Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY
Abhishek Manik Chavan
(190101062004)
GUIDE
MS. Madhuri Nikam
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SANDIP UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Page 2 of 106
SANDIP UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Examiners
1) External
2) Internal
Place: Nashik
Date:
Page 3 of 106
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that work which is being presented in this Project entitled
EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR REDUCING CRACKS IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURES in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering of Sandip University, Nashik
• The work contained in this Project work is original and has been done by myself
under the general supervision of my supervisor
• The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for degree or diploma
• I have followed the Institute norms and guidance and abide by the regulation as
given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute
• Whenever I have used materials ( data, theory and text) from other sources I
have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving
their details in the references section
• The project report document has been throughly checked to exclude plagiarism
• This Programme being a full time programme, I had not enrolled for any other
educational degree programme/ and not involved in any form of employment
during this time period
190101062004
A.Y. 2021-2022
Page 4 of 106
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Madhuri Nikam for his
excellent guidance and continuous encouragement during course of my work. I truly
appreciate for his vast knowledge and delight supervision and advice.
I would also like to thank to all the faculty members of the department for their
valuable guidance and support during the course of my work. Also I would like to
thank all my friends who have directly or indirectly helped me in my project work
throughout the course.
I would like to thank Library in charge for providing all the necessary research
materials and book required during the duration of course.
Finally I would to thank my parents, from whom I learnt the value of hard
work and its fruitful results.
Page 5 of 106
CONTENT
Chapter 1 Introduction 6
Chapter 3 Methodology 20
Chapter 5 References 31
Page 6 of 106
List of Figures
4 Permeability of Concrete 6
5 Corrosion on reinforcement 7
6 Moisture content 7
7 Creep 8
14 Cracks at corner 23
15 Cracks at beam 23
16 Fresh Concrete 24
17 Steel Fibre 30
18 Glass Fibre 31
Page 7 of 106
19 Sample tray 32
21 Compacting bar 32
23 Curing tank 33
24 Permanent marker 33
25 Barrow 33
26 Spanner 33
27 Scoop 33
29 Pouring of Concrete 34
42 Demoulding of moulds 42
43 Demoulding of moulds 42
44 Curing tank 43
50 Components of UTM 47
Page 9 of 106
58 Steel Fibre Cube after failure 59
Page 10 of 106
List of reports
Page 11 of 106
Page 12 of 106
List of tables
4 Complete Table 90
Page 13 of 106
ABSTRACT
Building cracks are most common type of problem in any type of building. So, it is important
to understand the cause and the measure to be taken for prevention. Though cracks in
concrete cannot be prevented entirely but they can be controlled by using adequate material
and technique of construction and considering design criteria. We all dream of a house
structurally safe and aesthetically beautiful but it is not so easy. Due to some faulty steps
during construction or some unavoidable reasons different type of cracks starts to appear on
various structural and non-structural parts of the building with the passage of time. It is not
necessary that all types of cracks require serious attention but there are some typical types of
cracks that are structurally hazardous. So, timely identifications of such cracks and adopting
preventive measures is essential. This study work briefly describes about various direct and
indirect observation methods using simple as well as sophisticated instruments to deal with
such problems. It insights the process how cracks leads to ultimate structural failure. It also
explains various causes of crack and their respective remedial measures. From this study it is
found that the building cracks has direct and indirect impacts. And also it is found that
building cracks do not cause structural problem in direct way but it facilitates the activities
which ultimately cause the problem.
Keywords:- cracking, shrinkage, remedies, steel fibre, glass fibre, permeability of concrete,
crack width and spacing
Page 14 of 106
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Occurrence of various cracks in the building during construction after completion when it is
subjected to super imposed load or during the service life, is a common phenomenon. A
building component develops cracks whenever the stress in the components exceeds its
strength. Stress in the building component could be caused by externally applied forces, such
as dead, live, wind or seismic loads, foundations settlements etc or it could be induced
internally due to thermal movements, moisture changes, elastic deformation, chemical action
etc.
