Phase-2 Project Report Compress

THE PROJECT ENTITLED
“EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR REDUCING THE

CRACKING PROBLEM IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE”
Submitted to
Sandip University, Nashik
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
Abhishek Manik Chavan
(190101062004)
GUIDE
MR. PRANAL JADHAV
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SANDIP UNIVERSITY
MAHIRAVANI, NASHIIK
(2021-2022)
 

SANDIP UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL

MEASURE FOR REDUCING THE CRACKING PROBLEMS IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURE” submitted by ABHISHEK MANIK CHAVAN
(190101062004) in partial fulfilment of the degree in Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering of Sandip University is a record of his own work carried
out under my supervision and guidance. The matter enclosed here is not been
submitted elsewhere for award of any degree or diploma
Mr. Pranal Jadhav

Guide
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Sandip University Nashik
Dr. P. L. Naktode Dr. Anil Maheshwari

Head of Department Associate Dean Engineering
Civil Engineering Department Sandip University
Sandip University, Nashik Nashik
SANDIP UNIVERSITY
EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The Project entitles “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR

REDUCING THE CRACKING PROBLEMS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURE” submitted by ABHISHEK MANIK CHAVAN
(190101062004) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Sandip University,
Nashik is hereby approved for the reward of the degree
Examiners
1) External
2) Internal
Place: Nashik
Date:

 

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that work which is being presented in this Project entitled
EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR REDUCING CRACKS IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURES in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering of Sandip University, Nashik
• The work contained in this Project work is original and has been done by myself
under the general supervision of my supervisor
• The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for degree or diploma
• I have followed the Institute norms and guidance and abide by the regulation as
given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute
• Whenever I have used materials ( data, theory and text) from other sources I
have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving
their details in the references section
• The project report document has been throughly checked to exclude plagiarism
• This Programme being a full time programme, I had not enrolled for any other
educational degree programme/ and not involved in any form of employment
during this time period
Signature of the student with date
190101062004
A.Y. 2021-2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the end of my dissertation, it is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all

those who contributed in many ways to the success of this study and made it an
unforgettable experience.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Pranal Jadhav for his
excellent guidance and continuous encouragement during course of my work. I truly
appreciate for his vast knowledge and delight supervision and advice.
My special thanks to Prof. Dr. P. L. Naktode Head of Civil Engineering

Department for his constant inspiration and all the facilities provided to successfully
complete this work.
I would like to than Prof. Anil Maheshwari Associate Dean Engineering of

the Institute who has provided me this opportunity to present this seminar.
I would also like to thank to all the faculty members of the department for their
valuable guidance and support during the course of my work. Also I would like to
thank all my friends who have directly or indirectly helped me in my project work
throughout the course.
I would like to thank Library in charge for providing all the necessary research
materials and book required during the duration of course.
Finally I would to thank my parents, from whom I learnt the value of hard
work and its fruitful results.

(PRN-190101062004)
B.Tech Civil Engineering
2021-2022

 

CONTENT
Chapter Title Page
Chapter 1 Introduction 6
1.1 Classification of cracks 6
1.2 Problem Statement 9
1.3 Objective of the study 13
1.4 Scope of the study 14
Chapter 2 Literature Review 15
Chapter 3 Methodology 20
3.1 Cube Casting 25
Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 29
Chapter 5 References 31
List of Figures
Figure no Caption Page no
1 Tensile Cracks in Masonry 7
2 Shear Crack in Masonry pillar 8
at beam support
3 Shear crack in Masonry wall 8
4 Permeability of Concrete 9
5 Corrosion on reinforcement 10
6 Moisture content 10
7 Creep 11
8 Poor construction practises 11
9 Cracking due to alkali-silica 12
reactions
10 Cracks below Window Sill 22
11 Cracks at Juncture of Slab and 22
Steel beam
12 Cracks at Juncture of 23
brickwork and Steel column
13 Vertical Cracks in wall 23
14 Cracks at corner 24
15 Cracks at beam 24
16 Fresh Concrete 22
17 Steel Fibre 28
18 Glass Fibre 29
19 Sample tray 30
20 Tower or Steel Float 30
21 Compacting bar 30
22 Mould for designing test cube 30
23 Curing tank 31
24 Permanent marker 31
25 Barrow 31
26 Spanner 31
27 Scoop 31
28 Concrete Cube Mould 32
27 Scoop 31
28 Concrete Cube Mould 32
29 Pouring of Concrete 32
30 Compacting with tamping bar 32
31 Ready Concrete Cubes 33
32 Compacting with tamping bar 34
33 Adding 70 grams of Glass 34
34 Glass fibre added on 1st layer 35
35 Adding Steel fibres 36
36 Adding Steel fibres 36
37 Steel fibres placed on 1st 37
layer after compaction
38 Steel fibres placed on 3rd 37
layer after compaction
39 Concrete beam 38
40 Concrete beam with Glass 39
41 Concrete beam with Steel 40
42 Steel fibre placed on 1st layer 41
of Concrete beam mould
43 Concrete cubes and beam 42
with Steel Fibre
with Glass Fibre
46 Demoulding of moulds 44
47 Demoulding of moulds 44
48 Curing tank 45
49 With the manager of the RMC 46
plant
50 Ready cubes after demoulding 46
51 47
52 48
53 Universal Testing Machine 49
55 Components of UTM 50
55 Components of UTM 50
56 Cube placed in UTM 52
57 Concrete cube before 53
applying load
58 Concrete cube after failure 53
59 Glass fibre Cube before 57
applying load
60 Glass fibre cube after failure 57
61 Internal view of Glass Fibre 58
Concrete Cube
62 Steel Fibre before applying 62
63 Steel Fibre Cube after failure 62
64 Internal view of Steel Fibre 63
Concrete Cube
65 Steel Fibre Cube 68
66 Glass Fibre Cube 68
67 Steel Fibre Cube 69
68 Glass Fibre Cube 69
67
List of reports
Report no Caption Page no

3rd day Concrete Cube Test
1 52
Report (Concrete cube-1)
2 53
3 54
3rd day Glass Fibre Concrete
4 57
Cube Test Report (Cube-1)
5 58
6 59
3rd day Steel Fibre Concrete
7 62
8 63
9 64
14th day Concrete Cube Test
10 68
Report (Cube-1)
11 69
Report (Cube-2)
12 70
Report (Cube-3)
14th day Glass Fibre Concrete
13 71
14 72
15 73
14th day Steel Fibre Concrete
16 74
17 75
18 76
 
 
 

 
 
 
Report no Caption Page no
19
Report (Concrete Cube-1)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28th day Concrete Beam Test
28
Report (Concrete Beam-1)
29
Beam (Concrete Beam-1)
30
Beam (Concrete Beam-1)

 
 
 
 

