Techniques, Instrumentation and Materials: Theme One

THEME ONE:
TECHNIQUES,
INSTRUMENTATION AND
MATERIALS
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Keynote Paper
MICRO-DAMAGE CHARACTERISATION OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURES BASED ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION
BHOh
Seoul National University
KSKim
Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co Ltd
South Korea
ABSTRACT. Microcracking may provide a source of damage and generally leads to

degradation and deterioration of concrete structures. The purpose of this paper is to review
and identify various damage characteristics of concrete structures due to cracking which
arises under various different loading conditions. Acoustic emission technique was employed
to identify the progress of cracking. A comprehensive experimental program has been set up
and several series of test members were tested. The cracking damages under tensile, flexural
and pullout loadings have been identified and characterized. It is seen that the amplitudes and
energy level of Acoustic Emission (AE) events are found to be relatively small for bond
cracking damages and large for tensile cracking damages. The internal microcracks are
progressively developed ahead of an actual crack and the present study clearly exhibits this
damage mechanism for various types of cracking in concrete. The amplitude-versus-event
relations by acoustic emission have been derived to identify the cracking damages of concrete
under different loading conditions. The AE characteristics due to corrosion of rebar in
concrete are also addressed. The present study will allow more realistic damage assessment
of concrete structures through monitoring of internal cracking based on acoustic emission.
The microdamages of concrete containing nano-sized materials will also be discussed.
Keywords: Microdamage identification, Acoustic emission, Cracking, Damage mechanism,

Tensile and bond cracks, Corrosion
Dr Byung Hwan Oh is a Professor in the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seoul National

University, Gwanak-ku, Seoul, Korea. Prof. Oh is also the Director of National Research
Laboratory on Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Korea. His research area includes cracking,
fracture, durability, damage and safety assessment of RC and PSC bridges and other
structures. Prof. Oh received many awards including ACI Wason medal paper award,
ACI/CANMET award, excellent paper awards from KCI, KSCE, and KUST.
Dr Kwang Soo Kim is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Construction Technology,

Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea.
14 Oh, Kim
INTRODUCTION
It is necessary to develop nondestructive techniques to evaluate the internal flaws and

damages of concrete structures in service because conventional destructive methods have
restrictions for actual application [1-3]. In particular, the complex and heterogeneous nature
of concrete materials makes it difficult to monitor the internal defects and damage of concrete
members [4-6, 15].
Recently, acoustic emission (AE) technique, which is excellent for finding out micro-damage
or failure of material, has been tried for the study of crack initiation and development in
concrete [4-18]. This method can measure the occurrence of cracks at real-time which is not
easily possible with other nondestructive testing method. However, the types of cracking
damages which occur inside the concrete have not been explored explicitly by using this
acoustic emission technique. The purpose of this paper is to review and find out the types and
process of cracking damages which occur inside the concrete in reinforced concrete members
under different loading conditions. The AE characteristics of concrete under tensile, flexural,
and bond cracking are identified from a series of tests, respectively. The AE behavior of
reinforced concrete beams with corrosion is discussed. The AE characteristics of concrete
containing nano-sized materials will also be discussed in the lecture.
ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS IN CONCRETE
Basic Characteristics of Acoustic Emission
Acoustic Emission is a stress wave that is generated by abrupt internal structural changes in
stressed members. In other words, it is the wave instantly radiated as a microcrack occurs in
concrete during damage and failure process [6, 7]. This elastic wave is a mixture of some
audible and non-audible frequency waves and its energy level is generally very low. The
level of energy increases greatly as a crack initiates and develops [1-3]. In particular, acoustic
emission occurs when there are plastic deformation, phase deformation, and crack initiation
and development [1].
Acoustic emission signals consist of continuous and burst signals, and those occur when
plastic or inelastic deformation occurs within the material. Burst emissions are generated
when cracks initiate and develop. The continuous emissions resemble increasing noise level
of preamplifier while burst emissions show well-defined instant event. The present study is
related with burst emissions due to crack occurrence in concrete.
The acoustic emission technique has the following characteristics compared with other
nondestructive methods. Namely, acoustic emission signals are generated within the material
when the cracks happen. Therefore, this technique can capture the internal damage process
due to crack occurrence while other nondestructive methods can only find out whether there
are any existing discontinuities.
The most important advantage of acoustic emission technique is that it allows the in-depth
investigation for the internal structural change of concrete when load is applied on the
structure. This means that the safety inspectors do not have to investigate the whole structure
in order to find out any local defects. It is enough to investigate some expected structurally-
important areas with a few sensors to explore damage occurrence [7, 15]. Recently, a possible
Acoustic Emission 15
application of AE technique to the health monitoring of civil infrastructures is actively sought

