THE PROJECT ENTITLED

“EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR REDUCING THE

CRACKING PROBLEM IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE”
Submitted to

Sandip University, Nashik

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
ABHISHEK M CHAVAN (190101062004)
MOHIT D GOSAVI (190101062006)
PRATIKSHA K DHANWATE (190101062010)
BHUSHAN M MALI (190101062013)
JEET K PATEL (190101062038)

GUIDE
MS. Madhuri Nikam
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SANDIP UNIVERSITY
MAHIRAVANI, NASHIIK
(2021-2022)

I



 SANDIP UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE
FOR REDUCING THE CRACKING PROBLEMS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE”
submitted by ABHISHEK MANIK CHAVAN (190101062004), MOHIT D GOSAVI
(190101062006), PRATIKSHA K DHANWATE (190101062010), BHUSHAN M MALI
(190101062013), JEET K PATEL (190101062038) in partial fulfilment of the degree in
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Sandip University is a record of his own
work carried out under my supervision and guidance. The matter enclosed here is not been
submitted elsewhere for award of any degree or diploma

Ms. Madhuri Nikam

Guide
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Sandip University, Nashik
SANDIP UNIVERSITY

Dr. P.L.Naktode Dr. Anil Maheshwari

Head of Department Associate Dean Engineering
Civil Engineering Department Sandip University
SOET, Sandip University Nashik
Nashik
II

 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The Project entitles “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR REDUCING THE

CRACKING PROBLEMS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE” submitted by ABHISHEK
MANIK CHAVAN (190101062004) MOHIT D GOSAVI (190101062006), PRATIKSHA
K DHANWATE (190101062010), BHUSHAN M MALI (190101062013), JEET K
PATEL (190101062038) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Sandip University, Nashik is hereby
approved for the reward of the degree

Examiners
1) External

2) Internal

Place: Nashik
Date:

III





 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that work which is being presented in this Project entitled EFFECTIVE
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR REDUCING CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B.Tech in Civil Engineering of Sandip University, Nashik

• The work contained in this Project work is original and has been done by myself under
the general supervision of my supervisor

• The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for degree or diploma

• I have followed the Institute norms and guidance and abide by the regulation as given
in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute

• Whenever I have used materials ( data, theory and text) from other sources I have
given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details
in the references section

• The project report document has been throughly checked to exclude plagiarism

• This Programme being a full time programme, I had not enrolled for any other
educational degree programme/ and not involved in any form of employment during
this time period

Signature of the student with date

Abhishek Manik Chavan

190101062004

A.Y. 2021-2022

IV

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the end of my dissertation, it is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all those

who contributed in many ways to the success of this study and made it an unforgettable
experience.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Madhuri Nikam for his excellent
guidance and continuous encouragement during course of my work. I truly appreciate for his
vast knowledge and delight supervision and advice.

My special thanks to Prof. Dr. P. L. Naktode Head of Civil Engineering Department

for his constant inspiration and all the facilities provided to successfully complete this work.

I would like to thank Prof. Anil Maheshwari Associate Dean Engineering of the
Institute who has provided me this opportunity to present this seminar.

I would also like to thank to all the faculty members of the department for their
valuable guidance and support during the course of my work. Also I would like to thank all
my friends who have directly or indirectly helped me in my project work throughout the
course.

I would like to thank Library in charge for providing all the necessary research
materials and book required during the duration of course.

Finally I would to thank my parents, from whom I learnt the value of hard work and
its fruitful results.

Abhishek Manik Chavan (190101062004)

Mohit D Gosavi (190101062006)
Pratiksha K Dhanwate (190101062010)
Bhushan M Mali (190101062013)
Jeet K Patel (190101062038)
B. Tech Civil Engineering 2021-2022

 CONTENT
Chapter Title Page

Cover Page
Certificate
Examiner’s Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Classification of Cracks in Building
1.3 Problem statement
1.3.1 Permeability of Concrete
1.3.2 Thermal Movement
1.3.3 Corrosion of Reinforcement
1.3.4 Moisture Content
1.3.5 Creep
1.3.6 Poor Construction Practices
1.3.7 Movement due to Chemical reaction
1.3.8 Poor Maintenance
1.4 Objective of the study
1.5 Scope of the study

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Opening remark
2.2 Literature Reviewed
2.3 Summary of literature review
2.4 Principal causes occurrence of Cracks in building
2.4.1 Moisture changes
2.4.2 Movement due to Thermal Variation

VI

 2.4.3 Movement due to Elastic Deformation
2.4.4 Movement due to Chemical reaction
2.4.5 Foundation movement and settlement of soil
2.4.6 Cracking due to vegetation
2.4.7

Chapter 3 Methodolgy
3.1 Methodology of work
3.2 Material
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Aggregate
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregate
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregate
3.2.3 Water
3.2.4 Glass fibre
3.2.5 Steel fibre
3.3 Cube Casting
3.3.1 Mix proportion of M25 Concrete
3.4 Procedure of Casting Concrete Cubes
3.5 Ready Sample Cubes
3.6 Demoulding
3.7 Curing
3.8 Testing of Cubes
3.8.1 Compressive Strength Test
3.9 Universal Testing Machine UTM
3.10 Testing Cubes in Universal Testing Machine UTM
3.11 Reports of 3rd day testing
3.11.1 Plain concrete cube-1
3.11.2 Plain concrete cube-2
3.11.3 Plain concrete cube-3
3.11.4 Glass fibre cube-1
3.11.5 Glass fibre cube-2
3.11.6 Glass fibre cube-3
3.11.7 Steel fibre cube-1
3.11.8 Steel fibre cube-2