List of tables
Table no Caption Page no

1 Summary of 3rd day testing 65
2 Summary of 14th day testing 77
3 Summary of 28th day testing

ABSTRACT
Building cracks are most common type of problem in any type of building. So, it is important
to understand the cause and the measure to be taken for prevention. Though cracks in
concrete cannot be prevented entirely but they can be controlled by using adequate material
and technique of construction and considering design criteria. We all dream of a house
structurally safe and aesthetically beautiful but it is not so easy. Due to some faulty steps
during construction or some unavoidable reasons different type of cracks starts to appear on
various structural and non-structural parts of the building with the passage of time. It is not
necessary that all types of cracks require serious attention but there are some typical types of
cracks that are structurally hazardous. So, timely identifications of such cracks and adopting
preventive measures is essential. This study work briefly describes about various direct and
indirect observation methods using simple as well as sophisticated instruments to deal with
such problems. It insights the process how cracks leads to ultimate structural failure. It also
explains various causes of crack and their respective remedial measures. From this study it is
found that the building cracks has direct and indirect impacts. And also it is found that
building cracks do not cause structural problem in direct way but it facilitates the activities
which ultimately cause the problem.
Keywords:- cracking, shrinkage, remedies, steel fibre, glass fibre, permeability of concrete,
crack width and spacing
“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 1

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Occurrence of various cracks in the building during construction after completion when it is
subjected to super imposed load or during the service life, is a common phenomenon. A
building component develops cracks whenever the stress in the components exceeds its
strength. Stress in the building component could be caused by externally applied forces, such
as dead, live, wind or seismic loads, foundations settlements etc or it could be induced
internally due to thermal movements, moisture changes, elastic deformation, chemical action
etc.
The crack width can be controlled and governed by adequate detailing of reinforcement. A
more number of smaller diameter bars which are placed and properly distributed in tension
zone lessen the width of crack more adequately than the larger diameter bars of the same area
It has been found in studies that the crack formations are closely related with the tensile and
compressive loadings on the concrete. Whenever there is a restraint to movement due to
dimensional changes because of internal stresses, cracks occur. Internal stresses can be tensile
, compressive or shear. Taking compressive case, before loading starts, volumetric changes
occur in cement resulting in cracks on mortar and aggregate boundary cracks do not go
beyond the boundary but when the load is increased above this limit, cracks are formed
throughout the concrete. Further increasing the compressive load above 70%, these cracks
travel even deeper in the concrete and keep going further with the increasing load. This keeps
going till the concrete finally fail and collapse. In case of tensile load, this upper limit is of
60% of the tensile strength of concrete
Classification of Cracks in Building

• Structural Cracks- These occur due to incorrect design, faculty construction or
overloading and these may endanger the safety of a building

eg:- extensive cracking of an RCC beam

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• Non Structural Cracks- These are mostly due to internally induced stresses in
buildings materials and do not endanger safety of buildings but may look unsightly, or
may create an impression or faulty work or may give a feeling of instability. In some
situations due to penetration of moisture through them non-structural cracks may spoil
the internal finishes third is adding to the cost of maintenance, or the reinforcement
thereby adversely affected the stability of the structure in the long run
eg:- vertical crack in a long compound wall due to shrinkage or thermal movement
Cracks may appreciably vary in width from very thin hair crack barely visible to naked eye to
gaping crack, depending upon the crack width cracks are classified as:
• Thin Crack- less than 1mm in width
• Medium Crack- 1 to 2 mm in width
• Wide Crack- more than 2 mm in width
• Crazing- Occurrence of closely spaced fine cracks at the surface of a
material is called crazing
Cracks me of uniform with throughout or maybe narrow at one and gradually widening at the
other . Crack maybe straight, toothed, stepped, map pattern or of random type and maybe
vertical or horizontal or diagonal. Cracks maybe only at surface or may extend to more than
one layer of material. Cracks due to different causes have varying characteristics and be the
careful observation of these characteristics, one can diagnose the cause of cracking for
adopting the appropriate remedial measures
Figure 1: Tensile Cracks in Masonry wall

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Figure 2: Shear Crack in Masonry Pillar at Beam Support
Figure 3: Shear Cracks in Masonry Wall

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Chapter 1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. Permeability of Concrete:- Permeability is a measure of the amount of water,

air and other substances that can enter the concrete matrix. Concrete contains pores that can
allow these substances to enter or depart. Permeability of concrete can be primary reason for
concrete deterioration due to reinforcing steel corrosion and other deterioration mechanisms.
On a macro scale permeability also refers to “porous” slabs used to drain pavements,
sidewalks and parking areas of water, eliminating the need for drainage slope, structure and
piping. This technology sometimes called “no-fines concrete” is gaining popularity again
with the desire to reduce surface run-off from pavements, sidewalks and parking areas
Figure 4:- Permeability of Concrete
2. Thermal Movement:- The cracks due to thermal movement is caused either

due to external heat I.e due to variation in ambient temperature or due to internally generated
heat I.e due to heat of hydration in mass concrete during construction. Cracks in the building
component due to thermal movements opens and closes alternatively with changes in the
ambient temperature

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3. Corrosion of Reinforcement:- Reinforcement corrosion induces longitudinal

cracking due to the expansive products of corrosion, which leads to spalling and/or
delimitation phenomena. Reinforcement corrosion is one of the major deterioration
mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures worldwide. The presence of chlorides increases
the severity of the corrosion attack considerably. Chlorides can penetrate into concrete which
is in contact with de-icing salts or seawater
Figure 5:- Corrosion on Reinforcement
4. Moisture Content:- It is the presence of a traceable amount of the water

molecules in soil, foods, construction materials etc. In other word, moisture is the amount of
water present as small droplets in the surrounding air. Moisture content is the biggest enemy
of almost all the things, either it is in foods or in building materials. It has ability to disturb
the molecular structure of the building materials such as woods, bricks, mortar, concrete, etc.
Figure 6:- Moisture Content

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5. Creep:- Building materials such as concrete, brickwork, mortar, timber etc. when
subjected to sustained load not only under go instantaneous elastic deformation but also
under go a gradual and slow time dependent deformation known as creep or plastic strain.
Creep may be due to giving internal vids, viscous flow of the cement-water paste, crystalline
flow in aggregates and flow of water out of the cement gel due to external load and moisture
Figure 7:- Creep
6. Poor Construction practices:- Several poor construction such as inadequate concrete

curing, lack of formwork support, insufficient concrete compaction and adding water
concrete in the field can cause crack development in plastic. There is a general lack of good
construction practices either due to ignorance, carelessness, greed or negligence. For healthy
building it is absolutely necessary for the construction agency and the owner to ensure good
quality materials selection and good construction practices
Figure 8:- Poor Construction Practices

