Review of Related Literature

This chapter present a review of both foreign and local literature.

This also present the different variables relative to the project.

Flood is a natural event or occurrence where a piece of land (or area) that is usually dry land, suddenly
gets submerge under water. Some floods can occur suddenly and recede quickly other take days or even
month to build and discharge (Eschool today, 2019).

The most common kind of calamity worldwide is flooding. Anywhere and at any time, it can happen.
Although floods are predictable, they frequently result in significant property damage and destruction
because most metropolitan areas are close to water sources like rives and coasts. One of the most
frequent threats in the Philippines is flooding. Flood effects can be very small, affecting just a single state
or neighborhood, or very big, affecting entire river basins, but not all floods are the same. Flash floods,
in contrast to other types of flooding, occur swiftly, often in just a few minutes and sometimes without
any outward indicators of rain.

Flooding situations in the country are massive problems that damage communities in several aspects
including economic and physical development. As a result, this study focused on the impact of littering
to flooding in barangay Lalayat, San Jose, Batangas and how the community addresses this issue.
Designed as a phenomenological qualitative research, data we gathered from 10 residents of legal age
living in the community for more than two decades. The participants responses were transcribed
directly without revision although unclear parts analysis, and open coding, the researches detected that
the main problem of community is flooding; caused mainly by clogged litters in canals. Additionally,
different perceived effects of littering significantly contributed to the flooding in the community. Such
effects include health risks, disturbance of personal lives of the residents, and unsustainable
environments. Moreover, the study also deduced that the means of addressing flooding in the
community is inadequate. Therefore, there is a need to devise a more effective and innovative method
of addressing this impact to alleviate this problem. This is supported by the theory of Essuman (2017)
which focused on the flooding situation in the coastal area of Ghana.

According to the report of Davao city’s engineer office, the uncollected and improperly dumped garbage
that clogged the drainage system and canals, situation and structures built above waterways have
contributed to severe flooding in the city on April 10, 2021

According to Cagayan De Oro city, excessive rains, garbage that clogged drainage systems, and shanties
that stood in waterways all contributed to the flash floods that submerged Cagayan De Oro on Monday,
local authorities said. So in response, Cagayan De Oro 2 nd district representative Maximo Rodriguez said
the city government has an ongoing relocation project for the dwellers along the creek. Task force
Hapsay Sapa (Clean Creek) was also launched in October 2015.

In Davao city, due to the onslaught of heavy rains, flooding worsened as a result of the clogging of
garbage in canals in many parts of Panabo City. In response, on September 20, 2021, the city
environment and natural resources office (Cenro) conducted a cleanup of the canals where they
recovered a large amount of garbage such as plastic bottles, cellophane, among others. They urged the
residents to enhance their knowledge by properly disposing of garbage that causes flooding and even
possible spread of diseases.

Clogged drainage systems caused the street flooding in Davao city during a heavy downpour on the
evening on Saturday, April 10, 2021, mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio said. In a radio interview on Monday
April 12, the mayor said the Davao city disaster risk reduction and management office (CDRRMO)
reported during their department heads meeting the list of areas that were flooded on Saturday
evening. The mayor said the CDRRMO street flooding is reported is vital. The report consists of the list of
areas and streets that were flooded and flood-prone. She said the list was already forward to the CEO
for them to check if the department of public works and highways has drainage protects in these areas.

The mayor also notice that flood incidents or overflow of water level occur in other areas where there
are accomplished drainage projects. She also bared the usual reasons for the flooding, including private
not owners block the natural waterways as the water passes through their private properties, while
some homeowners create their own drainage system does not connected to the water path. Duterte –
Carpio also said that the usual reasons for the flooding include undiscipline disposal of garbage in canals.
She said there have been drainage projects and interventions that were made to address flooding in
some flood-prone areas but even after that, flooding still happens in other areas.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) said that canals clogged with plastic
bottles and buildup of grease and oil contributed heavily to flooding in Manila last week. “ The
declogging operations last year have uncovered a significant amount of plastic bottles and grease and oil
buildup along drainage canals in Manila. These were observe to come from business establishments and
the wanton disposal of garbage in the streets”, DENR Manila Boy Coordinating Office (MBCO) Director
Jacob Miemban said. Based on the data, areas in Metro Manila generate at least 12,500 tons of garbage
per day. Quezon City ranked number one with 3,600 tons followed by the cities of Manila and Caloocan,
each generating about 1,200 and 913 tons daily, respectively.

The DENR through the MBCO held an interagency meeting with the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH), the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), and the Manila City
government to address the flooding. “ The DPWH and MMDA, with the support of the DENR and city of
Manila, are now working on interventions for the declogging of drainage canals, especially in the
identified areas”, Miemban added. Miemban said the agency is planning to provide founding for the
declogging operations as well as install mobile plumping stations in the Bay walk areas, reconstruct
floodgates, and devise other flooding interventions in coordination with other government agencies.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
326272319_A_Study_on_the_Impact_of_Littering_to_flooding_in_Barangay_Lalayat_San_Jose_Batanga
s

https://globaldailymirror.com/Main/full_artide/
garbage_clogged_canals_cause_of_april_to_severe_flooding_in_davao_city15099

https://www.rappler.com/nation/15744_causes_cagayan_de_oro_floods/

https://newsline.ph/top-stories/2021/09/27/cenro-cleans-clogged-canals-in-panabao-city/

https://www.sunstar.com.ph/ampArticle/1891584

https://www.google.com/ampls/www.mailatives.net/2022/08/13/news/nationals/clogged-canals-
cause-heavy-floods-in-manila/18543811amp