and various researches are being conducted to implement AE methodology in actual practice.
However, the detail characteristics of various damages based on AE must be identified for
various concrete members under different loading conditions in order to apply the method
realistically to actual structures.
Cracking Mechanism in Concrete
If a plain concrete member is subjected to about 30% of ultimate load, deformation grows
linearly and very fine microcracks may form randomly within transition zone in concrete. If
the load is increased up to about 50% of ultimate load, the number, length, and width of
microcracks within the transition zone increase. In this stage, most of cracks are generally
bond cracks that occur along the boundary of matrix and aggregate, and thus the cracking
pattern usually follows the shape of aggregate. At the load stage of more than 80% of
ultimate load, cracks grow into the matrix. Namely, the bond cracks between aggregate and
matrix start to grow into the matrix and these lead to one or more distinct major cracks in the
concrete, in accordance with loading direction. Finally, when the load reaches the ultimate
stage, stress and deformation increase drastically and cracks in matrix and in transition zone
are fully connected. Once the cracks reach the critical length, the member fails structurally.
Outline of Tests
The concrete beams with the size of 150><150x550mm have been fabricated to study the
micro-deformation and basic acoustic emission characteristics of concrete. The compressive
strength of concrete was 25 MPa and the slump value was about 12 cm. The maximum
aggregate size was 25 mm.
The load was applied in 4-point loading condition as shown in Figure 1. A total of 6 AE
sensors were attached on the surface of concrete in the mid-span region.
Loading
Plate '
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of test arrangement for beam
16 Oh, Kim
Analysis of Test Results
Acoustic Emission Characteristics at 30 percent of Ultimate Load - In this low loading

stage, a few microcracks occur in concrete because of micro discontinuity and local stress in
the material. The test results indicate that the duration and energy level of AE events are short
and low as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The ultimate load of the beam was about 25 kN.
25 -
30% of peak load
i
ENER<GY(dB
20-
10-
5-
0- 1 L, Li. i i,li 1
00:04 00:08 00:12 00:16
TIME(min)
Figure 2 Energy distribution of AE at 30% of peak load
1000
30% of peak load
g 800 -
§ 600-
X 400 -
P
a
200 - ll.
00:04 00:08 00:12 00:16
TIME (min)
0
Figure 3 Duration distribution of AE at 30% of peak load
Acoustic Emission Characteristics at 50 percent of Ultimate Load -As the load increases
gradually, the number of AE events increases and the energy and duration time also tend to
increase, which may be considered as the signals for slow development of bond cracks. The
energy level at this loading stage reaches up to 55dB and it is almost double compared with
that at 30% of ultimate load (Figure 4). Figure 5 indicates that the maximum duration time is
about 600 jisec. At this stage, typically there are no externally visible main cracks, but some
internal random microcracks.
Acoustic Emission Characteristics at 80 percent of Ultimate Load - At this load stage,

microcracks inside the concrete progress further and many acoustic emission signals are
generated. It can be seen from Figure 6 and Figure 7 that the number of AE events increases
greatly which indicates continuous development of many cracks. It is interesting to note that
the duration time does not increase, even though the energy level generally increases.
Acoustic Emission Characteristics at Ultimate Load - As the applied load reaches to the
ultimate stage, there are radical increase in AE events and development of major cracks. The
major cracks usually occur at maximum bending moment region. In plain concrete beam, the
formation of major crack leads to sudden failure. Therefore, the energy level and duration of
AE events increase rapidly similar to the failure behavior.
00:18 00:19 00:20 00:21 00:22