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7. Movement due to Chemical reaction:- The concrete may crack as a result

of expansive reactions between aggregate, which contains active silica and alkaline from
cement hydration. Certain chemical reactions in building materials result in appreciable
increase In volume, developing internal stresses which result in outward thrust and formation
of cracks. The materials involved in reaction also become weaker in strength. Sulphate attack
on cement products, carbonation in cement based materials, corrosion of reinforcement in
concrete and brickwork and alkali aggregate reaction are the common chemical actions on
building materials
Figure 9:- Cracking due to alkali-silica reactions
8. Poor Maintenance:- A structure needs to be maintained after a lapse of certain

period from its construction completion. Some structures may need a very early look into
deterioration problems, while others can sustain themselves very well for many years
depending on the quality of design and construction. It is not only essential to repair the
deteriorated concrete but it is equally important to prevent the moisture and aggressive
chemicals to enter concrete and prevent further deterioration

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Chapter 1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The construction industry is constantly developing both in materials, techniques and
equipment. However, this growth is not always accompanied by labor, which can lead to
constructive incompatibilities, giving rise to some problems
There are several factors that prove the importance of study and it can be used
from a data base to morphological behaviour knowledge of cracks in buildings as well as use
by professionals of area in form of strategic planning, using the materials in a very to
correcting greater prevalence failures and intensity detected, factors that often occurs due to
lack of technical practical knowledge. This results on problems that can be corrected in
several phases and a building, both in the design, execution and building use, given that the
literature gives indications that sooner their diagnoses and their possible solutions are started,
less is monetary value involved
Objective of the Study

• To provide informative technical details on the non-structural cracks
• It covers principal causes of non-structural cracks, general measures for prevention with
commonly observed crack patterns in building and their preventive measures
• To upgrade maintenance Technologies and Methodologies and achieve improvement on
productivity and performance

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Chapter 1.4
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Scope of the Study
• To adopt effective remedial measures for reducing or eliminating the early stage
cracking problem in structure
• Concrete can undergo early stage cracking depending on the mix composition, exposure
environment, hydration rate and curing conditions. Understanding the causes and
consequences of cracking thoroughly is essential for selecting proper measures to
resolve the early stage cracking problem in structure

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes review on past analysis and experimental work done and what results
were obtained for the development of structure to repair cracks. The below mentioned are
some reviews which are provides necessary help for each considerations and development in
the structure to prevent cracks
1. Kishore Kunal, Namesh Killemsetty (2014) “ Study on control of cracks in a

Structure through Visual Identification & Inspection” Structural Cracks are a common
occurrence in all types of buildings. To ensure the longevity of the structure, engineers are
often required to look into their causes and carry out suitable repairs and remedial measures.
For repairs and remedies to be effective, it is essential that the engineer should have a proper
understanding of various causes of occurrence of cracks. For investigating the causes it is
necessary to observe carefully the location, shape, size, depth, behaviour and other
characteristics of the cracks, and to collect information about specifications of the job and
time of construction. It is also necessary for the engineer to keep track of when the cracks
first came to notice. This paper talks about how visual inspection of cracks can be helpful in
order to identify and categorise them with respect to various parameters by taking case study
of an institutional building.
2. Rishabh Pathak, Deepak Rastangi (2015) “Case study on cracks in Public

Building and their Remedies” Cracks are inherent and detrimental elements of building
detailed investigation should be carried out regularly to ensure the assessabillity and
serviceability of the building. For rehabilitation of cracks it is important to understand the
causes and the types of cracks appeared in the structure. This paper shortly describes the
causes and types of cracks and they're remedial measures. Non destructive testing methods
are used to access the strength of the structure at a first instance to know the actual state of
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the structure whether it will be serviceable/workable or to be demolished. Few case studies

were conducted at different public buildings at Gwalior M.P. Political science, economic and
archaeological blocks of Jiwaji University. Moti Mahal building.NITM (Nagaji institute of
Technology and Management building. Which were reported cracks and they were in
suspension to whether it will work or should be demolished. The purpose of this study is to
determine the position of structure whether it is further serviceable or not and secondly, if we
use the same building how it will be repaired.
3. Muhammed ISKENDER, Bekir KARASU “Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete”

(2017) In the 1940’s potential of glass as a construction materials was realised and
improvement continued with the addition of zirconium dioxide in 1960’s for harsh alkali
conditions. To enhance durability of materials new generations of glass fibres directed to
improvement process. In this way, glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) was started to
produce for the satisfaction of different demands. Scientific studies and tests one the GFRC
have shown that the physical and mechanical properties of the GFRC change depending on
the quality of the materials and the accuracy of the production methods. GFRC can be used
whenever a light strong, fire resistant, weather resistant, attractive, impermeable materials is
needed. As technology advances, it is possibly expected to built the whole building and
complex freeform with low cost. In recent years, the effect of glass fibres in hybrid mixtures
has been investigated for high performance concrete (HPC), an emerging technology termed,
which has become popular in the construction industry
4. Mulla Fayaz (2018) “ Study on Causes & Control of Cracks In A Structure” A

crack is a complete or incomplete separation of concrete in two or more parts by breaking or
fracturing. It is a inherent feature in concrete which cannot be prevented but controlled and
reduced. Structural Cracks are a common occurrence in all types of buildings. To ensure the
longevity of the structure, engineers are often required to look into their causes and carry out
suitable repairs and remedial measures. For repairs and remedies to be effective, it is essential
that the engineer should have a proper understanding of various causes of occurrence of
cracks. For investigating the causes it is necessary to observe carefully the location, shape,
size, depth, behaviour and other characteristics of the cracks, and to collect information about
specifications of the job and time of construction. It is also necessary for the engineer to keep
track of when the cracks first came to notice.
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5 Samiksha Semwal, Sushmita Dhonriyal, Rakhi Negi, Prateek Gangwar, Anoop

Bahuguna (2020) “ Cracks IN BUILDING AND THEIR REMEDIES” Cracks are the
kind of problem of concrete construction. It affects the building artistic and function and also
destroys the wall’s integrity; even reduce the durability of structure. Cracking is any response
in a structure which is unavoidable. Some structure designers are trying to eliminate many of
the causes of cracking. We all want our structure safe. Due to some faulty steps during
construction and due to environmental reasons different types of cracks starts to seem on
various structural and non- structural parts of the building. Identification of such cracks and
adopting precautions are essential. There are different material and different techniques to
repair cracks according to their size, position in different parts of the structure.
6. Salam Al Kasassbeh, Amani Al Tamseh, Eslam Al Kharabsheh (2020) “Modern

Technique for the Restoration and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures” Civil
Engineering not only deals with the construction of various structures but also works for their
maintenance and rehabilitation. The current era requires efficient and sustainable methods for
any job and given that concrete is a material that is heavily relied upon at the present time in
construction, therefore its sustainability through the rehabilitation and restoration of buildings
is a must and very important. There are many techniques that can be followed in the
rehabilitation and restoration of damaged concrete sections i.e. exposed to cracks, corrosion
or disintegration, as each process has its advantages and limitation, which requires the
engineer to know the type of damage, the main cause of it and the best way to repair it.
Therefore, this paper used the descriptive methodology to review the latest rehabilitation and
restoration techniques used in the treatment of concrete structure including, repointing,
grouting, reinforced injections, steel reinforcement, permitted by glass/ steel fibres, isolation
and stitching. The researcher concluded that these techniques are effective, but each has its
determinants of use that must be taken into account before applying them.

