Alloy Nodica

CICT-125
2.5 The Periodic Table
They realized various elements could be grouped together based on their similar chemical
behaviors as they purified ores and discovered new elements early chemists had worked on. This is
where lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) are located: These elements have a lot in common
with one another: they conduct heat and electricity well, and are shiny and similar in chemical
properties. Among them are the heavy, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and chemically
similar Ca, Sr, and Ba, whose chemical properties are shared. Nonetheless, the two groups differ greatly
in their properties. Li, Na, and K are extremely reactive to oxygen compared to Ca, Sr, and Ba, which is
evident in their ratio of two oxygen atoms to every one of their atoms. Li, Na, and K have compounds
with oxygen in a ratio of two to one, while Ca, Sr, and Ba have compounds with a ratio of one oxygen
atom to every one of their atoms. Other halogens such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and
iodine (I) also have very similar properties, although they are completely different from those of any
other halogen listed previously.

There was an observed correspondence between the characteristics of known elements, first
discovered by Dimitri Mendeleev in Russia (1869) and Lothar Meyer in Germany (1870). The tables both
featured elements listed in order of atomic mass. One of his contemporaries, Meyer, tried to find out if
Mendeleev's table held some order. It did. So, he attempted to predict which elements did not exist, yet
were theoretically obtainable, using the information he obtained from Mendeleev's table. Germanium
and gallium's discoveries helped strengthen Mendeleev's theoretical work. Mendeleev's contributions to
the periodic table, despite long arguments about priority with Meyer, are now better recognized.

It was made clear in the twentieth century that the periodic relationship was not based on
atomic masses, but rather atomic numbers. The property of each element being related to its atomic
number is known as the periodic law. Here is the modern rendition of this relationship: each element
has properties that are related to its atomic number. In the contemporary periodic table, atoms are
arranged by atomic number, and different types of atoms are gathered in one vertical column (Figure
2.26).

Each box contains the atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, and (sometimes) name of the
element. The different parts are in vertical columns and horizontal rows, with the vertical columns and
horizontal rows labeled as “groups” and “periods.” The columns are color-coded and labeled
accordingly. In the United States, traditional labeling uses capital letters for numbers. IUPAC still favors
labeling by numbers from 1-18, as these are better known. The table is designed to only take up one
page, so if a row of 14 columns is too long, it will be written below the main body of the table.

There are many substantial differences in properties between different elements, yet some
elements have similar behaviors. Many elements exhibit properties like shininess, malleability, ductility,
and excellent conductivity of heat and electricity. Some elements are soft, plastic, and can be easily
shaped, while others are harder and brittle and have a hard time transmitting heat and electricity. We
have categorized elements into three categories, namely metalloids, nonmetals, and metals. We assign
different colors to each category.