TIME (min)
1000
50% of peak load |
750 •]
O
500 -
250 A
0 JLLLJ
00:17 00:18 00:19 00:20 00:21 00:22
TIME (min)
00:23 00:23 00:24 00:25 00:25 00:26 00:27

TIME (min)
18 Oh, Kim
1000
00:24 00:26 00:28

TIME (min)
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS DAMAGES IN

CONCRETE BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION
General
In addition to the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of concrete beams in flexural loading
described in the previous section, the AE characteristics of concrete in splitting tension and of
bond between reinforcing steel and concrete have also been investigated in the present study
in order to identify the types of various cracking damages.
The distribution of AE amplitude has been analyzed from AE signal measurement data. It is
expected that different types of members under different loadings may exhibit different
damage characteristics, which is one of the major objectives of this paper. Therefore, AE
characteristics clarified in this study will make it possible to distinguish the types of damages
in actual concrete structures.
15000
00:28 00:29 00:30 00:31

TIME (rain)
Figure 8 Energy distribution of AE at ultimate load
Acoustic Emission of Concrete in Tension
The splitting tension test was performed to determine the AE characteristics when tensile
cracks occur. The concrete compressive strength used for this test was 25 MPa and the slump
value was 120mm. Two AE sensors were attached to each side of cylinder specimen,
respectively, to acquire the AE signals. The test arrangement is shown in Figure 9
10cm
20 cm
Figure 9 Schematic diagram of AE measurement of splitting tensile test
Acoustic Emission at Bond Interface between Concrete and Reinforcement
The bond test was conducted to explore the AE characteristics due to the microcracking at the
bond interface between concrete and reinforcement. The cubic specimens with the size of
150x150x150mm were used with 19 mm diameter reinforcing bar embedded in the center of
the specimen. To perform bond tests in the same condition with tension tests, the same mix
proportions were used.
A total of 8 sensors were used by attaching two AE sensors on each lateral side of a cubic
specimen. The same AE sensors were used throughout whole tests. The arrangement for the
bond tests is shown in Figure 10.
RodSD60
5^ Steel Panel
Free End Meat! teat Alloy
Specimen
-Loaded End
Figure 10 Test arrangement for AE measurement of bond test
20 Oh, Kim
Test Results and Analysis
Through the tension tests and bond tests, the AE characteristics of concrete have been
observed when tensile cracks and bond cracks occur internally. The distribution of amplitude
of AE events has been analyzed. Figure 11 shows the cumulative distribution of AE
amplitude for the case of tensile cracking and Figure 12 shows the cumulative distribution for
the case of bond cracking. It is seen that the amplitude distributions of AE events are quite
different for both cases.
The range of amplitude distribution for bond cracking is much narrower than that for tensile
cracking. Namely, 44 percent of cumulative hits corresponds to 60 dB and more than 80
percent of cumulative hits corresponds to about 70dB for tensile cracking, while 87 percent
of cumulative hits corresponds to the same 60 dB for pullout bond cracking between
reinforcing bar and concrete. The maximum AE amplitudes are about 100 dB for tension
cracking and about 75dB for bond cracking between reinforcement and concrete, respectively.
The reason for small amplitude distribution for interface bond cracking is that only the
concrete around the rib of the reinforcing bar may be microcracked due to pull-out forces and
the cracking region is rather limited.
60 70 80 90 100
AMPLITUDE (dB)
Figure 11 Amplitude distribution of AE during splitting test
60 70 80 90 100
AMPLITUDE (dB)
Figure 12 Amplitude distribution of AE during bond strength test
Figure 13 shows the relation between AE amplitudes and AE events for different damage
types due to different loading conditions. It is seen from this figure that the amplitude vs.
event relation exhibits very linear relation for both cases. The major finding from this
comparison is that the slopes and absolute values of AE amplitudes are higher for tensile
cracks than for bond cracks. This salient feature may efficiently be used to distinguish
internal damages due to cracking which may occur during loading process. The relationship
between AE amplitude and AE event, described by a regression equation, i.e., Eq.(l) and
Eq.(2), was obtained from this study.
For tensile cracks : ydB = 95.75 - 14.22 logN (1)
For bond cracks : ydB = 87.19 - 12.11 logN (2)
Where ydB = AE amplitude (dB); N = AE event count. The above equations may be used to
identify the different damage characteristics of concrete due to cracking under different
loading conditions.
Splitting test
Bending Test
40 -
10 100 1000
EVENT COUNT (IN LOGARITHMIC)
Figure 13 AE event versus amplitude relation for various damage types
DETECTION OF MICROCRACKS BY SOURCE LOCATION