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7. Amit Gupta, Rahul Sharma “ Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete” (2020) The use of
Steel Fibre Reinforced Composites in infrastructure applications is becoming more popular
with the introduction of new high performance materials. Steel Fibre Reinforced composites
are introduced to enhance the overall performance of structures, such as composite bridge
decks, beams, bearing walls etc. This review from the past experiences presents the results of
experimental and analytical studies done on composite materials made of fibre reinforced
concrete overlaid on Conventional Reinforcement with Concrete. Results show that
composite structure possess good compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
ultimate capacity.

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Principal Causes Occurrence of Cracks in Building are as follows
1. Moisture changes
2. Thermal changes
3. Elastic deformation
4. Creep
5. Chemical reaction
6. Foundation movement and settlement of soil
7. Vegetation
1. Moisture Changes
As a general rule, most of the building materials having pores in their mortar,
burnt clay bricks, some stones, timber, etc. Expand on absorbing moisture and shrink on
drying. These movements are reversible, that is cyclic in nature and is caused by increase or
decrease in the inter-pore pressure with moisture changes, extent of movement depending on
molecular structure and porosity of a material. The various effects of moisture changes:-
a) Reversible Movement
b) Initial Shrinkage
The various causes of initial shrinkage are
- Cement Content
- Water Content
- Aggregates
- Use of accelerators
- Curing
- Presence of excessive fines
- Humidity
- Composition of cement
- Temperature

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2. Movement deu to Thermal Variation
It is a well-known phenomenon of science that all materials, more or less,
expand on heating and contract on cooling. Magnitude of movement, however, varies for
different materials depending on their molecular structure and other properties. Factors
affecting the thermal movement are:
• Colour and Surface Characteristics
• Thermal Conductivity
• Provision of an insulating or Protective Layer
• Internally Generated Heat
3. Movement deu to Elastic Deformation

Structural components of a building such as walls, columns, beams and slabs,
generally consisting of materials like masonry, concrete, steel etc undergo elastic deformation
due to load in accordance with Hook’s law, the amount of deformation depending upon
elastic modulus of the materials, magnitude of loading and dimensions of the components.
This deformation under circumstances such as those mentioned below, causes cracking on
some portions
• When walls are evenly loaded with wide variations in stress I different parts, excessive
shear strain is developed which causes cracking in walls
• When a beam or slab of large span undergoes excessive deflection and there is not much
vertical load above the supports, ends of beam/slab curl up causing cracks in supporting
masonry
• When two materials, having widely different elastic properties, are built side by side,
under the effect off load, shear stress is set up at the interface of two materials, resulting
in cracks at the junction
4. Movement due to Creep

Some building items, such as concrete, brickworks and timber, when subjected
to sustained loads not only undergo instantaneous elastic deformations, but also exhibit a
gradual and slow time dependent deformation known as creep or plastic strain. The latter is
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made up of delayed elastic strain which recovers when load is removed and viscous strain
which appears as permanent set and remains after removal of load
5. Movement due to Chemical reaction

Certain chemical reactions in building materials result in appreciable increase
in volume of materials and internal stresses are set up which may result in outward thrust and
formation of cracks. The materials involved in reaction also get weakened in strength.
Commonly occurring instances of this phenomenon are sulphate attack on cement products,
carbonation in cement based materials, and corrosion of reinforcement in concrete and
brickwork, and alkali-aggregate reaction
6. Foundation movement and settlement of soil

Shear cracks in building occur when there is large differential settlement of
foundation either due to unequal bearing pressure under different parts of the structure or due
to bearing pressure on soil being in excess of safe bearing strength of the soil or due to low
factor of safety in the design of foundation. Buildings constructed on shrinkable clays which
swell on absorbing moisture and shrink or drying as a result of change in moisture content of
the soil are extremely crack prone and special measures are necessary to prevent cracks inn
such cases
7. Cracking due to vegetation

existence of vegetation such as fast growing trees in the vicinity of compound
walls can sometimes cause cracks in walls due to expensive action of roots growing under
the foundations. Roots of a tree generally spread horizontally on all sides to the extent of
height of the tree above the ground and when trees are located close to a wall these should
always be viewed with suspicion

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Chapter 3
Methodology
Literature
Study on Cracks
Review
Casting of
Curing of Cubes
Cubes
Adding Steel
Reinforcement
Testing on CTM & Glass Fibres
on other
Concrete Cubes
Result
& Testing on CTM
Discussion
Conclusion

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Methodology of the Work
For a better and throughout understanding a case study was carried out at O.P.
Jindal Institute of Technology, Rajgarh Chhattisgarh. OPJIT although being a fairly new
institution having started in 2008. Most of the structure in the campus including institutional
building, Hostel etc are composite structures where columns are of structural steel slabs being
RCC. This combination has led to occurrence of cracks at all the major juncture points of
steel and concrete. The use of improper design mix. Improper curing along with many other
reasons has led to different structural and non-structural cracks. For the cracks all the
prominent cracks were identified and classified on its possible causes. Subsequently remedial
measures for each of those cracks have been identified and listed. The second stage,
responsible for diagnosis, explains the influence of any information on global construction
behaviour. Continuing the last and third stage consists of prognosis that is mentions the
consequences that will arise if the corrective measures for problem elimination are not made,
indicating what are these if the corrective measures to be executed in the building. In the
month of July 2014, the main building of the college and as well as all the internal rooms was
inspected carefully and each type of cracks were photographed and recorded for the further
observation
The cracks have been categorised on the basis of
a) Thin:- less than 1 mm in width
b) Medium:- 1 to 2 mm in width
c) Wide:- more than 2 mm in width

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Figure 10:- Cracks Below Window Sill Level

Width - above 3 mm
Type- wide crack
Probable causes- Settlement of soil, shrinkage
Construction or overloading
Figure 11:- Cracks at Juncture of Slab and Steel Beam

Width- above 2mm
Type- non-structural, wide crack
Probable causes- due to joint occur between two walls

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Figure 12:- Cracks at Juncture of brickwork and Steel column

Width- below 1 mm
Type- thin crack, non-structural
Probable causes- less bonding between cement and steel, improper curing, shrinkage of slab
and thermal variation
Figure 13:- Vertical Cracks in wall