The crack width can be controlled and governed by adequate detailing of reinforcement. A
more number of smaller diameter bars which are placed and properly distributed in tension
zone lessen the width of crack more adequately than the larger diameter bars of the same area
It has been found in studies that the crack formations are closely related with the tensile and
compressive loadings on the concrete. Whenever there is a restraint to movement due to
dimensional changes because of internal stresses, cracks occur. Internal stresses can be tensile
, compressive or shear. Taking compressive case, before loading starts, volumetric changes
occur in cement resulting in cracks on mortar and aggregate boundary cracks do not go
beyond the boundary but when the load is increased above this limit, cracks are formed
throughout the concrete. Further increasing the compressive load above 70%, these cracks
travel even deeper in the concrete and keep going further with the increasing load. This keeps
going till the concrete finally fail and collapse. In case of tensile load, this upper limit is of
60% of the tensile strength of concrete
Page 15 of 106
• Non Structural Cracks- These are mostly due to internally induced stresses in
buildings materials and do not endanger safety of buildings but may look unsightly, or
may create an impression or faulty work or may give a feeling of instability. In some
situations due to penetration of moisture through them non-structural cracks may spoil
the internal finishes third is adding to the cost of maintenance, or the reinforcement
thereby adversely affected the stability of the structure in the long run
eg:- vertical crack in a long compound wall due to shrinkage or thermal movement
Cracks may appreciably vary in width from very thin hair crack barely visible to naked eye to
gaping crack, depending upon the crack width cracks are classified as:
• Thin Crack- less than 1mm in width
• Medium Crack- 1 to 2 mm in width
• Wide Crack- more than 2 mm in width
• Crazing- Occurrence of closely spaced fine cracks at the surface of a
material is called crazing
Cracks me of uniform with throughout or maybe narrow at one and gradually widening at the
other . Crack maybe straight, toothed, stepped, map pattern or of random type and maybe
vertical or horizontal or diagonal. Cracks maybe only at surface or may extend to more than
one layer of material. Cracks due to different causes have varying characteristics and be the
careful observation of these characteristics, one can diagnose the cause of cracking for
adopting the appropriate remedial measures
Page 16 of 106
Page 17 of 106
Chapter 1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. Thermal Movement:- The cracks due to thermal movement is caused either due to
external heat I.e due to variation in ambient temperature or due to internally generated heat
I.e due to heat of hydration in mass concrete during construction. Cracks in the building
component due to thermal movements opens and closes alternatively with changes in the
ambient temperature
Page 18 of 106
Page 19 of 106
5. Creep:- Building materials such as concrete, brickwork, mortar, timber etc. when
subjected to sustained load not only under go instantaneous elastic deformation but also
under go a gradual and slow time dependent deformation known as creep or plastic strain.
Creep may be due to giving internal vids, viscous flow of the cement-water paste, crystalline
flow in aggregates and flow of water out of the cement gel due to external load and moisture
Page 20 of 106
Page 21 of 106
Chapter 1.3
There are several factors that prove the importance of study and it can be used
from a data base to morphological behaviour knowledge of cracks in buildings as well as use
by professionals of area in form of strategic planning, using the materials in a very to
correcting greater prevalence failures and intensity detected, factors that often occurs due to
lack of technical practical knowledge. This results on problems that can be corrected in
several phases and a building, both in the design, execution and building use, given that the
literature gives indications that sooner their diagnoses and their possible solutions are started,
less is monetary value involved
Page 22 of 106
Chapter 1.4
Page 23 of 106
Chapter 1.4
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes review on past analysis and experimental work done and what results
were obtained for the development of structure to repair cracks. The below mentioned are
some reviews which are provides necessary help for each considerations and development in
the structure to prevent cracks
Page 25 of 106
Page 26 of 106
7. Amit Gupta, Rahul Sharma “ Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete” (2020) The use of
Steel Fibre Reinforced Composites in infrastructure applications is becoming more popular
with the introduction of new high performance materials. Steel Fibre Reinforced composites
are introduced to enhance the overall performance of structures, such as composite bridge
decks, beams, bearing walls etc. This review from the past experiences presents the results of
experimental and analytical studies done on composite materials made of fibre reinforced
concrete overlaid on Conventional Reinforcement with Concrete. Results show that
composite structure possess good compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
ultimate capacity.