VII
 3.11.9 Steel fibre cube-3
3.11.10 Summary of 3rd day testing
3.12 Reports of 14th day
3.12.1 Plain concrete cube-1
3.12.2 Plain concrete cube-2
3.12.3 Plain concrete cube-3
3.12.4 Glass fibre cube-1
3.12.5 Glass fibre cube-2
3.12.6 Glass fibre cube-3
3.12.7 Steel fibre cube-1
3.12.8 Steel fibre cube-2
3.12.9 Steel fibre cube-3
3.12.10 Summary of 14th day testing
3.13 Report of 28th day testing
3.13.1 Plain concrete cube-1
3.13.2 Plain concrete cube-2
3.13.3 Plain concrete cube-3
3.13.4 Glass fibre cube-1
3.13.5 Glass fibre cube-2
3.13.6 Glass fibre cube-3
3.13.7 Steel fibre cube-1
3.13.8 Steel fibre cube-2
3.13.9 Steel fibre cube-3
3.13.10 Summary of 28th day testing

Chapter 4 Result and Discussion

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendation

Chapter 6 Reference

Annecure Permission letter

Photo Gallery

VIII
 List of Figures

Figure no Caption Page no

Tensile Cracks in Masonry
1 4
Walls
Shear Crack in Masonry pillar
2 5
at beam support

3 Shear crack in Masonry wall 5

4 Permeability of Concrete 6

5 Corrosion on reinforcement 7

6 Moisture content 7

7 Creep 8

8 Poor construction practises 9

Cracking due to alkali-silica

9 10
reactions
Cracks below Window Sill
10 21
Level
Cracks at Juncture of Slab
11 21
and Steel beam
Cracks at Juncture of
12 22
brickwork and Steel column

13 Vertical Cracks in wall 22

14 Cracks at corner 23

15 Cracks at beam 23

16 Consistency of Cement

17 Consistency of Cement

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18 Glass Fibre

19 Steel Fibre

20 Fresh Concrete 24

21 Concrete Cube mould 30

22 Pouring of Concrete 31

23 Pouring of Concrete 32

24 Compacting with tamping bar 32

25 Placing Glass Fibre 32

26 Placing Steel Fibre

27 Placing Steel Fibre 32

28 Glass Fibre 33

29 Steel Fibre 33

30 Ready Concrete Cubes 33

31 Ready Glass Fibre Cubes 33

32 Ready Steel Fibre Cubes 33

33 Demoulding of moulds 34

34 Demoulding of moulds 34

35 Curing tank 34

X
 With the manager of the RMC
36 35
plant
Ready cubes after
37 36
demoulding
Compressive Strength
38 36
equipments
Universal Testing Machine
39 37
UTM
Universal Testing Machine
40 38
UTM

41 Components of UTM 38

42 Cube placed in UTM 39

Internal view of Glass Fibre

43 39
Concrete Cube
Internal view of Glass Fibre
44 40
Concrete Cube
Internal view of Steel Fibre
45 40
Concrete Cube
Internal view of Steel Fibre
46 41
Concrete Cube

XI
 List of tables

Table no Caption Page no

1 Summary of Literature review 64

2 Test results of properties of cement 76

3 Fineness of Cement 89

4 Standard consistency of cement 90

Test result of Physical Properties of

5
Coarse aggregate

6 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Test result of Physical Properties of

7
Fine aggregate

8 Fineness Modulus

9 Specific gravity of fine Aggregate

10 Mix proportion table of M25 concrete

11 Summary of 3rd day testing

12 Summary of 14th day testing

13 Summary of 28th day testing

Final summary table of all day, all

14
Material

XII

 List of Graphs

Graph no Caption Page no

1 Average 3rd day testing result 91

Average 14th day testing result

2 91

Average 28th day testing result

3

4 Overall Average testing result

XIII

 Abstract

Building cracks are most common type of problem in any type of building. So, it is important
to understand the cause and the measure to be taken for prevention. Though cracks in
concrete cannot be prevented entirely but they can be controlled by using adequate material
and technique of construction and considering design criteria. Due to some faulty steps
during construction or some unavoidable reasons different type of cracks starts to appear on
various structural and non-structural parts of the building with the passage of time. It is not
necessary that all types of cracks require serious attention but there are some typical types of
cracks that are structurally hazardous. So, timely identifications of such cracks and adopting
preventive measures is essential. This study work briefly describes about various direct and
indirect observation methods using simple as well as sophisticated instruments to deal with
such problems. It insights the process how cracks leads to ultimate structural failure. It also
explains various causes of crack and their respective remedial measures. From this study it is
found that the building cracks has direct and indirect impacts. And also it is found that
building cracks do not cause structural problem in direct way but it facilitates the activities
which ultimately cause the problem. To get rid of from such problems we can add Steel Fibre
and Glass Fibre in our concrete which increase the compressive strength of our structure.
Steel fibre is the metal reinforcement, it is defined as short, discrete length of steel fibre with
an aspect ratio from 20 to 100 mm, with different cross sections and that are sufficiently
small to be randomly dispersed in an unhardened concrete mixture using the usual mixing
procedure. Glass Fibre is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibres of glass.
Glass fibre has roughly comparable mechanical properties to other fibres such as polymers
and carbon fibre.
Keywords:- cracking, shrinkage, remedies, steel fibre, glass fibre, permeability of concrete,
crack width and spacing

XIV