughout the Commonwealth period.
6. Why do you think corruption is still a relative condition in our country?
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100%
It affects our lives Others
ANALYSIS: Figure 8 presents question six’s data with 100% (all five informants) agreed that
corruption is a relative condition in our country as it affects the citizen’s lives.
INTERPRETATION: Corruption is a very big deal in every country because it affects people’s
lives and it also affects the overall community thus would disrupt economy. Corruption tends to
pull away the composition of public expenditure from the necessary fixed assets for health and
education, as there is less chance of getting commissions than from other, perhaps unnecessary
projects. It also reduces the effectiveness of public investments and the infrastructure of a
country.
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7. What should a Filipino Citizen, or perhaps you, do to stop corruption?
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
File legal actions and speak out Follow correct procedures and Be knowledgeable and wise
protocols
ANALYSIS: Figure 9 presents question seven’s data with, 40% (2 out of 5) says that filing legal
actions and speaking out should be done. Another 40% (2 out of 5) says that people should
follow correct procedures and protocols. Lastly, 20% (1 out of 5) says that the people should be
knowledgeable and wise.
INTERPRETATION: Corruption is a complex phenomenon that is almost never explained by a
single cause. Because of the complexity of the phenomenon, the fight against corruption must be
pursued on many fronts. It is a fight that cannot be won in months or in years, a corrupt-free
nation would only be possible by constantly fighting against it. There are many other laws that
penalize corrupt acts/practices and prohibit the giving of gifts to public officers under certain
circumstances.Bribery of public officials is penalized under Articles 210 to 212 of the Revised
Penal Code.While this is true, you would also need to follow correct procedures and protocols
42 | P a g e
for there would be a tendency of a frame-up, in other words you'd be accused of crime. You also
need to be knowledgeable and wise for you not to be easily fooled by the Corrupt Government.
8. What should be done to cleanse the government from this dilemma? Is it even possible?
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
It is possible. It take a lot of time and a proper It is impossible.
leader would be needed.
ANALYSIS: Figure 10 presents question eight’s data with, 80% (4 out of 5) says that cleansing
the government of corruption, is possible. While, 20% (1 out of 5) says that it is impossible.
INTERPRETATION: In the graph it is clear or obvious that people have high hopes for change
in our Government, 80% of them wishes or thinks that it is possible. Yes, it is possible but it
would take a lot of time and a proper leader with a proper mindset to change the whole
community and not just the Government. A leader who wishes to serve his country with all his
heart, someone who would always think for others before him/herself, and someone who is
earnest and has all the components of a true leader is hard to find here in the Philippines. That is
why some people think that it is impossible to cleanse the government, 20% of the respondents
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thinks that it is impossible to stop corruption. Nevertheless, it is not right to have a negative
mindset. Even if there is a little hope of cleansing the Government, we should cling to it.
9. Do you think we're going to be "corrupt-free" in the near future? Why or why not?
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
Possible Nearly Impossible Impossible
ANALYSIS: Figure 11 presents question nine’s data with, 40% (2 out of 5) says it is possible to
have a corrupt-free government in the near future. While,possible 60% (3 out of 5) says that is
impossible.
INTERPRETATION: In the near future 40% of the respondents thinks that it is possible that
our Government will be “corrupt-free”. This depends if there will be a leader who is brave and
earnest enough to cleanse and change the Government. The rest 60% of respondents thinks that it
is impossible because of the reason of our current state here in the Philippines in where there is a
lot of corruption. Government officials are greedy for money and status also corrupting the
people around them. As a result, other people are influenced and when time comes that they get a
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hold of their own power and money, they will use it for corruption. It is the embarrassing cycle
that is happening in our country.
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THE CHAPTER V CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Corruption is a problem in any state as long as the state functions without anarchy. It
causes a problem in the provision of basic goods and services in a society and its mere presence
accentuates the fact that the government is not working in a decorous way and that the monetary
system under which the workers work is therefore, not enough to sustain the world in which they
live in, one that affects us all.
This study was carried out to assess the political corruption where the idea of a public
officials that acts as the breach towards his professional duties in exchange to his personal
gain.The study aims to answer the three main problems of the study:
1. Why is corruption in our country pertinent?
2. How is corruption maintained by the passing and forwarding regimes?
3. What can we do, as a Filipino citizen, to curtail and inhibit the said defects of the
governmental supervision?
One hundred percent (5 out of 5) of the informants says corruption is a current
predicament in our country, is negative since it affects the citizens, and is present due to the
personal benefit of the individual (money, greed, pride, et al.). Corruption prevailed in the
Spanish Colonization period. It is a relative condition in our country and as citizens it is essential
to know that it is not necessarily impossible to eradicate corruption, but it is possible with
constant actions with the contribution of each person in the community.
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Also, corruption hinders the effective development of political systems in a country. This
vice promotes patronage that is serious threats to democratic processes. Most corrupt nations
experience civil disobedience and political instability that hamper development projects. The
introduction of multi-party democratic systems is usually hampered by the corruption that
compromises the legitimacy of political parties and individuals. Civil disobedience and lack of
trust in political institutions propel individuals to protest and demand the removal of their leaders
from power.
Moreover, this vice stalls development projects and subjects citizens to abject poverty
because of a lack of transparency and accountability in public offices. Corruption enables few
individuals that have money to have their way and get what they want while those that do not
have been forced to look for other alternatives. Poverty and unemployment are common
occurrences in societies that condone corruption, and they cannot develop because of poor
management systems. The need to offer quality services like improving infrastructure, medical
facilities, schools, and social amenities is compromised by the lack of transparent processes of
awarding tenders and distributing resources in a society.
Lastly, this vice discourages unity and cooperation in society because some individuals
think they are more important than others. Unequal distribution of national resources and
restricted access to public services lead to frustration and apathy among citizens, and this
weakens the fabric that binds members of the society. This leads to social inequality and the
emergence of class differences that violate the dignity and rights of individuals. Uncontrolled
corruption widens the gap between the rich and poor, and this results in a weak civil society.
47 | P a g e
Conclusion
Based on the findings, all informants agreed that corruption is an existing dilemma in our
country due to the personal benefit of an individual (money, greed, pride, etc.). 80% believe it is
because of the domineering “mana-system” or political dynasties. 60% think that corruption is a
product of coercion, threat, and intimidation and also, corruption is existent for commencing
higher levels of political or market monopolization. 40% believe it is because of lack of
education. 20% believe that it is because of weak property rights.
Corruption is maintained by the passing and the forwarding regimes as official are
constantly having their own reasons for committing such crime. These officials are always
present no matter what era ever since the Spanish Colonization. Because of the complexity of the
phenomenon, it is impossible to have a corrupt-free nation in the near future, but it is still
possible if the people constantly fight for it and be led by a proper leader.
By being educated, filing legal actions through correct protocols and procedures, and by
speaking out, are three steps in trying to obtain a corrupt-free government in the far future. If all
people are to know, corruption, everyone will have a more open mind with the situation.
Everyone setting aside all personal wants and greed, and constantly fighting against corruption,
surely, it will have a positive effect for the community. Justice, equity, and equality will prevail.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
 The researchers recommend a focused and well-coordinated research and organize
applicants who are more generally equipped of this knowledge to be able to partake of
this research like government officials and cultural workers etc.
 The researchers recommend to organize this research in a more suitable time and
environment.
 The researchers recommend to physically interview the informants.
 The researchers recommend that further analysis on this specific study should be handled
by professionals. In depth intel on specified subject shall be classified for it may bring
harm to unprofessional researchers.
 The researchers recommend to make a more suitable interview to gather the best and
more accurate data as much as possible.
 The researchers recommend to use more sources which are more informative, accurate,
and certified in researching.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved from HackBrain.net: https://hackbrain.net/main-causes-of-corruption/