Page 27 of 106
Principal Causes Occurrence of Cracks in Building are as follows
1. Moisture changes
2. Thermal changes
3. Elastic deformation
4. Creep
5. Chemical reaction
6. Foundation movement and settlement of soil
7. Vegetation
1. Moisture Changes
As a general rule, most of the building materials having pores in their mortar,
burnt clay bricks, some stones, timber, etc. Expand on absorbing moisture and shrink on
drying. These movements are reversible, that is cyclic in nature and is caused by increase or
decrease in the inter-pore pressure with moisture changes, extent of movement depending on
molecular structure and porosity of a material. The various effects of moisture changes:-
a) Reversible Movement
b) Initial Shrinkage
The various causes of initial shrinkage are
- Cement Content
- Water Content
- Aggregates
- Use of accelerators
- Curing
- Presence of excessive fines
- Humidity
- Composition of cement
- Temperature
Page 28 of 106
2. Movement deu to Thermal Variation
expand on heating and contract on cooling. Magnitude of movement, however, varies for
different materials depending on their molecular structure and other properties. Factors
affecting the thermal movement are:
• Colour and Surface Characteristics
• Thermal Conductivity
• Provision of an insulating or Protective Layer
• Internally Generated Heat
Page 29 of 106
made up of delayed elastic strain which recovers when load is removed and viscous strain
which appears as permanent set and remains after removal of load
Page 30 of 106
Chapter 3
Methodology
Literature
Study on Cracks
Review
Casting of
Curing of Cubes
Cubes
Adding Steel
Reinforcement
Testing on CTM & Glass Fibres
on other
Concrete Cubes
Result
& Testing on CTM
Discussion
Conclusion
Page 31 of 106
For a better and throughout understanding a case study was carried out at O.P.
Jindal Institute of Technology, Rajgarh Chhattisgarh. OPJIT although being a fairly new
institution having started in 2008. Most of the structure in the campus including institutional
building, Hostel etc are composite structures where columns are of structural steel slabs being
RCC. This combination has led to occurrence of cracks at all the major juncture points of
steel and concrete. The use of improper design mix. Improper curing along with many other
reasons has led to different structural and non-structural cracks. For the cracks all the
prominent cracks were identified and classified on its possible causes. Subsequently remedial
measures for each of those cracks have been identified and listed. The second stage,
responsible for diagnosis, explains the influence of any information on global construction
behaviour. Continuing the last and third stage consists of prognosis that is mentions the
consequences that will arise if the corrective measures for problem elimination are not made,
indicating what are these if the corrective measures to be executed in the building. In the
month of July 2014, the main building of the college and as well as all the internal rooms was
inspected carefully and each type of cracks were photographed and recorded for the further
observation
The cracks have been categorised on the basis of
a) Thin:- less than 1 mm in width
b) Medium:- 1 to 2 mm in width
c) Wide:- more than 2 mm in width
Page 32 of 106
Page 33 of 106
Page 34 of 106
Page 35 of 106
Chapter 3.1
Cube Casting
Sample of Concrete M25
M25 means grade of concrete in which M stands for mix concrete and numerical figure 25
stands for compressive strength of concrete cubes such as 25MPa (N/mm2) after 28 days of
curing. M25 grade concrete ratio is 1:1:2 mixture of cement, fine aggregate and course
aggregate in which one part is cement, one part is sand and two part is aggregate. M25
concrete comes under nominal concrete which can be easily designed by the help of IS 10:
262: 2009.
Page 36 of 106
As Per IS:10:262:2009
6 Workability 50-75mm
Page 37 of 106
1 Cement Used
Water Absorption of 20 mm
8 0.97%
Aggregate
Water Absorption of 10 mm
9 0.83%
Aggregate
Page 38 of 106
A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
Page 39 of 106
A-8 Mix Calculations
0.471
6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3
Sr.no. 5 x 0.38
Page 40 of 106
A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
Page 41 of 106
Reinforcement
As the pronouncing is going “prevention is better than remedy” we always find ways to keep
away from the problems resulting from cracking by way of adopting good enough substances
and strategies, right layout and effective specs and supervision. The preliminary matters that
need to be taken care of to avoid the phenomena of cracking are as follows The Process of
making Cubes using Fresh Concrete
1. Steel Fibre:-
The use of steel fibres has led to the improvement of the concrete’s mechanical properties
such as materials toughness in tension and also durability. Many types of steel fibres are
used for concrete reinforcement. Round fibres are the most common type and their
diameter ranges from 0.25 to 0.75 mm. The main advantage of deformed fibres is their
ability to distribute uniformly within the matrix
Steel Fibre Reinforcement Concrete (SFRC) can in general produced using conventional
concrete practice, though there are obviously some important differences. The basic
problems is to introduce a sufficient volume of uniformly dispersed to achieve the desired
improvements in mechanical behaviour, while retaining sufficient workability in the fresh
mix to permit proper mixing, placing and finishing. The performances oh the hardened
concrete is enhanced more by fibres with a higher aspect ratio, since this improves the
fibre mixed bond.