Source Location of Crack Occurrence
The triangular method has been employed to locate the source of cracking. The source can be
traced by using the difference of arrival time with which acoustic emission signals reach to
each sensor. The AE sensors were located at 30cm distance, respectively, to avoid attenuation
of AE signals.
Test Results for the Source of Cracking

Initial load stage - At this stage, the average stresses in concrete are rather small and thus
any distinct cracks do no occur. Only very fine microcracks at aggregate interface may
happen. Fig. 14 shows some locations of cracking at initial small load stage.
22 Oh, Kim
Increased load stage - At this stage, the applied load is about 80% of ultimate load and the
energy level of AE signal is rather high. The microcracks at previous load stages
conglomerate to form certain major cracks at this stage. It is found that the results of source
location coincide very well with the location of actual visible crack (see Figure 15).
Randomly distributed cracks develop into main cracks to the upper part of the beam.
O"" O
Figure 14 AE source locations at initial small load
-1f
*
•
Figure 15 AE source locations at an increased load
Figure 16 AE source locations at the ultimate load
ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DUE TO CRACKING
Test Outline
Actual reinforced concrete (RC) beams were made and tested to study the damage
characteristics due to cracking. The cracking damages identified in the previous section for
both flexural cracks and bond cracks can be applied to distinguish the damage patterns. The
cross-section of the test beam was 150*250 mm and the length was 2400 mm. The load was
applied in four-point loading condition with the displacement rate of 0.2 mm/min. Twelve
AE sensors were used with six sensors on each side of the beam.
90 30 , , 50
8 \
\ \ \
TUT
2000
m 200 15)
\2O3 \ ITEM)
Figure 17 Schematic diagram and dimensions for test beam (unit: mm)
Damage Evaluation of RC Beam with the Increase of Load
Initial Load Stage - At this stage, vertical flexural cracks occur in the central region of the
reinforced concrete beam. Fig. 15 shows the AE amplitude and event relation for the test
beam. It is obvious that the major sources of damage are related to mainly flexural cracking
as found from previous tests and that bond cracks do not appear at this stage of loading.
100 -
r 90 -
Bending Crack
50 -
40 -
100 1000 10000

Figure 18 AE characteristics of RC beam at small load
In other words, the behavior and damage of reinforced concrete beam in the initial load stage
are mainly related to bending cracks rather than to bond cracks between reinforcement and
concrete.
Increased load stage - At the stage in which load increases further, the AE signals obtained
can be plotted as shown in Figure 16. These data indicate that damage caused by both flexure
and bond cracks occur at the increased load stage. It can be said that the bond cracks occur
around the reinforcement after flexural cracks formed, which is confirmed by present test
results. The present test results indicate that it is possible to distinguish the types of cracking
damages which are important in the damage assessment of reinforced concrete structures.
24 Oh, Kim
Internal damage locations and actual cracks - As shown in Figure 20, the pattern of
internal damages detected by AE is very much similar to actual visible cracks. Therefore, the
detection of internal crack damage by AE can provide reasonable condition assessment of
concrete structures in advance before the structure goes into serious damages stage.
100 1000 10000