Width- between 1 mm to 2 mm
Type- non-structural, medium
Probable causes- temperature variations, shrinkage and moisture changes

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Figure 14:- Cracks at corner

Width- above 5mm
Type- gap crack
Probable cause- improper cantilevering, due to joint and heavy exposure to water
Figure 15:- Cracks at beam

Width- above 2 mm
Type- structural, medium cracks
Probable causes- due to overloading, and improper design

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Chapter 3.1
Cube Casting
Sample of Concrete M25
M25 means grade of concrete in which M stands for mix concrete and numerical figure 25
stands for compressive strength of concrete cubes such as 25MPa (N/mm2) after 28 days of
curing. M25 grade concrete ratio is 1:1:2 mixture of cement, fine aggregate and course
aggregate in which one part is cement, one part is sand and two part is aggregate. M25
concrete comes under nominal concrete which can be easily designed by the help of IS 10:
262: 2009.
We have made 9 cubes of Concrete, 9 cubes of Concrete with addition of Steel

Reinforcement and 9 cubes of concrete with Glass Fibres. Additional we made 3 beams of
each material respectively.
Figure 16:- Fresh Concrete

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This table illustrates all Mix Proportions of M-25 Concrete as per

IS:10262:2009
M-25 Concrete Mix Design
As Per IS:10:262:2009
A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning
1 Grade Designation M25
2 Type of Cement OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987
3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20mm
4 Minimum Cement Content 310kg/m3
5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45
6 Workability 50-75mm
7 Exposure Condition Normal
8 Degree of Supervision Good
9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate
10 Chemical Admixture Type Super-plasticiser Confirming to IS-9103

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A-2 Test Data for Materials
1 Cement Used
2 Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15
3 Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00
4 Chemical admixture BASF Chemicals Company
5 Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884
6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878
7 Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605
Water Absorption of 20 mm
8 0.97%
Aggregate
Water Absorption of 10 mm
9 0.83%
Aggregate
10 Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%
Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm

11 Nil
Aggregate
Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm
12 Nil
Aggregate
13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand Nil
Sieve Analysis of Individual

14 Separate Analysis Done
Coarse Aggregate
Sieve Analysis of Combined
15 Separate Analysis Done
Coarse Aggregate
16 Sieve Analysis of l Fine Aggregate Separate Analysis Done

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A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
Target Mean Strength (MORT&H

1 36 N/mm2
1700-5)
2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 25 N/mm2
A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio
Maximum Water Cement Ratio

1 0.45
(MORT&H 1700-3A)
2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.43
A-5 Selection of Water Content
Maximum Water Content (10262-

1 186 lit
table-2)
Estimated Water Content for 50-75
2 138 lit
mm Slump
3 Super plasticiser used 0.5% by wt. of cement
A-6 Calculation of Cement Content
1 Water Cement Ratio 0.43
2 Cement Content (138/0.43) 320 kg/m3
A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
Vol. of CA. as per table 3 of IS

1 62.00%
10262
2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%
Adopted Vol of Fine Aggregate 38.00%

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A-8 Mix Calculations
1 Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00
2 Volume of Cement in m3 0.10
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of

Cement) x 100
3 Volume of Water in m3 0.138
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of

Water) x 100
Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in
4 0.00134
m3
(Mass of Admixture) / (Sp. Gravity
of Admixture) x 100
5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.759
Sr. no. 1-( Sr. no. 2+3+4)
0.471
6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 5 x 0.62
7 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.288
Sr.no. 5 x 0.38

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A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 320
2 Mass of Water in kg/m3 138
3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 751
Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/

4 1356
m3
Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 977
Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 380
5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 1.60
6 Water Cement Ratio 0.43

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Reinforcement
As the pronouncing is going “prevention is better than remedy” we always find ways to keep
away from the problems resulting from cracking by way of adopting good enough substances
and strategies, right layout and effective specs and supervision. The preliminary matters that
need to be taken care of to avoid the phenomena of cracking are as follows The Process of
making Cubes using Fresh Concrete
1. Steel Fibre:-
The use of steel fibres has led to the improvement of the concrete’s mechanical properties
such as materials toughness in tension and also durability. Many types of steel fibres are
used for concrete reinforcement. Round fibres are the most common type and their
diameter ranges from 0.25 to 0.75 mm. The main advantage of deformed fibres is their
ability to distribute uniformly within the matrix
Steel Fibre Reinforcement Concrete (SFRC) can in general produced using conventional
concrete practice, though there are obviously some important differences. The basic
problems is to introduce a sufficient volume of uniformly dispersed to achieve the desired
improvements in mechanical behaviour, while retaining sufficient workability in the fresh
mix to permit proper mixing, placing and finishing. The performances oh the hardened
concrete is enhanced more by fibres with a higher aspect ratio, since this improves the
fibre mixed bond.
Figure 17:- Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete

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2. Glass Fibre:-
Glass Fibre Reinforcement Concrete (GFRC) is a type of fibre reinforced concrete. Glass
fibre concerted are mainly used for plastics materials to increase tensile strength, creep
resistance, impact resistance, dimensional stability, heat and chemical reactions. Due to use
of glass fibres in a concrete matrix a lot of properties such as crack distribution and crack
development in the concrete can be improved. Glass fibres are able to improve the flexural
strength due to their high tensile strength
Figure 18:- Glass Fibre

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• Given below are the equipments that are required for preparing the concrete cubes
3. Sample tray
4. Tower or Steel float
5. Compacting bar
6. Mould for designing test cube
7. Curing tank
8. Permanent marker
9. A barrow or bucket for transport the samples
10.Spanner
11.Scoop
(1) (2)
(3) (4)

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(5) (6)
(7) (8)
(9)

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Procedure for casting Concrete Cubes
1. For Cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm or 100 x 100 x
100 mm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical
mould of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm are commonly used
2. Before the concrete is poured in the mould, make sure that the mould is clean and and all
the nuts are tight
Figure 26:- Concrete Cube Mould

3. Apply some oil all around the mould and ensure that the concrete does not stick to the
mould and makes it easier to remove the cube
Figure 27:- Pouring of Concrete Figure 28:- Compacting with tamping

rod
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4. The concrete is poured in the mould in 3 layers and compact each layer with 35 nos of
strokes with the tamping rod to avoid any voids
5. Do the same procedure for the 2nd and 3rd layer
6. After completing all 3 layers, finish the top surface by by towel or thapi after compaction
of last layer
7. Place the mould in dry area under the sunlight for 24 hours
Figure 29:- Ready
Concrete Cubes

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Procedure for Casting of Concrete Cubes by adding Glass Fibre

Reinforcement
the nuts are tight
3. We have made total 9 Cubes with Glass Fibre Reinforcement in all the cubes we have
added 70 grams of Glass Fibres
Figure 30:- Compacting with
tamping rod
5. The 70 grams Glass fibre is
divided in 3 layers added all
around the mould randomly
Figure 31:- Adding 70 grams
of Glass Fibre