Page 42 of 106
2. Glass Fibre:-
Glass Fibre Reinforcement Concrete (GFRC) is a type of fibre reinforced concrete. Glass
fibre concerted are mainly used for plastics materials to increase tensile strength, creep
resistance, impact resistance, dimensional stability, heat and chemical reactions. Due to use
of glass fibres in a concrete matrix a lot of properties such as crack distribution and crack
development in the concrete can be improved. Glass fibres are able to improve the flexural
strength due to their high tensile strength
Page 43 of 106
• Given below are the equipments that are required for preparing the concrete cubes
1. Sample tray
2. Tower or Steel Float
3. Compacting bar
4. Mould for designing test cube
5. Curing tank
6. Permanent marker
7. A barrow or Bucket for transport the samples
8. Spanner
9. Sccop
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
Page 44 of 106
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
(9)
Page 45 of 106
1. For Cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm or 100 x 100 x
100 mm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical
mould of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm are commonly used
2. Before the concrete is poured in the mould, make sure that the mould is clean and and all
the nuts are tight
Page 46 of 106
4. The concrete is poured in the mould in 3 layers and compact each layer with 35 nos of
strokes with the tamping rod to avoid any voids
5. Do the same procedure for the 2nd and 3rd layer
6. After completing all 3 layers, finish the top surface by by towel or thapi after compaction
of last layer
7. Place the mould in dry area under the sunlight for 24 hours
Page 47 of 106
1. Before the concrete is poured in the mould, make sure that the mould is clean and and all
the nuts are tight
2. Apply some oil all around the mould and ensure that the concrete does not stick to the
mould and makes it easier to remove the cube
3. We have made total 9 Cubes with Glass Fibre Reinforcement in all the cubes we have
added 70 grams of Glass Fibres
4. The concrete is poured in the mould in 3 layers and compact each layer with 35 nos of
strokes with the tamping rod to avoid any voids
Page 48 of 106
6. Make sure do not compact with tamping rod after placing Glass on a particular layer
7. After completing all 3 layers, finish the top surface by by towel or thapi after compaction
of last layer
8. Place the mould in dry area under the sunlight for 24 hours
Page 49 of 106
Procedure for Casting of Concrete Cubes by adding Steel Fibre
Reinforcement
1. Before the concrete is poured in the mould, make sure that the mould is clean and and all
the nuts are tight
2. Apply some oil all around the mould and ensure that the concrete does not stick to the
mould and makes it easier to remove the cube
3. We have made total 9 Cubes with Steel Fibre Reinforcement in which in 3 cubes we have
added 100 grams of SFR, in another 3 cubes we have added 150 grams of SFC and in the
remaining cubes we have added 210 grams of SFR
SFR= Steel Fibre Reinforcement
4. The concrete is poured in the mould in 3 layers and compact each layer with 35 nos of
strokes with the tamping rod to avoid any voids
Figure 38:- Steel Fibre placed on the 3rd layer after compaction
Page 51 of 106
Figure 39:-
Concrete Cubes and Beams
Page 52 of 106
Page 53 of 106
Demoulding
Test cubes and beams should be demoulded between 16 and 24 hours after
they have been made. If after this period of time the concrete has not
achieved sufficient strength to enable demoulding without damaging the
cube then the demoulding should be delayed for a further 24 hours. When
removing the concrete cube from the mould, take the mould apart
completely. Take care not to damage the cube because, if any cracking is
caused, the compressive strength is reduced
Page 54 of 106
Curing
Curing of Concrete is a method by which the concrete is protected against loss of moisture
required for hydration and kept within the recommended temperature range. Curing will
increase the strength and decrease the permeability of hardened concrete. Curing also help in
mitigation thermal and plastic cracks, which can severely impact durability of structures
Water curing prevents the water loss from the concrete surface by uninterrupted wetting of
the exposed surface of concrete. It’s done by spraying or sprinkling water or curing agents
over the concrete surface to ensure that the concrete surface is continuously moist. Moisture
from the body of concrete is retained from evaporating and contributes to the strength-gain of
concrete
:- Various methods of water curing
• Tanks
• Ponding
• Sprinkling, fogging and mist curing
• Wet coverings
Page 55 of 106
Page 56 of 106
Before starting the test we have to look the types of test are done on concrete cubes to know
their actual strength
• Compressive strength test
Page 57 of 106
A Universal Testing Machine UTM is used to test the mechanical properties (Tension
and Compression etc) of a given test specimen by exerting tensile, compressive or transverse
stresses. The machine has been named so because of the wide range of tests it can perform
over different kind of materials. Different tests like peel test, flexural test, tension test, bend
test, friction test, spring test etc. can be performed with the help of UTM
A universal testing machine consists of two main parts
1. Loading unit
2. Control unit
The arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is held in the
loading unit. The variations in the application of the load and the corresponding test result are
obtained from the control unit
Page 58 of 106
In this figure, the left unit with table and crosshead form the loading unit. The right
unit with a load indicator arrangement is the control unit
1. Loading Unit:- The loading unit of umm consists of the following components
a) Load frame
b) Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead
c) Elongation Scale
a) Load frame:- The load frame of a universal testing machine can be made either by
single support or by double support. The load frame consists of a table, upper crosshead and
lower crosshead
b) Upper Crosshead and Lower Crosshead:- The upper crosshead is used to clamp one
end of the test specimen. The lower crosshead in the load frame is the moveable crosshead
whose screws can be loosened for height adjustment and tightened. Both the crossheads have
a tapered slot at the centre. This slot has a pair of racked jaws that is intended to grip and hold
the tensile test specimen
Page 59 of 106
c) Elongation Scale:- The relative movement of the lower and upper table is measured
by an elongation scale which is provided along with is provided along with the loading unit
2) Control Unit:- The main components of the control unit in a universal testing machine
are
a) Hydraulic Power Unit
b) Load Measuring Unit
c) Control Devices
a) Hydraulic Power Unit:-This unit consist of an oil pump that provides non-pulsating
oil flow into the main cylinder of the load unit. This flow helps in the smooth application of
load on the specimen. The oil pump in a hydraulic power unit is run by an electric motor and
sump
b) Load Measuring Unit:- This unit has a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small
cylinder with a piston which moves with the non pulsating oil flow. The pendulum is
connected to the piston by pivot lever. The pivot lever deflects based on that load applied to
the specimen. This deflection is converted to the load pointer and displays as the load on the
dial
The range of load application can be adjusted by means of a knob in the load
measuring unit (0-100 KN; 0-250 KN; 0-500 KN and 0-1000 KN). The accuracy of
measuring unit controls the overall accuracy of the machine
c) Control Devices:- The control devices can be electric or hydraulic. Electric control
devices make use of switches to move the crossheads and switch on/off unit. A hydraulic
control devices consists of two valves, Right Control Valve and Left Control Valve or Release
Valve. A right control valve is used to apply load on the specimen. The left control valve is
used to release the load application
Page 60 of 106
Page 61 of 106
Page 63 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Order
Order No.
No. 11 Heat
Heat No.
No.
Input
Input Data
Data Output
Output Data
Data
Others
Others 54.150 KN
Specimen
Specimen Shape
Shape Load
Load at
at Peak
Peak 40.550 KN
Specimen Concrete
Concrete Beam 1.160 mm
Specimen Type
Type Beam Elongation
Elongation at
at Peak
Peak 3.590 mm
Pre 00 Kn
Pre Load
Load Value
Value Kn
Max. 1000 Kn
Max. Load
Load 1000 Kn
Max. 250 mm
Max. Elongation
Elongation 250 mm
Specimen
Specimen Cross
Cross 22500
22500 Mm2
Mm2
Section Area
Section Area
Page 64 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 65 of 106
3rd day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Glass Fibres
Page 66 of 106
Page 67 of 106
Page 68 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 69 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 70 of 106
3rd day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Steel Fibres
Reinforcement
Page 71 of 106
Page 72 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 73 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 74 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Page 75 of 106
Elongation at Compression
Material Cube no Load at Peak
Peak Strength
Steel
2 (150 grams) 60.950 2.000 2.709
Reinforcement
Page 76 of 106
Page 77 of 106
Page 78 of 106
Reports
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 82 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 83 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 84 of 106
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 85 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 86 of 106
The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic
Nashik
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :
Tested By BE
Page 87 of 106
Summary of 14th day Testing
Elongation at Compression
Material Cube no Load at Peak
Peak Strength
Steel
2 (150 grams) 332.850 4.640 14.793
Reinforcement
Page 88 of 106
Page 89 of 106
Page 90 of 106
28th day Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-2)
Page 91 of 106
28th day Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-3)
Page 92 of 106
28th day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Glass
Fibres Reinforcement
Page 93 of 106
Page 94 of 106
28th day Glass Fibre Concrete Cube (Cube-2)
Page 95 of 106
28th day Glass Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-3)
Page 96 of 106
28th day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Steel Fibres
Reinforcement
Page 97 of 106
Page 98 of 106
28th day Steel Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-2)
Page 99 of 106
28th day Steel Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-3)
Steel
2 (150 grams) 453.75 1.96 16.32
Reinforcement
Chapter 4
Result and discussion
Plain Concrete Cube Glass Fibre Concrete Cube Steel Fibre Concrete Cube
Mate Cube-
Test
rial Cube-1 Cube-2 Cube-3 Cube-2 Cube-3 Cube-1 Cube-2 Cube-3
1
Com
press
ive 2.158 1.802 2.407 2.307 2.273 2.171 2.296 2.709 2.187
Stre
ngth
3rd Load
day at 48.550 40.550 54.150 51.900 51.150 48.850 51.650 60.950 49.200
Peak
Elon
gatio
1.120 3.590 1.160 6.300 1.720 1.800 0.830 2.000 0.130
n at
Peak
Cube-4 Cube-5 Cube-6 Cube-4 Cube-5 Cube-6 Cube-4 Cube-5 Cube-6
Com
press
ive 13.260 14.920 13.553 18.676 21.558 19.591 12.458 14.793 18.296
Stre
ngth
14th Load
day at 298.350 335.700 304.950 420.200 485.050 440.800 280.300 332.850 411.650
Peak
Elon
gatio
1.740 1.930 2.080 2.610 2.060 2.800 2.780 4.640 3.670
n at
Peak
Cube-7 Cube-8 Cube-9 Cube-7 Cube-8 Cube-9 Cube-7 Cube-8 Cube-9
Com
press
ive 2.59 2.68 3.06 22.980 12.820 26.320 14.55 16.32 29
Stre
ngth
28th Load
day at 63.200 67.90 88.60 548.00 257.35 601.95 409.50 453.75 771.00
Peak
Elon
gatio
1.130 1.590 1.880 2.43 1.64 2.77 1.84 1.96 3.21
n at
Peak
2.8
2.333
1.867
1.4
0.933
0.467
0
Plain Concrete Cube Glass Fibre Cube Steel Fibre Cube
3rd day Compressive Strength Test Reading
22
18.333
14.667
11
7.333
3.667
0
Plain Concrete Cube Glass Fibre Cube Steel Fibre Cube
Cube-1 Cube-2 Cube-3
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Plain Concrete Cube Glass Fibre Cube Steel Fibre Cube
1. Research paper 1:- Samiksha Semwal, Sushmita Dhonriyal, Rakhi Negi, Prateek
Gangwar, Anoop Bahuguna (2020) “ Cracks IN BUILDING AND THEIR
REMEDIES” bridges by Shri V.K.Raina
2. Research paper 2:-Mulla Fayaz (2018) “ Study on Causes & Control of Cracks In A
Structure” for construction by Shri V.K.Raina
3. Research paper 3;- Rishabh Pathak, Deepak Rastangi (2015) “Case study on cracks
in Public Building and their Remedies” Concrete Handbook of building construction
by Shri M.M.Goyal
4. Research paper 4:- Kishore Kunal, Namesh Killemsetty (2014) “ Study on control of
cracks in a Structure through Visual Identification & Inspection” https://
gharpedia.com/blog/cracks-due-to-change-in-moisture-content/
5. Fig 1:-https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-research/tensile-cracking-in-
brick-walls.html
6. Fig 2:- https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/
Handbook%20on%20Cracks%20in%20building%20(causes%20&%20prevention)
(1).pdf
7. Fig 3:- https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/
Handbook%20on%20Cracks%20in%20building%20(causes%20&%20prevention)
(1).pdf
8. Fig 4:- https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/permeability-of-concrete/
9. Fig 5:- https://olsonfoundationrepair.com/what-does-vertical-wall-crack-mean-what-
should-you-do-about-it-kansas-city/
10. Fig 6:- https://www.giatecscientific.com/education/understanding-concrete-
corrosion/
11. Fig 7:-https://www.uswaterproofing.com/learning-center/basement-crack-repair-6-
things-you-need-to-know
12. Fig 8:- https://olsonfoundationrepair.com/what-does-vertical-wall-crack-mean-what-
should-you-do-about-it-kansas-city/s
13. Fig 9:- https://gharpedia.com/blog/awful-practices-concrete-construction/