Figure 19 AE characteristics of RC beam at increased load
*
• * «!h> *«
ir **"«& •*,7,
-I L-J
Figure 20 AE source locations and cracking pattern for RC beam at ultimate load
AE CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO CORROSION OF REBAR IN CONCRETE
Detection of Rebar Corrosion in Concrete
The corrosion of reinforcements in concrete structures is a serious problem which directly

affects the safety and serviceability of concrete structures. Therefore, the early detection of
corrosion may be an essential element in the reasonable maintenance of important civil
structures. Many techniques have been employed to measure the corrosion of steel bars in
concrete including half-cell potential measurements. Recently, Li et al [12] conducted some
tests on the detection of corrosion of rebar using AE technique. Figure 21 shows the test set-
up for rebar corrosion in concrete [12]. The corrosion of steel bar induces expansion and this
expansion causes tensile stresses to the surrounding concrete. The tensile stresses in turn may
cause microcracking of concrete in the vicinity of rebar which can be detected by AE method.
Figure 22 shows the measured accumulated event number of AE according to exposure time
[12]. Figure 22 indicates that the AE events increase rapidly at a certain time, i.e., at about
20 days after exposure to chloride solution, which is earlier than the time of increase of
galvanic current depicted in Figure 21. This means that AE method can detect the occurrence
of corrosion much earlier than the conventional methods, which may provide good warning
indicator to maintenance authorities.
15% NaCl
eletrolyte ^
Concrete
Figure 21 Test setup for rebar corrosion in concrete [12]
250
( • AE event number
• Galvanic current M
200*
1
/
150
S
100H
1
\ u. CURI
0 10 20 30 40 50
TIME (Day)
Figure 22 Accumulated AE event number with time due to rebar corrosion in concrete [12]
AE Characteristics of Corroded RC Beams
The reinforced concrete (RC) beams with corroded rebar may exhibit different damage
behavior under external applied load. Yoon et al. studied the AE characteristics for the
corroded RC beams under cyclically-increasing loads [16]. The reinforcing bars were
corroded, up to 0.7, 3.5 and 7.0 percent weight loss to simulate low, medium and high
corrosion, respectively. Fig. 23 shows the schematic diagram for loading of test members and
AE measurements. The four-point load was applied to the beam in a cyclic manner with
increasing magnitude. Fig. 24 describes the cumulative AE hits obtained for uncorroded and
corroded RC beams under cyclically-increasing loads [16]. It can be seen that the cumulative
numbers of AE events decrease with an increase of corrosion amount for RC beams under
same loading. This is probably due to the fact that for high corroded RC beams many
microcracks have been already formed around the rebar during the corrosion expansion and
thus the occurrence of new microcracks under applied loading is reduced. This indicates that
it is necessary to include all AE information from the beginning of corrosion initiation up to
the current time under external loading in order to assess the damages of RC beams more
realistically. Fig. 25 shows the variation of Felicity ratios according to load cycles for four
different corroded RC beams [16]. The Felicity ratio is defined as the ratio of the load at
which AE events begin on a successive load cycle to the maximum load on the previous
cycle. Fig. 25 indicates that the Felicity ratio decreases with an increase of load cycle and it
26 Oh, Kim
decreases more rapidly for highly corroded beam than less corroded beams [16]. This may
have difficult implication. The microdamages combined with corrosion and external loading
may have different equilibrium states after unloading and the energies restored during
unloading may be different due to the different mixtures of microcracking. Further study is
necessary to clarify more realistic damage process in corroded concrete structures.
AE parameters &
Vfevefomi Acquisition
Load& Vf
Displacement
Control
AE Sensor
Rebar
Figure 23 Schematic diagram for loading arrangement and AE measurement system [16]
40000 i
35000
x No-corrosion 1
j
Low-corrosion
1 WMMMt
30000 — Mid-corrosion
!
»» High-corrosion
25000
Load
!
»MMM
y?
20000
7/'
—7
15000
\ /
10000
u 5000
/••>
mi I
A \
n i
«rfi * y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
TIME (sec)
Figure 24 Cumulative AE hits according to the increase of cyclic loading [16]
APPLICATION OF AE TO CONCRETE CONTAINING NANOMATERIALS
Recently, the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology is being spread to all

engineering area. This is also true in concrete engineering area, including the use of
nanoparticles in cement and concrete, and nano-scale and multi-scale mechanics in concrete.
The state and propagation of damages in concrete with nano-sized materials may differ from
those of conventional concrete. In order to identify the microdamage behavior of the concrete
with nanomaterials, a comprehensive test program was set up and several series of tests have
been conducted. The identification and propagation of damages of concrete with
nanomaterials according to loading are pursued. The detail test results will be presented at the
congress together with the comparisons with normal concrete.
~*~ No Corrosion
" • " Low Corrosion
o ~A- Mid Corrosion
-*$- High Corrosion
£ 0.6
-1
W 0.4
l
0.2
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NUMBER OF LOADING CYCLE
Figure 25 Variation of Felicity ratios with increase of load cycle
CONCLUSIONS
The microcracking generally leads to serious degradation and deterioration in concrete

structures with the combination of load and environmental factors.. In this study, acoustic
emission characteristics have been analyzed for various concrete members under different
loading conditions. Microdamages induced by applied loads can be detected by energy and
duration time of acoustic emission. The following conclusions can be summarized from the
present study.
1. The present paper provides very important information on the cracking damages of
various members under different loading conditions. The test data illustrate that the
cracking damages due to flexural cracks, tensile cracks and bond cracks are all different
and have distinct different AE characteristics.
2. The present study indicates that, when there is bond damage between reinforcing bar and
concrete, elastic waves with relatively small amplitudes occur. On the other hand, elastic
waves with relatively high amplitudes are generated by tensile cracks. It is seen that 44
percent of cumulative hits corresponds to 60 dB and more than 80 percent of cumulative
hits corresponds to about 70dB for tensile cracking, while 87 percent of cumulative hits
corresponds to the same 60 dB for pullout bond damage between reinforcing bar and
concrete. This means that the magnitude of bond damage is far less than that of tensile
cracking.
3. The amplitude versus AE event relations for different loading conditions have been
derived in the present study for flexural, tensile and bond cracking.
4. The AE characteristics of reinforced concrete beams due to corrosion are also discussed
and the damage behavior of concrete containing nano-sized materials is also discussed.
5. The different AE characteristics for various cases may be efficiently used to detect and
monitor the cracking damages of actual concrete structures.
28 Oh, Kim
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology and also the Ministry of
Construction and Transportation. These generous supports are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. ACHENBACH, T F. AND HARRIS, J G. Acoustic emission from a brief crack propagation

event, J. Appl. Mech. Vol. 46, 1979. pp. 107-112.
2. ASNT HANDBOOK, 2ND ED., Vol. 5, Acoustic Emission Testing, R. K. Miller and Paul
Mclntire, Editors, ASNT, 1987
3. ROSE, L.R.F. The stress wave radiation from growing cracks. Int. J. Fracture, Vol. 17, 1981,
pp.45-60.
4. REYMOND, M., RAHARINAIVO, A, AND BRACHET, M. Characterization of concrete
damages by acoustic emission analysis, J. Acoustic Emission 2(3) 1983, pp 159-168
5. BERTHELOT, J. AND ROBERT, J. Modelling concrete damage by acoustic emission J.
Acoustic Emission, 6, 1987, pp 43-60
6. UOMOTO, T. Application of acoustic emission to the field of concrete engineering, J. Acoustic
Emission, 6(3), 1987, pp 137-144
7. OHTSU, M. Diagnostics of cracks in concrete based on acoustic emission, Nondestrucitve
testing, ed. H. S. Lew, SP-112, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988, pp.63-82.
8. MAJI, A. and Shah, S. P. Application of acoustic emission and laser holography to study
microfracture in concrete, ACI SP-112, 1989, pp.83-110.
9. MATSUYAMA, K., FUJIWARA, T., ISHIBASHI, A., AND OHTSU, M. Field application of
acoustic emission for the diagnosis of structural deterioration of concrete, J. Acoustic Emission
Vol.11, 1993,No.4pp.s65-s73.
10. NILSEN, A. U., AND MONTEIRO, P. J. M., Concrete: A three phase material, Cement and
Concrete Research, Vol.23, 1993, pp.147-151
11. HEARN, S. W. AND SHIELD, C. K., Acoustic emission monitoring as a nondestructive testing
technique in reinforced concrete. ACI Material Journal, 1997, pp 510-519.
12. LI, Z., LI, F., ZDUNEK, A., LANDIS, E., and SHAH, S. P. Application of acoustic emission
technique to detection of rebar corrosion in concrete, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.95, No.l, 1998,
pp.68-81.
13. BALAZS, G. L. Bond under repeated Loading, ACI SP-180, 1998, pp.125-144.
14. HAUWAERT, A.V., DELANNAY, F., and THIMUS, J-F. Cracking behaviour of steel fiber
reinforced concrete revealed by means of acoustic emission and ultrasonic wave propagation,
ACI Materials Journal, Vol.96, No.3, 1999, pp.291-293.
15. OH, B. H., KIM, K. S., and KIM, E. J., Identification of cracking damages of concrete structures
using acoustic emission, ACI SP-193, 2000, pp. 195-210.
16. YOON, D. J., WEISS, W. J., and SHAH, S.P., "Assessing damage in corroded reinforced
concrete using acoustic emission", J. of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 126, No. 3, 2000, pp.
273-283.
17. OHTSU, M., UCHIDA, M., OKAMOTO, T., and YUYAMA, S., Damage assessment of
reinforced concrete beams qualified by acoustic emission, ACI Structural Journal, Vol.99, No.4,
2002, pp.411-417.
18. PEASE, B., HOSSAIN, A. B., and WEISS, W. J., Quantifying volume change, stress
development, and cracking due to early-age autogenous shrinkage, ACI SP-220, 2004, pp.23-39.

