 Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the
reader using a comic form.
REVIWER IN 21ST CENTURY
LITERATURE
LITERARY
 Folk tales. These are made up of stories about life,
adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can
derive lessons about life. An example of this is THE
MOON AND THE SUN.
 The Epic Age. Epics are long narrative poems in
which a series of heroic achievements or events,
usually of a hero, are dealt with at length.
 Folk Songs. These are one of the oldest forms of
Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish
period. These songs mirrored the early forms of
culture. Many of these have 12syllables
LITERARY GENRES
Major literary genres!
 POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of experience
expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic
language choices to evoke an emotional response.
 DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse
presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story
involving conflict more contrast of character,
especially on intended to be acted on a stage:
 FICTION- is literature created from the imagination,
not presented as fact, though it may be based on a
true story or situation.
1. Novel
2. short story
3. novella.
 NON-FICTION- is based on facts and the author’s
opinion about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction
writing is to inform and sometimes to persuade.
1. Biographies
2. articles from textbooks
3. Magazines and newspapers.
21st Century Literature Genres
 ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
 Story through text and illustrated images
 50% 0f the narrative is presented without words
 The reader must interpret the images to
comprehend the story completely.
 Textual portions are presented in traditional form.
 Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
 Span all genres.
 Examples include The Invention of Hugo Cabret by
Brian Selznick and The Arrival by Genresn Tan.
 DIGI-FICTION
 Triple Media Literature
 Combines three media: book, movie/video and
internet website
 To get the full story, students must engage in
navigation, reading, viewing in all three forms.
 Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony
Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples.
 GRAPHIC NOVEL
 Narrative in comic book formats
 The term is employed broadly manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and thematically
linked short stories as well as fictional stories across
a number of genres.
 Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob
Montana, is a good example.
 MANGA
 Japanese word for comics
 It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic
term for all comic books and graphic
novels originally published in Japan.
 Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
 Ameri-manga - sometimes used to refer to comics
created by American artists in manga style.
 Shonen - Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
 Shojo - Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
 Seinen - Men’s Manga (Akira)
 Josei - Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
 Kodomo - Children’s Manga
 DOODLE FICTION
 Literary presentation where the author incorporates
doodle writing and drawings and handwritten
graphics in place of the traditional font.
 Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous
elements
 TEXT-TALK NOVELS
 Blogs, email and IM format narratives
 Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating
social network exchanges.
 CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
 Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern
womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly.
 Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist
whose femininity is heavily thermalizing in the plot.
 Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and
Miranda Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are
examples of this.
 FLASH FICTION
 Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity
 There is no widely accepted definition of the length
and category. It could range from word to a
thousand.
 SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
 Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
 Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit.
 CREATIVE NON-FICTION
 Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-
fiction
 A genre of writing that uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
 Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical
writing or journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service
to its craft.
 As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively
young and is only beginning to be scrutinized with
the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and
Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery are examples.
 SCIENCE FICTION
 Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and
technology, space travel, time travel, faster than
light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial
life.
 Often explores the potential consequences of
scientific and other innovations and has been called
a “literature of ideas”.
 Examples include Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and
Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash.
 BLOG
 A weblog, a website containing short articles called
posts that are changed regularly.
 Some blogs are written by one person containing
their own opinions, interests and experiences, while
others are written by different people.
 HYPER POETRY
 Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-
up
 It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc.
that are presented in variable order but sit on the
page much as traditional poetry does, or it can
contain parts of the poem that move and mutate.
 It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and
diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to
no later than the mid-1980’s.
LITERARY CONTEXT
 The writer's context is knowing about the writer's
life, values, assumptions, gender, race, sexual
orientation, and the political and economic issues
related to the author.
 Reader's context is about the reader's previous
reading experience, values, assumptions, political
and economic issues.
 The text's context is about its publishing history. It is
part of the larger text such as newspaper, history,
events, translated in it.
 Social context and socio-cultural of a text feature
the society in which the live and in which the
author's text was produced.
 Imagery is creating a picture in the reader's mind by
using words that appeal to the senses. There are
types of Imagery that are used in this module.
(Menoy 2016))
 Visual imagery produced by the use of words that
appeal to the sense of sight.
 Auditory Imagery produced by the use of words that
appeal to the sense of hearing.
 Kinesthetic imagery produced by the use of words
that appeal to the actions and movement.
 Literary Techniques are methods the author or
writer of a literary piece used to convey what they
want to impart to the reader, such as Flashback
where the events have taken place before the
present time the narration is following.
MULTIMEDIA FORMATS
1. Blog or a “weblog” is a website containing
informational articles about a person’s own opinions,
interests and experiences. These are usually changed
regularly.
2. Mind mapping is a graphical technique to visualize
connections of ideas and pieces of information. This
tool structures information to better analyze,
comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new
ideas. You can use Microsoft Word or online mind
mapping tools in creating a mind map
3. Mobile phone text tula is a traditional Filipino poem.
A particular example of this poem is a tanaga that
consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the
same rhyme at the end of each line.
4. Slideshow presentation is created with the use of
Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains series of pictures
or pages of information (slides) arranged in
sequence and often displayed on a large screen using
a video projector (Computer Hope 2018).
5. Tag cloud is a visual, stylized arrangement of words
or tags within a textual content such as websites,
articles, speeches and databases
6. Video is an electronic device used to record, copy,
playback, broadcast, and display moving visual
media (Lexico 2020).
ANECDOTES
 An anecdote is a short entertaining or interesting
story about a real incident or person (Nagpal 2016).
 Anecdotes tell about a variety of stories and tales,
since they can be about any topic under the sun. It
is a short story about a real person or event which
usually intends to make the listeners laugh or
ponder over a topic (Your Dictionary 2020).
 Purpose of anecdotes
1. To bring cheer
2. To reminisce
3. To caution
4. To persuade or inspire
LITERARY CONTEXT
Basic Elements of Short Story
 Character
 A character in a short story is a person, in some
stories an animal, who takes part in the action of the
story or other literary work.
 The way an author develops the character in a story
is very important in making the story appeal to the
readers.
 It is said that the heart of the story are the
characters.
 The two most important characters in a short story
are the protagonist and the antagonist.
 Protagonist is considered as the main character or
most important of all the characters.
 Antagonist is the character that challenges the main
character.
 Setting
 The place (locale) and time (period) when the story
happens is called the setting.
 The setting may be based on real place and real time
or it may also be based on the author’s imagination.
 When analyzing the setting of the story, consider
where the action is taking place. Most authors use
descriptive words to describe the landscape,
scenery, buildings, season, or weather to provide a
strong sense of setting which will help the reader
visualize the story and connect to the story’s plot.
 Plot
 A plot is the actual story. It is what the story is all
about.
 It is also the series of events and characters’ actions
that lead to the highest point of interest in a short
story.
Exposition –
 This is the beginning of the story.
 This is where the author introduces the characters,
identifies where the story is happening, and
establishes the main conflict.
Rising Action –
 This event occurs as you begin to move throughout
the story.
 This is where conflicts start to build.
Climax –
 It is the most exciting part of a short story.
 This is the part in the story when important decisions
are made or important things are discoveredstor
Falling Action –
 This point occurs after the climax as the problems in
the story start to work themselves out.
 The excitement becomes less and less as the conflict
is resolved.
Resolution –
 This is the solution to the problem in a story.
 The solution may not be what you hoped for but as
long as it fits the story in tone and theme, the
conflict has been resolved.
 Conflict
 Every story needs to have a problem and this
problem is called conflict
 Man versus man;
 man versus nature;
 man versus himself; and
 man versus society.
 Theme-
 This is the central idea in a short story and a general
truth.
 This is considered as the author’s message to the
readers.
 Point of View –
 This is the way the story is told or narrated.
 It is also known as the vantage point that a writer
uses to narrate the story.
 The following are the types of point of view in a
short story:
a) First Person – the narrator participates in and
tells the story using the pronoun ‘I’.
b) Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in the
story and narrates using the pronouns ‘she’ or
‘he’. Also, the narrator is unable to see into the
minds of the characters.
c) Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is not in
the story and tells the story using the pronouns
‘she’ or ‘he’. In this point of view, the narrator
can tell the thoughts of the characters as he can
see into their mind