Endriga, J. N. (1979). Historical Notes on Graft and Corruption. Philippine Journal of Public
Administration.
Hulten, D. M. (n.d.). Retrieved from corruptie.org: http://www.corruptie.org/en/corruption/what-
is-corruption/
Johnston, M. (2012). Political and Social Foundations for Reform: Anti-Corruption Strategies for
the Philippines.
MELÉ, D. (2014, November 6). IESE Business School University of Navarra. Retrieved from
blog.iese.edu: https://blog.iese.edu/ethics/2014/11/06/corruption-10-possible-causes/
P, O. U. (2, December 2020). Soapboxie. Retrieved from Soapboxie.com:
https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/corruption-solutionandcuses
Sanjeev Gupta, H. D.-T. (1998). Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty? IMF
Working Paper.
Šumah, Š. (2017, October 17). InTech Open. Retrieved from intechopen.com:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/trade-and-global-market/corruption-causes-and-
consequences
Tosato, E. D. (2017). Causes and Effects of Corruption: What has Past Decade's Empirical
Research Taught us? A Survey. Journal of Economic Surveys.
Ulman, S.-R. (2014). Different Levels of Corruption Influence on the Main Components. Elsevier
B.V.
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THE APPENDICES CONTENTS AND ITS SECTIONS
APPENDIX A – TRANSMITTAL LETTER FOR APPROVAL
May 30, 2022
Mr. Garvin Q. Velos School Principal, SHS

Purok Butterfly, Babag 1, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
Dear Mr. Velos:
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research, the researchers are

presently conducting research entitled “THE TRUTH ON THE ROOTS OF
CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERMENT”. For this reason, the researchers
would like to ask permission from your office to conduct interview to
respective informants through online platforms.
Your consideration is greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
Sincerely yours,
(SGD Cg Manulat, Leader
Researcher
Noted by: (SGD) Ma’am Lolita C. Puray

Research Professor
Approved by: (SGD) Mr. Garvin Q. Velos

School Principal
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APPENDIX B - TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE INFORMANTS
May 29, 2022
Dear Informant: Judge Cynara Hannah Cayton,
Greetings!
We are the students of Babag National Highschool, SH Grade 12 w h o a r e e n r o l l e d
i n R e s e a r c h 4 . P r es e n t l y , w e a r e conducting a study entitled “THE TRUTH ON THE
ROOTS OF CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERMENT”. I n t h e r e g a r d , w e a r e a s k i n g
f o r y o u r p r e c i o u s t i m e a n d e f f o r t t o a n s w e r a l l t h e i n t e r v i e w g u i d e questions
(see attached interview guide questions) during interview for the completion of the
study .R es t as s ured that all data gathered from you w ill be kept in the highes t
level of confidentiality.
Your positive response in this request will be valuable contribution for the success of the study.
Thank you very much for your cooperation.
Sincerely yours,
(SGD) Manulat Cg V. , Leader

Researcher
Approved by:
(SGD) Ma’am Lolita C. Puray

Research Professor
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May 29, 2022
Dear Informant: Mr. Kenneth Roger Monilar,
Greetings!
Sincerely yours,

Researcher
Approved by:

Research Professor
53 | P a g e
May 29, 2022
Dear Informant:Mrs.Amalia Aytona,
Greetings!
Sincerely yours,

Researcher
Approved by:

Research Professor
54 | P a g e
May 29, 2022
Dear Informant: Mr.Don Joey L. Villacampa,
Greetings!
Sincerely yours,

Researcher
Approved by:

Research Professor
55 | P a g e
May 29, 2022
Dear Informant:Mrs. Immacualate D. Salih,
Greetings!
Sincerely yours,

Researcher
Approved by:

Research Professor
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APPENDIX C - INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS
Interview Guide Questions:
https://forms.gle/j2z1AqemFE5Ugeji9
The following are the questions used in the interview for the informants to answer:
1. Is corruption a predicament in our country? (Yes or No)
2A. Is corruption necessarily positive or negative? (Positive or Negative)
2B. Why?
3A.Does corruption affect Filipino citizens? (Yes or No)
3B. How?
4.Why do you think corruption exists?
The informants are given 6 choices. The informants can choose at least 1 or more of
these given choices:
o Due to the personal benefit of the individual (money, greed, pride, et al.)
o For commencing higher levels of political or market monopolization
o Due to lack of education
o Due to weak property rights
o It is a product of coercion, threat and intimidation
o Due to the domineering "mana-system" (political dynasties)
5. In what period do you think that the means of corruption prevailed/started in our country?
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 The informants are given 5 choices. (The informants can only choose one of these
given choices)
o Pre-colonial Era
o Spanish Period
o American Period
o Japanese Period
o Contemporary Period
8. What should be done to cleanse the government from this dilemma? Is it even possible?
9. Do you think we're going to be "corrupt-free" in the near future? Why or why not?
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APPENDIX D - TRANSCRIPTIONS OF THE INTERVIEW
All interviews only happened only online via a messaging app, Messenger. All
informants are said to be busy and opt to directly answer the interview through Google Forms,
right after they read the Transmittal Letter sent by the researchers.
 First Interview
Name of the Interviewer: Cg Manulat
Name of the Respondent: Amalia Aytona
Date and Time: May 29, 2022 – 8:48pm
Answer: Yes
Answer: Negative
2B. Why?
Answer: They use money for themselves instead of using it for projects which people can
benefit
Answer: Yes
3B. How?
Answer: Causes poverty to worsen
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Answer:
*Due to the personal benefit of the individual (money, greed, pride, et al.)
*Due to lack of education
*Due to the domineering “mana-system” (political dynasties)
5. In what period do you think that the means of corruption prevailed/started in our
country?
Answer: Pre-colonial Era
Answer: There’s no changes the way politicians lead and the way people live, still at the
brink of survival.
Answer: Know the politician and vote wisely
8. What should be done to cleanse the government from this dilemma? Is it even
possible?
Answer: Yes, it’s possible. It only takes a tough and a loyal leader to punish those
corrupts
9. Do you think we’re going to be “corrupt-free” in the near future? Why or Why not?
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Answer: That would only be possible if everyone of us becomes disciplined enough and
learn to value money and power for the sake of all, and not for the benefit of ourselves.
 Second Interview
Name of the Respondent: Don Joey L. Villacampa
Date and Time: May 29, 2022 – 9:48am
Answer: Yes
Answer: Negative
2B. Why
Answer: It breeds dishonesty and bribery.
Answer: Yes
3B. How?
Answer: Filipino citizens are being shortchanged of the benefits they are supposed to
enjoy.
Answer:
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*For commencing higher levels of political or market monopolization
*Due to lack of education
*Due to weak property rights
*It is a product of coercion, threat and intimidation
country?
Answer: Spanish Period
6. Why do you think corruptions is still a relative condition in our country?
Answer: Because it affects our daily lives
7. What should a Filipino Citizen, or perhaps you, do to stop a corruption?
Answer: We should practice honesty and implement properly rules and regulations.
Follow correct procedures and protocols.
possible?
Answer: It is remotely possible only with the strong-willed leader.
62 | P a g e
Answer: I don’t think so because a lot of leaders have tried but failed in eradicating
corruption totally.
 Third Interview
Name of the Respondent: Immacualate D. Salih
Date and Time: May 29, 2022 – 9:06pm
Answer: Yes
Answer: Negative
2B. Why?
Answer: It is very unethical to do such a thing where in fact it is definitely a crime once
you are proven guilty it gives and creates impacts not just on human as well as on the
society.
Answer: Yes
3B. How?
Answer: By creating poverty to Filipinos and mislead to trust the government and state.
63 | P a g e
Answer:
*For commencing higher levels of political or market monopolization
*It is a product of coercion, threat and intimidation
country?
Answer: Spanish Period
Answer: It is because it gives more avenue to the personal benefit of the individual.
Answer: To educate oneself.
possible?
Answer: No, maybe the authority itself may choose the honest one to lead the
government and it’s state.
Answer: No, unless there is a personal interest to do such a bad things this dilemma
would not be able to solve.
 Fourth Interview
64 | P a g e
Name of the Respondent: Cynara Hannah Cayton
Date and Time: May 29, 2022 – 8:13am
Answer: Yes
Answer: Negative
2B. Why?
Answer: It inhibits the development and growth of a country.
Answer: Yes
3B. How?
Answer: Allocation of budget for projects aimed towards a particular sector is
diminished. Hence, the progress of such sector is affected.
Answer:
* Due to the personal benefit of the individual (money, greed, pride, et al.)
* For commencing higher levels of political or market monopolization
* It is a product of coercion, threat and intimidation
65 | P a g e
* Due to the domineering “mana-system” (political dynasties)
country?
Answer: Spanish period
6. Why do you think corruptions is still a relative condition in our country?
Answer: It still exists because certain individuals prioritize their personal gain of wealth
than the common good of societal progress and development.
7. What should a Filipino Citizen, or perhaps you, do to stop a corruption?
Answer: Report corrupt individuals to the proper authorities. File legal actions against
them.
8. What should be done to cleanse the government from this dilemma? Is is even
possible?
Answer: Is it difficult, but not impossible. Impositioning of harsher and/or stricter
sanctions against corrupt individuals can possibly deter such acts from happening.
Answer: Hopefully. It can only happen if we continuously strive to stop corrupt
individuals from what they are doing. Legal actions must be filed against them.
66 | P a g e
 Fifth Interview
Name of the Respondent: Kenneth Roger Monilar
Date: May 29, 2022 – 12:26am
Answer: Yes
Answer: Negative
2B. Why?
Answer: Corruption in itself is a serious crime for an authorized person undertaken for
their own means. Not only does he commits fraud and dishonesty but also causing a negative
impact towards the society and the community.
Answer: Yes
3B. How?
Answer: Given that the person entrusted with position of authority misused his power by
commiting fraud would affect the Filipino citizens through; 1. Economic crisis, 2. Pay
off’s the inrealistic costs for businesses which would lead to, 3. Price increase of goods
67 | P a g e
Answer:
country?
Answer: Pre-colonial Era
Answer: Because many citizens still are voting for those politicians who gave them
money during the election.
Answer: Be armoured with truth and learn to speak out.
possible?
Answer: It is possible but it would take time. Must take thorough investigation.
Answer: It will be impossible.
68 | P a g e
APPENDIX E – DOCUMENTATION
Figure 13: Documentation 1 Figure 14: Documentation 2 Figure 15: Documentation 3
69 | P a g e
Figure 16: Documentation 4 Figure 17: Documentation 5
70 | P a g e
71 | P a g e