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THEME ONE:

MICRO-DAMAGE CHARACTERISATION OF CONCRETE

ABSTRACT. Microcracking may provide a source of damage and generally leads to

Keywords: Microdamage identification, Acoustic emission, Cracking, Damage mechanism,

Dr Byung Hwan Oh is a Professor in the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seoul National

Dr Kwang Soo Kim is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Construction Technology,

It is necessary to develop nondestructive techniques to evaluate the internal flaws and

ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS IN CONCRETE

Basic Characteristics of Acoustic Emission

application of AE technique to the health monitoring of civil infrastructures is actively sought

Cracking Mechanism in Concrete

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of test arrangement for beam

Analysis of Test Results

Acoustic Emission Characteristics at 30 percent of Ultimate Load - In this low loading

Acoustic Emission Characteristics at 80 percent of Ultimate Load - At this load stage,

00:18 00:19 00:20 00:21 00:22

00:23 00:23 00:24 00:25 00:25 00:26 00:27

00:24 00:26 00:28

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS DAMAGES IN

00:28 00:29 00:30 00:31

Acoustic Emission of Concrete in Tension

Figure 9 Schematic diagram of AE measurement of splitting tensile test

Acoustic Emission at Bond Interface between Concrete and Reinforcement

Free End Meat! teat Alloy

Figure 10 Test arrangement for AE measurement of bond test

Test Results and Analysis

For tensile cracks : ydB = 95.75 - 14.22 logN (1)

For bond cracks : ydB = 87.19 - 12.11 logN (2)

DETECTION OF MICROCRACKS BY SOURCE LOCATION

Test Results for the Source of Cracking

Figure 14 AE source locations at initial small load

Figure 15 AE source locations at an increased load

Figure 16 AE source locations at the ultimate load

ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

Damage Evaluation of RC Beam with the Increase of Load

100 1000 10000

Figure 18 AE characteristics of RC beam at small load

100 1000 10000

Figure 19 AE characteristics of RC beam at increased load

AE CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO CORROSION OF REBAR IN CONCRETE

Detection of Rebar Corrosion in Concrete

The corrosion of reinforcements in concrete structures is a serious problem which directly

Figure 21 Test setup for rebar corrosion in concrete [12]

AE Characteristics of Corroded RC Beams

Figure 24 Cumulative AE hits according to the increase of cyclic loading [16]

APPLICATION OF AE TO CONCRETE CONTAINING NANOMATERIALS

Recently, the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology is being spread to all

Figure 25 Variation of Felicity ratios with increase of load cycle

The microcracking generally leads to serious degradation and deterioration in concrete

1. ACHENBACH, T F. AND HARRIS, J G. Acoustic emission from a brief crack propagation

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