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6. Make sure do not compact with tamping rod after placing Glass on a particular layer
of last layer
Figure 32:- Glass fibre added on the
1st layer

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Procedure for Casting of Concrete Cubes by adding Steel Fibre
Reinforcement
the nuts are tight
3. We have made total 9 Cubes with Steel Fibre Reinforcement in which in 3 cubes we have
added 100 grams of SFR, in another 3 cubes we have added 150 grams of SFC and in the
remaining cubes we have added 210 grams of SFR
SFR= Steel Fibre Reinforcement
Figure 33 & 34:- Adding Steel Fibre

5. Make sure do not compact with tamping rod after placing Steel Fibre Reinforcement on a
particular layer
of last layer

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Figure 35:-
Steel Fibre
placed on the
1st layer
after
compaction
Figure 36:-
Steel Fibre
placed on the
3rd layer
after
compaction

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Procedure for Casting of Concrete Beams
1. Generally beam mould size is 750 x 150 x150 mm, for most of the works this size is used
commonly used
2. Before the concrete is poured in the beam mould, make sure that the beam mould is
clean and and all the nuts are tight
3. Apply some oil all around the beam mould and ensure that the concrete does not stick to
the beam mould and makes it easier to remove the beam
5. Do the same procedure for the 2nd and 3rd layer
of last layer
Figure 37:- Concrete Beam

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Procedure for Casting of Concrete Beams with Glass Fibre

Reinforcement
commonly used
2. Before the concrete is poured in the beam mould mould, make sure that the mould is clean
and and all the nuts are tight
4. We have made total 1 beam of Glass Fibre Reinforcement in that beam we have added 350
grams of Glass Fibres
6. Make sure do not compact with tamping rod after placing Glass Fibre Reinforcement on a
particular layer
of last layer
Figure 38:- Concrete beam with Glass fibre

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Procedure for Casting of Concrete Beams with Steel Fibre

Reinforcement
commonly used
2. Before the concrete is poured in the beam mould make sure that the mould is clean and all
the nuts are tight
mould and makes it easier to remove the beam
4. We have made total 1 beam Steel Fibre Reinforcement in the we have added 1000 grams
of Steel Fibres
6. Make sure do not compact with tamping rod after placing Steel Fibre Reinforcement on a
particular layer
of last layer
Figure 39:- Concrete beam with Steel Fibre

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Figure 40:-Steel Fibre placed on 1st layer of Concrete beam mould

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Ready samples of Cubes and Beam
Figure 41:-Concrete Cubes and Beams
Figure 42:-Concrete Cubes and Beam with Steel Fibre Reinforcement

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Figure43:- Concrete Cubes and Beams with Glass Fibres Reinforcement

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Demoulding
Test cubes and beams should be demoulded between 16 and 24 hours after
they have been made. If after this period of time the concrete has not
achieved sufficient strength to enable demoulding without damaging the
cube then the demoulding should be delayed for a further 24 hours. When
removing the concrete cube from the mould, take the mould apart
completely. Take care not to damage the cube because, if any cracking is
caused, the compressive strength is reduced
Figure 44 & 45 Demoulding of moulds

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Curing
Curing of Concrete is a method by which the concrete is protected against loss of moisture
required for hydration and kept within the recommended temperature range. Curing will
increase the strength and decrease the permeability of hardened concrete. Curing also help in
mitigation thermal and plastic cracks, which can severely impact durability of structures
Water curing prevents the water loss from the concrete surface by uninterrupted wetting of
the exposed surface of concrete. It’s done by spraying or sprinkling water or curing agents
over the concrete surface to ensure that the concrete surface is continuously moist. Moisture
from the body of concrete is retained from evaporating and contributes to the strength-gain of
concrete
:- Various methods of water curing
• Tanks
• Ponding
• Sprinkling, fogging and mist curing
• Wet coverings
Figure 46:- Curing tank

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Ready Concrete Cubes and Beams
Figure 47:- With the Manager of the RMC plant
Figure 48:- Ready cubes after demoulding

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Testing of cubes and beams
Before starting the test we have to look the types of test are done on concrete cubes to know
their actual strength
1. Compressive strength test
2. Tensile strength test
1. Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength of Concrete can be defined as the ability of material or
structure to carry the loads on it without any crack or deflection. A material under
compressive load tends to reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates
The compressive strength of concrete can be calculated by dividing the load
applied on the concrete cube at the point of failure by the cross-section area of the cube
(150x150x150 mm) and beam (750x150x150 mm) on which load was applied
The compressive strength of concrete for normal construction work varies
from 15 MPa (2200psi) to 30 MPa (4400psi) and more in commercial and industrial
structures
The strength of concrete depends on factor such as water-cement ratio, the
strength of cement use, quality of concrete materials, quality control during production of
concrete, etc
IS Code used Concrete Cube Test
Cube Test of Concrete:- IS 516 (1959)
Strength of Concrete:- IS 456 (2000)
Formula:- Compressive strength = Load at failure/ Cross-sectional area of element

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2. Tensile Strength Test

The concrete tensile strength is the ability of concrete to resist tensile force or
stress applied to it. The tensile strength of concrete is measured by the spilt cylinder test of
concrete method. The tensile strength of concrete is measured by the units of Force per cross-
sectional area (N/Sq.mm or MPa)
Concrete is not a single solid material like steel which is strong in both
tension as well as compression. It is manufactured by mixing cementing materials, water and
aggregate
Formula:- fcr = 0.7 √fck N/mm2
* Factors affecting Tensile Strength Concrete

1. Quality of raw materials - Cement, Sand and Aggregate
2. Water Cement Ratio
3. Coarse to fine aggregate ratio
4. Aggregate cement ratio
5. Age of concrete
6. Temperature
7. Curing
8. Relative humidity

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Universal Testing Machnie UTM
A Universal Testing Machine UTM is used to test the mechanical properties (Tension
and Compression etc) of a given test specimen by exerting tensile, compressive or transverse
stresses. The machine has been named so because of the wide range of tests it can perform
over different kind of materials. Different tests like peel test, flexural test, tension test, bend
test, friction test, spring test etc. can be performed with the help of UTM
A universal testing machine consists of two main parts
1. Loading unit
2. Control unit
The arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is held in the
loading unit. The variations in the application of the load and the corresponding test result are
obtained from the control unit
Figure 51 & 52:- Universal Testing Machine in our College (Sandip

University, Nashik)