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THE TRUTH ON THE ROOTS OF CORRUPTION

Presented to the SENIOR HIGH FACULTY

Babag National High School

Babag 1, Lapulapu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Course

ONG, JOHN VINCENT S.

SAN GRABRIEL, GABRIEL LAURENCE

LOMOCSO, JENNY ROSE

This investigatory project entitledTHE TRUTH ON THE ROOTS OF

Mr. Allan Godinez

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ________

there to support their child to the end;

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents,

who have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength

when we thought of giving up, who continually provide their moral,

spiritual, emotional and financial support.

To our adviser, teachers, friends, classmates, brothers and sisters

And lastly, we dedicated this project to the man above us,

our almighty father, thank you for the guidance, strength,

All of these we offer to you.

Researchers : MANULAT, CG V. ,ONG, JOHN VINCENT S. ,VIOS, JARVEE, SAN GRABRIEL,

Grade and Section : 12 – ACG

School : Babag National high school

Adviser : Allan C. Godinez

Date Completed : 5/30/2022

A. Rationale of the Study 9-10

A. Related Literature 19-21

A. Research Method 28-29

CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION32-43

CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44

A. Summary of Findings 44-45

Appendices A. Transmittal Letter for Approval 49

Table 1: Research Informants 30

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework 15

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

The corruption of public officials and institutions— “political corruption”—is generally

corruption measures aimed at remedying the negative consequences of this phenomenon,

(e.g., loss of political trust—see Della Porta & Vannucci, 1999).

an instance of political corruption from other forms of personal misconduct. Is it a necessary

corruption and the composition of government expenditure.

uncertainties, a growing number of political philosophers have engaged in conceptual and

normative analyses of political corruption. The adoption of a philosophical perspective allows

wrongfulness of this form of corruption as a political and personal bad.

Theoretical Background of the Study

Corruptionis a portent destabilizing national to international scale of development efforts

typologies, undermines humanitarian assistance, poverty alleviation, human development, and

Functional psychology and behavioral functionalism surfaced within psychology in the

science, functionalist rationalizations of corruption appeared in the work of Political Science

oppressive supervisory obligations, disseminating resources, and producing economic growth

investors in a neo-functionalist argument, arguing that corruption can be viewed as a form of

“problem-solving”, a useful way of dealing with problems that people face.

until now, prevalent.

Rooted in methodological individualism, rational choice theory forms human behavior as

happier, more satisfied, or better off, such as power or money.

collective good. Köbis et al (2016) label this as the “social dilemma”.

profitable rent-seeking (self-benefiting) behaviors are unlikely to be passed up.

incentives for individuals to be corrupt. Norms like kin favoritism influence

benefits endowed by corruption.If corruption is a normative issue, there are few

benefits for acting ethically in a predominantly corrupt environment. In fact, in such

behavior (e.g. improved economic growth) by making communally coherent

bribery,misrepresentation, deceit, intimidation, force or threatsand everything aforementioned in