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In this figure, the left unit with table and crosshead form the loading unit. The right
unit with a load indicator arrangement is the control unit
Figure 53:- Components of UTM
1. Loading Unit:- The loading unit of umm consists of the following components
a) Load frame
b) Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead
c) Elongation Scale
a) Load frame:- The load frame of a universal testing machine can be made either by
single support or by double support. The load frame consists of a table, upper crosshead and
lower crosshead
b) Upper Crosshead and Lower Crosshead:- The upper crosshead is used to clamp one
end of the test specimen. The lower crosshead in the load frame is the moveable crosshead
whose screws can be loosened for height adjustment and tightened. Both the crossheads have

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a tapered slot at the centre. This slot has a pair of racked jaws that is intended to grip and hold
the tensile test specimen
c) Elongation Scale:- The relative movement of the lower and upper table is measured
by an elongation scale which is provided along with is provided along with the loading unit
2) Control Unit:- The main components of the control unit in a universal testing machine
are
a) Hydraulic Power Unit
b) Load Measuring Unit
c) Control Devices
a) Hydraulic Power Unit:-This unit consist of an oil pump that provides non-pulsating
oil flow into the main cylinder of the load unit. This flow helps in the smooth application of
load on the specimen. The oil pump in a hydraulic power unit is run by an electric motor and
sump
b) Load Measuring Unit:- This unit has a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small
cylinder with a piston which moves with the non pulsating oil flow. The pendulum is
connected to the piston by pivot lever. The pivot lever deflects based on that load applied to
the specimen. This deflection is converted to the load pointer and displays as the load on the
dial
The range of load application can be adjusted by means of a knob in the load
measuring unit (0-100 KN; 0-250 KN; 0-500 KN and 0-1000 KN). The accuracy of
measuring unit controls the overall accuracy of the machine
c) Control Devices:- The control devices can be electric or hydraulic. Electric control
devices make use of switches to move the crossheads and switch on/off unit. A hydraulic
control devices consists of two valves, Right Control Valve and Left Control Valve or Release
Valve. A right control valve is used to apply load on the specimen. The left control valve is
used to release the load application

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Testing of cubes in Universal Testing Machine

1. Enter the details of cubes in testing register
2. Weight the cube and note the figure in register
3. Cube size is 150mm cube, then the volume of cube concrete is (150 x150 x150)=
0.003375 cubic metres
4. Check the dates of casting and testing for 3rd day, 14th day and 28th day.
5. Place the cube in testing machine, so that the load is applied to the opposite side of the
cube as cast
6. Record the maximum load applied to the specimen
7. Observe the appearance of concreted with the failure and note the same
8. Calculate compressive strength= ( maximum load at failure) / ( contact area of the
cube)
9. Take average strength of specimen cubes
10. This average strength represents the strength of concrete particular portion of the
structure
11. Prepare the test report and submit to higher authorities
Figure 54:- Cube placed in UTM machine

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3rd day testing photos and results
Figure 55:- Concrete Cube before applying load
Figure 56:- Concrete Cube after failure

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The principal Sandip Institute of Polytechnic

Nashik
Compression Test Report
Machine Model TUE-C-1000 Test File Name 2_2022.Utm
Machine Serial No 2015/ 131 Date 06/ 03/ 2022 04:07 PM
Customer Name SIP Customer Address
Lot No. 1 Test Type Compression
Order No. 1 Heat No.
Input Data Output Data

Others 48.550 KN
Specimen Shape Load at Peak
Specimen Type Concrete Beam Elongation at Peak 1.120 mm
Specimen Description Compression Strength 2.158 N/mm2
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn
Max. Elongation 250 mm
Specimen Cross 22500 Mm2

Section Area
3rd day Concrete Cube Test Report (Concrete Cube-1)

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Nashik
Machine Serial No 2015/ 131 Date 06/ 03/ 2022 04:12

04:09 PM
Order
Order No.
No. 11 Heat
Heat No.
No.
Input
Input Data
Data Output
Output Data
Data
Others
Others 54.150 KN
Specimen
Specimen Shape
Shape Load
Load at
at Peak
Peak 40.550 KN
Specimen Concrete
Concrete Beam 1.160 mm
Specimen Type
Type Beam Elongation
Elongation at
at Peak
Peak 3.590 mm
Specimen 2.407 N/mm2

Specimen Description
Description Compression
Compression Strength
Strength 1.802 N/mm2
Pre 00 Kn
Pre Load
Load Value
Value Kn
Max. 1000 Kn
Max. Load
Load 1000 Kn
Max. 250 mm
Max. Elongation
Elongation 250 mm
Specimen
Specimen Cross
Cross 22500
22500 Mm2
Mm2
Section Area
Section Area

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Nashik

Others 54.150 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area

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3rd day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Glass Fibres
Figure 57:-Concrete Cube before applying load
Figure 58:-Concrete Cube after failure

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Figure 59:- Internal view of Glass Fibre Concrete Cube

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Nashik

Others 51.900 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area
3rd day Glass Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-1)

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Nashik

Others 51.150 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area

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Nashik

Others 48.850 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area

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3rd day testing Photos and Result of Concrete Cube with Steel Fibres
Reinforcement
Figure 60:-Concrete Cube before applying load
Figure 61:-Concrete Cube after failure

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Figure 62:-Internal view of Steel Fibre Concrete Cube

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Nashik

Others 51.650 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area
3rd day Steel Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-1)

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Nashik

Others 60.950 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area

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Nashik

Others 49.200 KN
Pre Load Value 0 Kn
Max. Load 1000 Kn

Section Area

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Summary of 3rd day Testing
Elongation at Compression
Material Cube no Load at Peak
Peak Strength
1 48.550 1.120 2.158
Concrete Cubes 2 40.550 3.590 1.802
3 54.150 1.160 2.407
1 51.900 6.300 2.307
Glass Fibre 2 51.150 1.720 2.273
3 48.850 1.800 2.171
1 (100 grams) 51.650 0.830 2.296
Steel
2 (150 grams) 60.950 2.000 2.709
Reinforcement
3 (150 grams) 49.200 0.130 2.187

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14th day Testing Photos and Results
Figure 63:-Steel Fibre Cube
Figure 64:-Glass Fibre Cube

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Figure 65:- Steel Fibre Cube
Figure 66:- Glass Fibre Cube

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Reports
Nashik
Machine Model : TUE-C-1000 Test File Name : 1_2022.Utm
Machine Serial No : 2015/131 Date : 16/03/2022 03:35 PM
Customer Name : SIP Customer Address :
Lot No. :
Test Type : Compression
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Specimen Shape : Others Load at Peak : 298.350 kN
SpecimenType : Concrete Beam Elongation at Peak : 1.740 mm
Specimen Description : 150 x 150 x 150 Compression Strength : 13.260 N/mm2
Pre Load Value :0 kN
Max. Load : 1000 kN
Max. Elongation : 250 mm
Specimen Cross Section Area : 22500 mm2
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE
14th day Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-1)

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE
14th day Glass Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-1)

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE
14th day Steel Fibre Concrete Cube Test Report (Cube-1)

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Nashik
Lot No. :
Order No . :
Heat No. :

Max. Load : 1000 kN
Load Vs. Elongation
Tested By BE

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Summary of 14th day Testing
Elongation at Compression
Material Cube no Load at Peak
Peak Strength
1 298.350 1.740 13.260
Concrete Cubes 2 335.700 1.930 14.920
3 304.950 2.080 13.553
1 420.200 2.610 18.676
Glass Fibre 2 485.050 2.060 21.558
3 440.800 2.800 19.591
1 (100 grams) 280.300 2.780 12.458
Steel
2 (150 grams) 332.850 4.640 14.793
Reinforcement
3 (150 grams) 411.650 3.670 18.296

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References
1. Research paper 1:- Samiksha Semwal, Sushmita Dhonriyal, Rakhi Negi, Prateek
Gangwar, Anoop Bahuguna (2020) “ Cracks IN BUILDING AND THEIR
REMEDIES” bridges by Shri V.K.Raina
2. Research paper 2:-Mulla Fayaz (2018) “ Study on Causes & Control of Cracks In A
Structure” for construction by Shri V.K.Raina
3. Research paper 3;- Rishabh Pathak, Deepak Rastangi (2015) “Case study on cracks
in Public Building and their Remedies” Concrete Handbook of building construction
by Shri M.M.Goyal
4. Research paper 4:- Kishore Kunal, Namesh Killemsetty (2014) “ Study on control of
cracks in a Structure through Visual Identification & Inspection” https://
gharpedia.com/blog/cracks-due-to-change-in-moisture-content/
5. Fig 1:-https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-research/tensile-cracking-in-
brick-walls.html
6. Fig 2:- https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/
Handbook%20on%20Cracks%20in%20building%20(causes%20&%20prevention)
(1).pdf
(1).pdf
8. Fig 4:- https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/permeability-of-concrete/
9. Fig 5:- https://olsonfoundationrepair.com/what-does-vertical-wall-crack-mean-what-
should-you-do-about-it-kansas-city/
10. Fig 6:- https://www.giatecscientific.com/education/understanding-concrete-
corrosion/
11. Fig 7:-https://www.uswaterproofing.com/learning-center/basement-crack-repair-6-
things-you-need-to-know
12. Fig 8:- https://olsonfoundationrepair.com/what-does-vertical-wall-crack-mean-what-
should-you-do-about-it-kansas-city/s
(190101062004)
ff

13. Fig 9:- https://gharpedia.com/blog/awful-practices-concrete-construction/

14. Fig 10:- https://civilengineerfriend.blogspot.com/2020/01/causes-and-types-of-
cracks-in-masonry.html
15. Fig 11:- https://gharpedia.com/blog/causes-of-cracks-in-house/
16. Fig 12:- https://theconstructor.org/concrete/building-cracks-causes-remedies/5392/
17. Fig 13:- https://www.123rf.com/photo_97187650_cube-concrete-samples-casting-
by-steel-mould.html
18. Fig 14:- https://www.prodyogi.com/2021/02/ultimate-guide
19. Fig 15:- https://olsonfoundationrepair.com/what-does-vertical-wall-crack-mean-
what-should-you-do-about-it-kansas-city/
(1).pdf
21. Fig 17:- https://www.123rf.com/photo_97187650_cube-concrete-samples-casting-
by-steel-mould.html
22. Fig 18:- https://tutorialstipscivil.com/civil-topics/procedure-for-casting-of-cubes-
and-testing/
23. Fig 19:- -https://tutorialstipscivil.com/civil-topics/procedure-for-casting-of-cubes-
and-testing/
24. Fig 20:- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Crack-repair-by-
stitching_fig24_313837752
25. Fig 21:- https://www.google.com/search?
q=steel+fibre+reinforcement+concrete&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiP4pq42Nn1AhU
K0XMBHZVAAVkQ2-cCegQIABAC&oq=steel+fibre+
+reinforcement+&gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQARgAMgUIABCAB
DIECAAQHjIFCAAQzQIyBQgAEM0COgsIABCABBCxAxCDAToICAA
26. Fig 22:- https://www.google.com/search?
q=glass+fibre+reinforced+concrete+to+reduce+cracks&client=safari&channel=mac
_bm&prmd=ivsxn&

(190101062004)
ff

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THE PROJECT ENTITLED

“EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR REDUCING THE

Sandip University, Nashik

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the Project report entitled “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL

Mr. Pranal Jadhav

Dr. P. L. Naktode Dr. Anil Maheshwari

EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The Project entitles “EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURE FOR

Signature of the student with date

Abhishek Manik Chavan

At the end of my dissertation, it is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all

My special thanks to Prof. Dr. P. L. Naktode Head of Civil Engineering

I would like to than Prof. Anil Maheshwari Associate Dean Engineering of

Abhishek Manik Chavan

Chapter Title Page

1.1 Classification of cracks 6

1.2 Problem Statement 9

1.3 Objective of the study 13

1.4 Scope of the study 14

Chapter 2 Literature Review 15

3.1 Cube Casting 25

Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 29

Report no Caption Page no

Table no Caption Page no

2 Summary of 14th day testing 77

3 Summary of 28th day testing

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 1

Classification of Cracks in Building

overloading and these may endanger the safety of a building

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 2

Figure 1: Tensile Cracks in Masonry wall

Figure 2: Shear Crack in Masonry Pillar at Beam Support

Figure 3: Shear Cracks in Masonry Wall

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 4

1. Permeability of Concrete:- Permeability is a measure of the amount of water,

Figure 4:- Permeability of Concrete

2. Thermal Movement:- The cracks due to thermal movement is caused either

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 5

3. Corrosion of Reinforcement:- Reinforcement corrosion induces longitudinal

Figure 5:- Corrosion on Reinforcement

4. Moisture Content:- It is the presence of a traceable amount of the water

Figure 6:- Moisture Content

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 6

Figure 7:- Creep

6. Poor Construction practices:- Several poor construction such as inadequate concrete

quality materials selection and good construction practices

Figure 8:- Poor Construction Practices

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 7

7. Movement due to Chemical reaction:- The concrete may crack as a result

Figure 9:- Cracking due to alkali-silica reactions

8. Poor Maintenance:- A structure needs to be maintained after a lapse of certain

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 8

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Objective of the Study

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 9

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

“E ective Remedial Measure for Reducing the Cracks in Concrete Structures” 10

1. Kishore Kunal, Namesh Killemsetty (2014) “ Study on control of cracks in a

2. Rishabh Pathak, Deepak Rastangi (2015) “Case study on cracks in Public

the structure whether it will be serviceable/workable or to be demolished. Few case studies

3. Muhammed ISKENDER, Bekir KARASU “Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete”