RE-IMAGINING CAREER OPTIONS:

A HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S PERSPECTIVE

A Research Prèsentèd to
The Faculty of the Collègè of Business ànd Accountancy
Univèrsity of St. La Sallè
Bacolod City

In Pàrtial Fulfillment
of the Rèquiremènts for the Dègree
Bàchelor of Sciènce in Hospitality Management

CORNELIO, MITZE MAY Z.

DELIBIOS, JOHN REY
LAROSA, KHAYRENNE S.
MAMAR, JAMES ANDREW B.
SABANAL, EUNESE F.
SEBUHA, JESTHONY

July 2021
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Students' career choices are crucial, particularly within the future. Choosing the proper

career path for a possible job has always been a difficult choice for students. Given this situation,

this is often an issue that students should worry about. However, many considerations can

influence a student's decision, including potential, passion for doing something or personality,

parental interest, and affordability. Students must consider their capabilities to decide on the

proper career. Some jobs are a good choice for supporting their beliefs, interests, soft skills, and

aptitudes, whereas others are entirely unacceptable supporting the personality style (McKay,

D.R., 2014). It’ll result in proper self-direction toward a happier future and prospects because of

this.

Students considering a career in hospitality management can wonder if it's still a

marketable profession today. Although the work outlook is slightly lower, about 8%, compared

to higher numbers in other sectors, there's still growth and a true need for hospitality

management expertise. People with a powerful working knowledge of the hospitality industry

and every one of the most recent practices are going to be in high demand as a result. It takes

expertise and resourcefulness to make sure that a hospitality company is well-run with a primary

emphasis on customer care and satisfaction while still maintaining an eye fixed on the underside

line. People with a university degree in hospitality management are going to be in higher demand

and can have better work opportunities within the future (Avada 2018).

 
 Within the U. S., there are almost 1,000,000 food service establishments and almost

300,000 hotels. With such a lot of career options like casino/gaming supervisor, broker, event

planning, and even executive chef, it is simple to work out why graduates are in such high

demand. The varsity of Hospitality Business at Michigan State University is ranked #3 within the

world by the Journal of Hospitality and one in all the most effective within the nation (2013).

  According to Manavrachna, a student's investment cost in his or her education might be

increased by making the wrong job choice. When a student's professional goal shifts, he or she is

forced to spend money that isn't essential. When a student's job path changes, he or she usually

has to spend money that isn't essential. Most students spend plenty of cash and time trying to

work out what they require to try and do with their lives (manavrachna.edu.in, 2011). Given

these conditions, each student must be confident enough to endorse the career path they need

selected and ready for the obstacles that may eventually occur. The eagerness for doing

something that students like is additionally one factor that influences career choice. Of course, if

that thing suits the characteristics of the code where happiness is present then, it can be an

indication that the scholar is on the proper path. Parent desire is additionally one factor that

might influence the student’s career choices. According to Allen (2021), no parents would really

like to spoil their child's future by making a wrong decision. This implies that folks have the

proper to supply a choice to children for the betterment of their future. Affordability of the

chosen career is additionally an element that influences a student’s career decision. To own

quality skills and knowledge, a decent university or school is vital. 

The study would describe the re-imagining career options of University of St.  La Salle

students wherein they would re-imagine their expectations and understanding as well as

experiences of what it was like being a hospitality management student. It aims to help the
students find the right track for their future career and different factors that affect their decision

making for choosing a career. For the past two years, the hospitality management students were

able to do actual laboratories and different procedures of handling things in different major

subjects that were offered in the Hospitality Management course. For the 1st to 2nd years of

experience, the students were able to identify the right choice or option that they think best suited

for their career. But for the reason of different experiences of other subjects offered, students

started to change their perception in their career options.

Motivated by the immense career opportunities that this growing multi-sectorial industry

may provide to its potential professionals and considering the vast exposures and immersions

undertaken by these students who will represent the longer-term workforce of the industry thus,

the researchers shall undertake a quantitative and qualitative study and analysis on the factors

affecting career choices of the long run hospitality professionals supported the abovementioned

experiences.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research is to learn more about the job choices of hospitality

management students. This research aims to answer the following questions in particular:

1. What are the influential factors in choosing career options in terms of:

a. Personal choice;

b. Parents’ decision;

c. Peer motivation?
2. What are the hospitality industry career choices of the students in terms of; 

a. Accommodation;

b. Culinary;

c. Food and Beverage Services?

3. What are the inventory of the developed attributes of the students in terms of;

a. Knowledge

b. Skills

c. Attitude

4. Is there a significant relationship between influential factors and students’ attributes that

affects career choices?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the inventory of students’ attributes and the career

choices that the students will pursue?

 6. What are the appropriate programs for the hospitality management students to strengthen the

preparation and capabilities as future professionals?

Hypotheses 

The following hypotheses are derived from the study's inferential subproblem.

1. There is no significant relationship between influential factors and student attributes that

affects career choices among Hospitality Management students.

2. There is no significant relationship between the inventory of student’s attributes that affects

career choices when they are grouped according to the hospitality sector.
Theoretical Framework

The study was anchored on Donald Super's Life-span, Life-space Theory (2016), which

had been used as a basis to discover the factors influencing career choices of hospitality

management students. It emphasizes the sizes of the career development approach which

acknowledges how one's self-concept was developed by integrating lived experience with career

choices. One of Super's most significant achievements in terms of career advancement had been

his attention on developing a self-concept, as well as his knowledge that this self-concept would

expand with new experiences over time (Dumsch, 2016). This suggests that influential factors

may affect career choices, with the idea that personalities, and by association professional roles,

were a function of how super’s self-concept theory was viewed.

Community Interaction Theory is another theory in which the study would base to

discover the factors influencing career choices of Hospitality Management students. This

approach stresses the elements that influence career choices. Law (1981) illustrates how

community engagement might encourage individual career goals. In this context following

people/person that includes were family, partner, friends, colleagues, and others. In which

students could listen to and take the advice because without the input of such important

influences in career choices it would have been difficult for an individual to decide in pursuing

career choice.

Lastly, according to Roe's Personality Theory, a person's career choice is influenced by

their relationship with their parents. Roe assumed that a child's interaction with their parents
would determine whether they pursued person-oriented or non-person-oriented careers. 

Interaction with other people was common in person-oriented occupations.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual model was used in this framework to identify respondents and variables. 

The first box would determine what sector had the most influence in making a career choice

from a student’s perspective. Knowing what influenced the students would affect the student’s

choice of the career they had been pursuing after they graduated. The second box where the

potential Hospitality sectors wherein students could choose and decide what to pursue after they

graduate. Career choices that had been mentioned were limited according to the CHED

Memorandum order and what was being discussed inside in the four corners of the classroom. 

The third box was the inventory of the KSA (knowledge, skills, and attitude) available of the

students attained when they were enrolled in the program. While the last box would determine

what programs would be prepared and strengthened Hospitality Management students'

capabilities. These were shaped according to the results from the influences and factors, and with

the students’ career choice and the inventory of their KSA.

Scope and Limitation

The focus of this research was on the future employment choices of Hospitality

Management students. Factors such as personal choice, parents' choice and peers' motivation

which may affect their decisions in choosing future careers have been determined. It included the

third year (3rd) HM students of USLS enrolled in AY: 2020-2021 first (1st) semester only. The

study has been conducted from January to December of 2021.

Likewise, the study covered the potential Hospitality sectors where students may

establish their career choices based on the existing training programs which focused on culinary,

accommodation and food and beverage. Moreover, it also covered the inventory of students’

attributes in terms of knowledge and attitudes acquired since they had enrolled in the Hospitality

Management program.

Due to health protocols and safety of the researchers and the participants, all data

gathering procedures were limited to online procedures such as in disseminating of the surveyed

questionnaires through google surveyed form and interviews were conducted through their

personal Zoom/Google meet accounts with the consent of the respondents.

 Potential Hospitality Sector to Establish Career Choices
Accommodation
Culinary
Food and Beverage Service

Factor that has the Most Influence in Making a Career Choice

Personal Choice
Parents’ Decisionc. Peer Motivation

Inventory of Student’ Attributes

Knowledge
Skills
Attitude

Preparatory Strategies to Strengthen Hospitality Management

Students’ Capabilities
 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

The following groups of people could benefit from this research:

Hospitality Management 3rd Year Students - This study assists them in determining

which sectors of the hospitality industry they wish to follow as well as the factors that inspire

them to do so. Likewise, it shall provide them with a better understanding of the current

attributes that they possess while recognizing attributes that require them to focus and enhance

further to develop confidence and sense of direction as to the hospitality sector where their future

careers will be established.

HM Faculty - this will help them in designing relevant classroom activities and

programs that will develop confidence in terms of knowledge, skills and required attributes that

will motivate, prepare, and develop students in their future career choices.

Hospitality Management Program - This study shall enable the program to assess and

determine appropriate strategies that will develop utmost students’ skills, knowledge and

attributes that shall prepare them for the demands and realities of varied hospitality sectors.

Likewise, timely and relevant programs shall be instituted to address factors such as personal

choices, family, and peer motivations in encouraging students to pursue specific career choices

in the hospitality sector.

 Academic Institutions - The study shall provide a basis on program-based strategies that

will inspire students in terms of their career choices. Likewise, an institutional standard shall be

established to expand and create solid relationships with industry partners that shall provide

relevant and hands-on training experiences among students that shall equip them with industry-

based experiences.

Hospitality Management Administrators - The administrations may be able to assess

the program and determine appropriate strategies that will develop utmost students’ skills,

knowledge and attributes that shall prepare them for the demands and realities of varied

hospitality sectors.

The Researchers - The study will be able to provide the researchers with valid findings

on the factors affecting career choices, preferred hospitality sector and set of students’ attributes

in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude.

Future researchers. The study could enable other potential researchers to discover

important components that could not be determined by researchers. This may serve as a guide or

source.

 
Definition of Terms

To understand and clarify the terms used in the study. The following terms are defined by

the researchers through operational and conceptual definition.

Academic Program. Conceptually defined as any set of courses and/or requirements that

leads to a degree or certificate, as well as a major, co-major, minor, or academic track and/or

concentration (Temple policy, 2001). Operationally defined as a program that helps the student

improve in terms of learning progress of different subjects or activities in all stages of formal

education.

Accommodation. Conceptually defined as a room, building, or lodging to provide shelter

for a person to stay, eat, sleep and live (Patrick Landman, 2020). Operationally defined as the

largest and most pervasive sub-sector of the tourism and hospital economy. Tourists, with few

exceptions, require a place to rest and relax while traveling.

Career Choice. Conceptually defined as the process of deciding on a career path, which

may include decisions about education and training for a certain job (Lounsbury, 2009).
Operationally defined as the personal choice of the Hospitality Management students as their

future professions/career.

Culinary. Conceptually defined as the evolution of critical competence in the food

sector. Also, capacity to produce high-quality convenience food that looks and tastes like the

food offered in the restaurant in an efficient and cost-effective manner (Cousminer, 1999).

Operationally defined as something that is related to food, kitchen, culinary arts and skills in

cooking and a sub-sector of the Hospitality Industry.

Food and Beverage Service. Conceptually, an industry is divided into two sectors:

profit, private or commercial, and cost, public, or welfare/institutional, both of which are

fundamental and rising components of most economies (Edwards, 2013). Operationally defined

as to both service and establishments under the Hospitality industry that provides services in

terms of foods and beverages.

Hospitality Sectors. The hospitality sector is a large group of service industry fields that

encompasses accommodation, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise lines, and other

tourism-related fields (Novac, 2017). Operationally defined as the industries that are categorized

or having been identified as part of the hospitality umbrella.

Parents’ Decision. Conceptually defined as the approval or disapproval of parents to

certain events or anything related to choices of their children. (Jodl, et. et al, 2001).

Operationally defined as the parents' responsibility to decide for their child/children's choice of

career professions and children's financial dependency upon them to select the careers of their

choices.
 Personal Choice. Ginzberg defines behavior change and thought process as "the many

processes in a person's behavior change and thought process while choosing his or her vocation"

(1951). Operationally defined as a student’s interest in the field of his/her choice of career.

  Perspective. Conceptually defined as the particular attitude toward or way of regarding

something; a point of view, (Harris J. & White V, 2018). Operationally defined as what someone

aspects about a certain thing, specifically the aspect or viewpoint of students in choosing their

career options.

Review of Related Literature

The many literatures and research that have considerable influence on the

variables of this study were presented in this chapter. This study's variables were derived from

papers, books, websites, and other existing theses that are valuable in raising awareness about the

topic. To have a better grasp of the study's various factors, the following literature and findings

are read and discussed.

Career Choices

Career choice is a crucial issue in the development of young people since it has been

linked to both good and negative psychological, physical, and socioeconomic differences that

last far into adulthood (Robertson, 2014; Bubi 2016). When deciding on a career path, students

should keep in mind that employment with a lot of routine and repeatable, predictable processes

that require precision are at risk. It's also vital to understand how kids establish their preferences

for one occupation or the other, and how these choices are executed, when it comes to picking a
vocation. Parents, instructors, and counselors should be aware of the primary aspects that

influence an individual's vocational or career development. This is necessary because career

theorists believe that individuals have certain abilities, interests, personality traits and other

characteristics that inform one’s career choice. It is thus believed by professionals that if these

characteristics are known together with their potential values, and where on the job market these

values can be put into appropriate uses, the individual is more likely to become a happier person,

a more effective worker, and a more useful citizen. In other words, knowing oneself and

knowing the career opportunities existing in one’s environment can help an individual make a

good vocational adjustment. This then attests to the fact that self-knowledge and occupational

knowledge are very important means of ensuring a relatively accurate and adequate occupational

decision toward career choice.

It is critical to have prior knowledge of a profession to develop and maintain interest in it.

Prior knowledge prepares an individual for the requirements of acquiring a career, and one will

choose to enter a field based on their knowledge. Research and consultations, as well as training,

exposure, and industry connection, can all help you gain knowledge about a vocation.

Mentorship, commitment, motivation, and mingling with people in the field of interest are some

of the other ways that people acquire previous knowledge for their jobs. Making well-informed

and thoughtful career choices has several advantages for both the company and the employee.

The likelihood of advancement in the work hierarchy is another major aspect that determines

career decisions. Certain factors do, however, have a strong influence on students' topic

preferences and career choices.

Personal Choice
 Personality, interests, self-concept, attitudes, and cultural identification are the primary

fundamental elements that influence profession choice decisions, according to research. Social

contacts, role models, and resource availability are among the most important extrinsic

influences (Kerka, 2000; Bandura,. Barbaranelli, Caprara & Pastorelli, 2001; McQuoid &

bOND, 2003).

A person's work, in fact, has an impact on the way they organize their lives. Parents,

peers, friends, and even teachers all have an extrinsic influence on profession choice decisions

(Pummel, Harwood & Lavallee, 2008).

Cultural values, according to studies, determine the aspects that influence young people's

profession choices (Wambu et al., 2017; Hui and Lent, 2018; Tao et al., 2018).

Three social cognitive processes, according to the SCCT, influence career development

behavior. This includes ethnicity, culture, gender, and socioeconomic level, as well as self-

efficacy beliefs, outcome expectancies, and career (Lent et al., 2000; Blanco, 2011).

The value of introducing students to the hospitality business, according to (Baum, 2006),

outweighs their negative impressions of the profession. He also mentioned that several studies

have revealed that introducing kids to the hospitality business was the factor that led to them

dropping out after graduation.

Professional development theory indicates that, while graduates can make their own

career decisions, they are influenced by a range of elements such as family, school, community,

and social factors, according to Jungen. Jungen, K. A. (2008)

 Most hospitality management college students are from Generation Y and are influenced

by social media. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore the extent to which different

influential career decision-making factors (i.e., advisors, industry mentors, parents, faculty

members, and social media) impact hospitality management students. An online survey was

used, and 558 completed surveys were collected. The results of this study show that traditional

factors can be a greater influence on students’ career decisions than social media. Administrators

of hospitality management programs should consider adopting and maximizing both traditional

and online approaches to assist students in their career decision making (K. A. Jungen, 2008).

The program that an individual chooses to study in college determines their professional

route. Many factors can impact a student's decision to enroll in a specific program. Some

students may opt for a study program because of personal benefits, while others may be obliged

to do so due to circumstances (Kinyua, 2017). Personal interest in professional decision-making

appeared to be an essential component in the choice of a life vocation, according to Atitso - gbe

et al 2018.

Parent’s Decision

Keller (2004) claims that parents have a substantial influence on their children's job

development and decisions. They want their children to be happy and successful in life, and one

factor that determines happiness and success for them is their employment choice. According to

research, students who feel supported and loved by their parents have more confidence in their

own talents to pursue occupations and succeed. Bregman and Killen (1999) also mentioned that

it is critical for parents to provide direction and inspiration to their children as they explore the
different job options available to discover the ideal fit. In the sphere of professional choices,

children acknowledged parental authority and encouragement.

According to Keller (2004), because they have a considerable impact on their children's

job progress and decisions, parents have become a major influence in their children's career

decision making.

According to Ahuja (2002), elements that may impact career can be divided into social

and structural influences, both of which can favorably and negatively influence career choices.

Individuals' internal and exterior perceptions are influenced by social forces. Social factors

include gender stereotypes, role models, peers, the media, and parents. The institutional

assistance available, such as instructors and counselors, access to technology, and same sex

versus co-educational schools, are all examples of structural impacts.

In some studies, career choices typically are based on how people match themselves or

how they see themselves years after. Work environments are usually based on self-explorations,

occupational exploration, self-occupation comparison. On making decisions for career,

emphasizing preparedness career disruptions must be considered to avoid uncertainty and to

assure availability of stable jobs in the future.

Peer Motivation

In some circumstances, a multitude of variables, such as family, school, community, and

other social factors, have a role in professional decision-making. Social media has a strong

influence on Generation Y. If hotel management programs adopt, maximize, and support

students in making career decisions, instructors and administrators should do so.

 According to Okiror and Otabong 2015, peer and friend-based career preparation

influenced students' career choices since students exchange valuable knowledge about career

options with their peers and friends as they engage with them. Hashim and Embong (2015) also

stated that a student's peer group is the single most potent source of influence when it comes to

career decisions.

Other Related Studies

As a result of the industry's growth, students studying hospitality management have a

wide range of career options. Educational resources, preparation, and certifications are also

provided by employers and business educators. They can choose from a variety of management

roles in the hospitality industry. Many entry-level management positions in the hospitality and

food service industries are available to them (Kim et al.2010). And, another study stated that

hospitality management students should carefully assess their interests, current skills, and

experience during the career planning phase. They would be able to experience job satisfaction

and achieve success in their professional hospitality career if they can identify what activities

they enjoy as well as the skills required to perform those activities (J.Jones, personal

conversation, March 23, 2014)

Latest developments have had such a great impact on the workplace and the student

demographic makeup of the workforce. Dynamic emerging technologies, a diverse employment

environment, and increasing the disparity of demographic gaps, have caused a need for career

managers to evolve on campus. Students of this generation want to affect the world in a

significant way and are looking for the tools and experiences that give them these to be able to
do so. People are concerned with meaningful jobs, personal, and emotional well-being at work

while they have to do their job well (Sangvhi & Kubu, 2017).

Hotel Tourism Management (HTM) students were motivated by five reasons, according

to Lee (2008): self-actualization, employment potential, field appeal, ease of study, and academic

accomplishment. The motivational aspects, as well as chosen abroad study destinations and

HTM study fields, are examined in detail.

To move forward, we must reconnect students with the organizations and the places

where they serve that will include real-world, internships and apprenticeships in their respective

fields of study. Community colleges begin to explore and expand the interests of a diverse

student population before revamping their organizational structure. This leads to a re-

examination of the priorities and philosophies the college is operating under, resulting in an

entity that is more capable of meeting its goals. Students will serve as the central figure in a

college's role. The collaborative mission between administrators and members of a college and

politicians, in cooperation with educators, will expand educational options and work-

achievement opportunities for students, and contribute to the coherence of all three fields of

college activities: academic, vocational, and college transition (Pusser & Levin, 2011).

It is vital to enroll students in tourism courses. The goal of this research was to find out

what characteristics encourage male and female students in Jordan to pursue careers in hotel

management and food and beverage service. Among the fields of study, two universities were

chosen. Using systematic random sample technique to select students from both universities,

results showed that social and cultural factors influence the choice of specialization hotel

management or food & beverage service, with the exception of some things like the father’s
career (currently working in tourism or indirectly), and mother’s career (working in tourism or

indirectly), the different cultures of tourists, as well as friends do not influence the selection of

the Faculty of tourism and hospitality (Alananzeh, 2014).

The winds of transition are moving more rapidly in the world of higher education, with

more social and political discussions around financing models affecting priorities, as well as with

student advocacy for a more diverse range of services. In comparison, the next-generation

students are also entering the educational institutions at which the younger generation used to get

discouraged from much higher levels of enthusiasm than our previous generations. Even though

emerging technology provides the chance for progress in higher education, several schools and

colleges have found that their existing programs are already slowing them down. Should

universities meet these pressures on the internal and external as well as on the external front and

then rethink their goal if they want to thrive during this period of fundamental instability (Palmer

& Kim, 2018).

Competition for jobs among recent graduates is fiercer than ever, and new recruits face

strong demands. Students must be able to express the importance of their college experience, as

well as their acquired talents and competencies, to distinguish themselves during the career

hunting process. Institutions are also under pressure to ensure that their students not only succeed

in college and graduate on schedule, but also are well prepared for life after graduation. That

means securing a first position and saving for a lifetime of career transitions in today's economy.

Student affairs has an enormous potential to promote students' professional growth through the

division's scope of experiential learning experiences. Though students can and do gain in-

demand skills by co-curricular activities such as student clubs, Greek life, student leadership,

service opportunities, and campus jobs, many students do not take advantage of these
opportunities, and those who do often fail to express the tangible or transferable importance of

their experiences to prospective employers (O’Connor et al., 2018).

Synthesis

The related literature and studies signify that Hospitality Management students will be

able to express the importance of their college experience, as well as their acquired talents and

competencies, to distinguish themselves during the career hunting process (O’Connor et. al.,

2018). Most of the authors state that, in choosing a career, personal choice, parent’s decision and

peer motivation are the existing factors that have an effect in a student's career of choice.

 
 

METHODS

This chapter will discuss the research design, profile of the participants, sampling design,

data gathering procedure, research instrumentation which includes validity, reliability and

statistical treatment, and statistical tools employed in data treatment.

Research Design

 This research combined qualitative and quantitative methods in a mixed method

design. Since the study focused on the factors affecting career choice in terms of personal choice,

family, and peer motivation. Likewise, the current emphasis on industry training established by

the institution among different Hospitality sectors such as accommodation, culinary and food and

beverage were included. Moreover, to determine career fit for career choices, the students'
attributes in terms of skill, knowledge and attributes were also considered, hence mixed methods

design had been used. Descriptive - correlational research design had been used to collect and

analyze the data gathered. Descriptive design includes surveys and correlational research design,

also refers to when two or more relevant variables were measured, and a relationship between or

among them was assessed, hence had been used in the research.

The combination of at least one qualitative and one quantitative research component was

known as mixed method research. Mixed methods research is a form of study that employs a

variety of methods (Johnson et al. 2007). While quantitative design was defined as the

application of standard mathematical and statistical methods to determine conclusive outcomes. 

It follows a conventional pattern for developing a hypothesis have been confirmed or rejected,

with a few minor inter-disciplinary variances. Lastly, a qualitative approach was used using

open-ended question to validate and support the initial responses derived using the survey

instrument. To understand concepts, opinions, or experiences, qualitative research entails

gathering and interpreting non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio). It can be utilized to

learn more about a topic or to come up with new research ideas (Bhandari, P. 2020).

Research Participants

The participants in this study were University of St. La Salle – Bacolod third (3rd) year

Hospitality Management students enrolled in the first (1st) semester of Academic Year 2020-

2021.

A purposive sampling technique was utilized in the third (3rd) year Hospitality

Management students enrolled in the University of St. La Salle on the first (1st) semester of AY:

2020-2021. Purposive sampling was used, and the researchers picked candidates to serve as
participants which gave much more relevant and reliable answers for the result of the study. The

researchers then picked candidates to serve as participants which gave much more relevant and

reliable answers for the result of the study.

From the total number of 213 third (3rd) year HM students enrolled in the first (1st)

semester of AY: 2020-2021, and with the use of Raosoft Sample Size Calculator and with a 5%

margin of error, only 139 students were chosen by the researchers as to participate in the

gathering of data using the research questionnaire.

Research Instrument

To get the appropriate data needed, the researchers had researcher-made questionnaires

that were based on experiences and acquired skills, knowledge, and attitude during their enrolled

years in the said program, websites, CHED Memorandum order and school catalogs from the

university.

Part I determined what factors influenced them the most in making the career choice.

This was the tool to evaluate what were the certain influences of why they came up with such

choices. Questions were based on websites and experiences of the researchers. There were 5

statements and/or conditions per factor wherein respondents scaled them from 1 to 5 to justify

and stand on what influenced the respondents to make such a career choice. Likewise, 3 open-

ended questions were developed to support and justify the respondents’ answers.

 Part II determined the career choices they want to take up after they graduate. Choices of

the questionnaire were based and limited on the CHED Memorandum order and school catalog.

There are career choices under every Hospitality sector mentioned wherein respondents ticked
and chose only one (1) to signify the career they will pursue after graduation. Likewise, 3 open-

ended questions were developed to support and justify the respondents’ answers.

Part III is the KSA (knowledge variables, Skills variables, Attitude variables) which

determine the skills, knowledge, and attitude they learned from the past years in checklist form.

The inventory was based and limited to the researchers’ experiences and school catalog. There

were 5 statements and/or conditions under knowledge, skills and attitudes and the respondents

ticked/checked the statements that apply to them. Likewise, 3 open-ended questions were

developed to support and justify the respondents’ answers. 

RE-IMAGINING CAREER OPTIONS: A HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S

PERSPECTIVE

Part I - Level of Influence of Factors affecting Decision Making of Career Path

Please carefully read each item and select the option that best describes your agreement or

disagreement. There is no such thing as a correct or incorrect response. Give an accurate

description of yourself and your viewpoints.

5 - Strongly Agree - The participants strongly agree and find the statement/conditions true.

4 - Agree - The participants agree and find the statement/conditions mostly true.

3 – Fair - The participants fairly agree on the statement/conditions. 

2 - Disagree- The participants disagree and find the statement/condition mostly false.
1-Strongly Disagree- The participants strongly disagree and find the statement/condition false.

PERSONAL CHOICE 5 4 3 2 1

Students found it interesting, and their lifelong dream is to work in the          

hospitality sector (airline/hotel/cruise ships).

Students had personal experience in these hotels, restaurants, and services.          

Students thought that this career or industry would bring them happiness and          

many career opportunities.

Students in motivated by the various success stories of the graduates and          

individuals working in the hospitality field.

Students have relatives who were working in the industry and are close to          

remaining memories of my grandparents/relatives/friends.

PARENTS INFLUENCE 5 4 3 2 1

Their parents wanted them to continue their former/present job          

Their parents thought that this industry will help them grow and become an          

independent individual.
Working in the industry was their parents’ lifelong dream.          

Parents thought that this is the best career for students to pursue.          

Financial status was considered by their parents.          

PEER MOTIVATION 5 4 3 2 1

Student was influenced by his/her friends wanting to have the same decision          

in pursuing a future career.

Student was told to do so by his/her relative that has a background in the          

hospitality industry.

Student was influenced by his/her relatives.          

Students were influenced by his/her teachers’ work experiences in the hotel          

business.

Student was influenced by his/her friend who’s working in the hospitality        

industry.
 1. What was the most influential factor in enrolling in the hospitality management PROGRAM?

Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Do you think it was a good decision to follow the most influential factor to you? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. With the most influential factor to you, do you think it was necessary to follow it? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

PART II – HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY CAREERS

If you decide to pursue a career in the hospitality sector, what job in the chosen sector

would it be? Choose the sector that you want to pursue by checking the response that apply to

you. Tick/Check only 1 career under the sector that you would like to pursue. (Only 1 hospitality

career choice will be chosen as a response to Part II of the questionnaire.)

A. Food service
 ( ) Food attendant

( ) Food service manager

( ) Food server

( ) Head Waiter/Waitress

( ) Bartender

( ) Barista

( ) F & B Director

( ) Restaurant Supervisor

( ) Others please specify ________________

B. Culinary

( ) Head Chef

( ) Executive Chef

( ) Sous Chef

( ) Line Cook

( ) Pastry Chef

( ) Baker

( ) Others please specify ________________

C. Accommodation

( ) Hotel Manager

( ) Sales Manager

( ) Front Office Manager

 ( ) Rooms Division Manager

( ) Housekeeping Room Attendant

( ) Guest Services Attendant

( ) Receptionist

( ) Executive Housekeeper

( ) Cashier

( ) Night Auditor

( ) Sales Representative

( ) Others please specify ______________

1.Why do you want to pursue such a career?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. When you enrolled in the program, was this the career you wanted to pursue? Why or why

not?

3.If it changed, what was the reason behind it?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Part III. INVENTORY OF THE DEVELOPED ATTRIBUTES OF THE STUDENT

 Please check the attributes that you acquired during your years being enrolled in the

program that affected your choice and led you to a career you want to pursue after you graduate.

(Multiple answers will apply to Part III of the questionnaire.)

KNOWLEDGE VARIABLES

  Can identify and knows the use and purpose of kitchen tools, bar tools and equipment, Folio

plus and housekeeping equipment.

  Understand the purpose and importance of food safety, proper hygiene, and sanitation.

  Appreciate how complex and dynamic the industry is.

  Provide good time management in different activities that are offered in the course and able

to adapt new knowledge about things in a short amount of time.

  Has excellent communication skills and can work well in a group setting.

SKILLS VARIABLES

  Executes mise end place for any cooking, bar and housekeeping activities.

  Performs basic flair tending techniques and can perform basic mixing of alcoholic and non-

alcoholic drinks.

  Executes proper food service with proper food handling.

  Performs quality outcome of food

  Performs good communicating skills in laboratory activities.

ATTITUDE VARIABLES
   Understands that a smile is vital in the hospitality

operations.                                                        

  Appreciate the value of trust, respect and integrity that is present in the Hospitality Industry.

  Provide understanding and patience to future guests.

  Listens and executes the instructions given without any complaint.

  Provide a good relationship between the group/team, and be able to understand and accept

multicultural diversity in the industry.

1.Do you think these are helpful in choosing the best career that would fit you? Why or why not?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2.What do you think is the most important attribute to acquire especially when you chose a

certain career to pursue after graduation? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. What is the impact of these attributes to you in choosing the best career to pursue after you

graduate?
Data Gathering Procedures

  The researchers acquired data using Google form survey surveys amidst pandemic and

owing to health precautions. The Google form survey questionnaires were distributed to

University of St. La Salle - Bacolod Hospitality Management 3rd year students enrolled in the

first (1st) semester of the AY: 2020-2021. The researchers requested consent from the

Department Chair and the University Registrar prior to conducting the study to determine the

real number of third-year students enrolled in the program. The google form was developed as a

means of gathering different responses of their participants. The initial page constituted the

informed consent which clearly explained the purpose, benefit, relevance, and rights to withdraw

from participation, should they be deemed necessary. After it was approved by the participants,

the survey questionnaire content followed.

 Aside from the quantitative questions prepared, the participants were asked to answer

short open-ended questions prepared. A one-month period was allotted to all HM students to

access and respond to the said survey. Initial interpretations were done to determine possible

additional questions to be used during the key informant interview among selected third (3rd)

year Hospitality Management students. The said interviews were conducted via researchers’

personal Zoom/Google meet accounts.

Statistical Treatment

The information and data gathered were processed using the Microsoft Spread

sheet and the SPSS software tools. The statistical tools that will be used in processing the data on

identifying the career choices under the hospitality sectors, factors that influence the choices and

the students' attributes will be the weighted mean about the interpretation of the findings and

results. Moreover, inferential statistics will be applied on the 3 open-ended questions after every

part of the questionnaire to support the result of the said test.

A Chi-Square Test of Independence will be used in solving for the significant

relationship of the following: the influential factors among students' attributes that affect career

choices among hospitality management students, and the inventory of students' attributes that

affects their career choices when they are grouped according to the hospitality sectors. 
 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument

The research instruments were validated by three (3) experts in the researchers’ field

using the Good and Scates criteria. The researchers sought out the expertise of Mr. Kent Kevin

Novillas, Mrs. Julieta Cortez and Mrs. Mariver Lorilla to check and secure the feasibility of the

questionnaire used. The ratings given by the three (3) experts were 4.7, 5.0, and 4.0 respectively

using the guidelines of the Good and Scates criteria. Corrections and suggestions were reflected

and followed. The result of the validity testing was 4.57, therefore interpreted as very good to

excellent.

 Cronbach's alpha, also known as the coefficient alpha, was used to test the survey

questionnaire's reliability. Developed by Lee Cronbach in 1951, as the most used measure of
internal consistency. Commonly used in cases where the survey/questionnaire contains multiple

Likert questions that construct a scale and researchers want to know its reliability.

Thirty (30) second (2nd) year Hospitality Management students enrolled in the first (1st)

semester of AY: 2020-2021 of the University of St. La Salle - Bacolod were the respondents of

the reliability testing. The data were gathered through a Google survey questionnaire form and

used Cronbach’s Alpha to test the result of the reliability testing which led to a result of 0.8116

interpreted as good to be used as the survey questionnaire of the study.

Mean Score Verbal Interpretation

The table below shows the verbal interpretation of the mean score to interpret the data

gathered in personal choice, parents’ decision, and peer motivation respectively.

Verbal Interpretation of the weighted mean

Mean Score Range Verbal Interpretation of the weighted mean

4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree

3.41 – 4.20 Agree

2.61 – 3.40 Fairly

1.81 – 2.60 Disagree

1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree

Purpose of the Study

The primary goal of this research is to discover information about Hospitality

Management students' post-graduation employment choices and the factors that influence them.

Types of the Research Interviews

Since a researcher-formulated questionnaire is the main instrument to be used, hence a

key informant interview shall only be conducted if deemed necessary through the researchers’

personal Zoom/Google meet accounts.

Ethical Considerations
 Upon careful consideration of the ethical elements that must be considered and following

the ethics guidelines and procedures outlined by the academic institution, the researchers strictly

observed and implemented the following activities to establish compliance of the ethical

guidelines.

Privacy - the researchers will respect the privacy of the participants.

Confidentiality - the researchers will fully respect any confidentiality concerns of the

participants.

Consent - the researchers will ask participants’ approval and willingness to participate.

Participant Selection

Participants were selected based on their existence as third (3rd) year Hospitality

Management students enrolled in the AY: 2020-2021 in the identified research locales.

Voluntary Participation

As participation is entirely voluntary among the third (3rd) year Hospitality Management

students AY: 2020-2021 research participants, they were assured that they may withdraw at any

time if deemed needed. And should they decide to participate, the “Yes” button on the consent

certificate following the information sheet before proceeding to the research instrument must be

ticked/checked. 

Procedures
 The researchers secured first the free and voluntary participation among identified

participants by accomplishing the informed consent form which explains the entire research

procedures and expectations. The researchers formulated an instrument that may be answered

within five to ten minutes. A key informant interview shall only be conducted among identified

participants should there be a need to elaborate on the results and analysis. It can be performed

though the researchers’ personal Zoom/Google meet accounts.

Benefits

The benefits shall be emphasized among the third (3rd) year Hospitality Management

students, and as well as to the Hospitality Management Department to strengthen the program.

The career options and the influential factors will be highlighted.

Reimbursements

Considering that the data gathering activity was done through an online Google document

survey questionnaire, the researchers shall not incur any reimbursements in whatever form since

time and effort was voluntarily shared by the third (3rd) year Hospitality management students

AY: 2020-2021.

Confidentiality

The participants shall be assured of the anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, and will be

ensured in the collection, storage, and publication of this research material. Items such as

participants' contact numbers, email/s, names, FB/Messenger accounts and other information that

will be shared will be removed from the database during the data processing phase. In addition to

this, only the researchers and data encoders who will process the data are given access to the
information provided by the participants. The data generated will be kept secured in paper or

electronic form for a period of one year after the completion of the study.

 Sharing the Results

Results and findings shall be made available through the researchers, academic

institutions and the third (3rd) year Hospitality Management students AY: 2020-2021. Should

there be a need to share and present the results of the study, a letter of request shall be addressed

to the researchers.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw

Should there be any form of threat and inconvenience, participants are assured that

refusal or withdrawal from the participation of the study may be done anytime.

Who to Contact

Should you have any concerns about your rights or treatment as research participants, you

may contact the group leader Mitze May Cornelio at 09772855657 and messenger at Trem-trem

Cornelio.

.
 

Results and Discussion

This section presents the results gathered from the participants and data are processed and

analyzed accordingly.

Influential Factors in Choosing Career Options in terms of: Personal Choice, Parents

Decision and Peer Motivation

Influential Factors as Personal Choice

Table 1 shows the parameters considered in personal choice as an influential factor in

choosing a career option. Findings showed that respondents agreed that in choosing the

Hospitality Management program, these variables were considered by them: (1) the experience

they had from these hotels, restaurants, and services and (2) the respondents have relatives

working in the industry and is close to the remaining memories of their

grandparents/relatives/friends. On the other idea, respondents strongly agreed about the

variables: (1) to work in the hospitality sector (airline/hotel/cruise ships) is their lifelong dream

and finds it interesting; (2) respondents think that this career or industry would give them

happiness and many career opportunities, and (3) the respondents were motivated by various

success stories of the graduates and individuals working in the industry. Among the 139

participants, to work in the hospitality sector (airline/hotels/cruise ships) is a lifelong dream and

found it interesting, gained the highest parameter with a mean score of 4.640, meanwhile, having

personal experience in these hotels, restaurants and services had the lowest parameters which

only gained a mean score of 3.806.

Professional theorists believe that people have specific abilities, interests, personality traits,

and other factors that influence their career choices, as stated by Bubi (2016). Professionals feel

that if these attributes are identified, together with their potential values, and when these values

can be put to proper use on the job market, the individual will be a happier person, a more

effective worker, and a more valuable citizen.

 The researchers significantly observe that among the influential factors provided, the

respondents have a high response to personal choice with the highest attaining parameter
variable - to work in the hospitality sector (airline/hotels/cruise ships) is a lifelong dream and

find it interesting - which means that they chose the program because of their want to work in the

hospitality sector as they find the Hospitality industry interesting. From the interview that took

place with the respondents, they think that serving people wholeheartedly in the hospitality

industry will bring great joy to them, and the industry might challenge them but will bring fun to

them as they go along in the hospitality industry. Also, they find some key speakers’ success

stories and current place in the industry as their motivation to continue and pursue the career they

chose.

Table 1 

Personal Choice

Variables  Frequency Mean Std. Verbal

Deviation Interpretation

Students found it interesting, and their 139 4.640 0.614 Strongly Agree
lifelong dream is to work in the
hospitality sector (airline/hotel /cruise
ships).

Students had personal experience in these 139 3.806 1.069 Agree

hotels, restaurants, and services.

Students thought that this career or 139 4.576 0.614 Strongly Agree
industry would bring them happiness and
many career opportunities.

Students were motivated by the various 139 4.511 0.736 Strongly Agree
success stories of the graduates and
individuals working in the hospitality
field.

Students have relatives who were working 139 3.993 1.133 Agree
in the industry and are close to remaining
memories of his/her
grandparents/relatives/friends.
Influential Factors as Parent’s Decision

         Table 2 represents the parameters considered in the parents’ decision variable. Findings

showed that respondent’s parents agreed that: (1) this hospitality management industry will help

the respondent’s growth and become an independent individual; (2) hospitality management is

the best career for the respondents, and (3) financial status was considered by my parents. On the

other hand, respondents’ parents disagreed on the variable stating that their parents want their

son/s and/or daughter/s to continue their former/present job; and respondents fairly viewed the

variable stating that working in the hospitality industry was their parents’ lifelong dream. Among

the 139 participants in this research, hospitality management as the best career for their growth

and to become an independent individual gained a mean score of 3.950 which is the highest

among the parameters while continuing the former/present job of their parents gained a mean

score of 2.576 which is the lowest mean among the parameters.

         Parents have a substantial impact, according to Keller (2021), on their children's work

growth and decision-making. Parents want their children to be happy and successful in life, and

one factor that contributes to happiness and success is the employment route they choose.

According to a study, children who feel supported and loved by their parents have more faith in

their own ability to research professions and choose a career that interests and excites them. This

is essential because research has shown that teenagers who believe they can make work decisions

later in life are more likely to make more gratifying career choices. Parents have an influence on

their children's level of education or training, as well as their comprehension of work and various

professions, as well as their ideas and attitudes toward working and their desire to succeed. The

majority of this is inadvertently learned; as toddlers and teenagers get older, they internalize their

parents' attitudes and expectations.

The researchers significantly observed that in the influential factors provided, the respondents

had a different response to the parents' decision and the highest mean   shows that their parents

want them to pursue the hospitality industry because they think this industry makes them grow as

an independent individual person. Furthermore, according to the respondents' responses to the

interview, their parents are quite supportive of their decision to pursue a career in the

hospitality management profession.

Table 2

Parents’ Decision

 Variables Frequency Mean Std. Verbal

Deviation Interpretation

Their parents wanted them to continue 139 2.576 1.362 Disagree

their former/present job

Their parents thought that this industry 139 3.950 1.017 Agree
will help them grow and become an
independent individual.

Working in the hospitality industry was 139 2.964 1.343 Fair

their parents’ lifelong dream.

Parents thought that this is the best 139 3.662 1.219 Agree
career for students to pursue.

Financial status was considered by their 139 3.784 1.121 Agree

parents 

Influential Factors as Peer Motivation

Table 3 shows the table representing the parameters considered in peer motivation. Findings

showed that the respondents fairly think that in choosing the Hospitality Management program,

all these variables were considered by them: (1) the respondents was influenced by teachers
based on their previous employment in the hospitality business; (2) influenced by my friends

wanted to have the same decision with my friends; (3) influenced by my friend whose working in

the hospitality industry; (4) influenced by my relatives, and; (5) the respondents was told to do so

by relative that has a background in the hospitality industry. Among the 139 participants,

influenced by teachers based on their previous employment in the hospitality business gained the

highest parameter with a mean score of 3.187 while told to do so by a relative that has a

background in the hospitality industry gained a mean score of 2.928 which is the lowest.

As established by Okiror and Otabong 2015, peer and friend-based career preparation

influenced students' career choices since students exchange valuable knowledge about career

options with their peers and friends as they engage with them. Hashim and Embong (2015) also

stated that a student's peer group is the single most potent source of influence when it comes to

career decisions.

The researchers significantly observe that in the influential factors provided, the respondents

had a neutrally response to peer motivation and the highest attaining parameter variable - the

respondents were influenced by teachers based on their working experiences in hospitality

industry - which means that some of the respondents chose the program because of influenced by

teachers based on their working experiences in hospitality industry. 

Table 3

Peer Motivation

Variables  N Mean Std. Verbal

Deviation Interpretation
 Student was influenced by his/her friends 139 3.101 1.379 Fair
wanting to have the same decision in pursuing
a future career.

Student was told to do so by his/her relative 139 2.928 1.376 Fair

that has a background in the hospitality
industry.

Student was influenced by his/her relatives. 139 3.029 1.372 Fair

Based on their job experiences in the hotel 139 3.187 1.322 Fair
business, students were influenced by their
teachers.

Student was influenced by his/her friend 139 3.101 1.411 Fair

who’s working in the hospitality industry.

Career Choice in terms of the Hospitality industry Sectors

         Table 4 shows the table representing the parameters considered in career choice of the

student’s variable. The data set is composed of three parameters namely food service, culinary

and accommodation careers, and under which are the variables under it. Findings showed that:

(1) among 39 respondents under food service, Food Service Manager Career gained the highest

frequency with 9 respondents; (2) among 28 respondents under culinary, Head Chef and Pastry

Chef Career gained the highest frequency with 9 respondents, and (3) among 72 respondents

under accommodation, Hotel Manager career gained the highest frequency with 34 respondents.

Among the highest results under three parameters, accommodation career has the highest

frequency.

         Career choice is a challenging decision for students, according to Korir (2012), because it

determines the type of career they will pursue in life. Students have difficulties in aligning their
job choices to their talents and academic achievement as they attempt to make career choices.

Opportunities such as technical schools and employment openings influence a person's career

decision. Students' own interests and lifestyles of individuals already in the hotel sector affected

their decision to pursue a hospitality profession. This could be because they developed an

interest in hospitality while still in high school and wanted to pursue a career in the industry, or

because some of the students love the lifestyles of people already in the sector. Contextual

factors such as external influencers and institutional advertisements also influenced students'

decisions to pursue a career in hospitality. Despite the number of available options, students

select for, prefer, and choose hospitality as a career.

The researchers found that most respondents are interested in a job in the Accommodation in

hospitality industry, which was the profession choice that received the greatest level of

frequency. The researchers discovered that most respondents who answered the question about

their preferred occupation chose to be a hotel manager. The impact of family members as well

as the students' own self-interests in the field of hospitality management are likely to be the most

important aspects to consider when determining their perceptions of the field of hospitality

management. The most essential element among the three programs will be the Accommodation

career, which is still the most in-demand vocation in the world today. As taken from the

interview with the respondents, their major goal is to be a Hotel Manager because they think it

will be beneficial to them as time goes by and they find it as the major success that they will be

having.
Table 4 (Single Response Only)

Career Choice in terms of Hospitality Sector the students wish to pursue

Rank Career Frequency

1 Hotel Manager 34

2 Front Office Manager 15

3 Food Service Manager 9

  Head Chef 9

  Pastry Chef 9

4 Receptionist 8

  Housekeeping Room 8
Attendant

  Food and Beverage Director 8

  Bartender 8

  Food Attendant 8

5 Baker 5

6 Executive Housekeeper 4

  Executive Chef 4

7 Food Server 3

  Restaurant Supervisor 3
 8 Line Cook 1

  Rooms Division Manager 1

  Guest Service Attendant 1

  Sales Representative 1

9 Sous Chef 0

  Cashier 0

  Sales Manager 0

  Night Auditor 0

Total 139

What are the inventory of the developed attributes of the students in terms of;

a. Knowledge

b. Skills

c. Attitude

Inventory of the developed attributes of the students

Knowledge

The Table 5 show the knowledge inventory of the developed attributes of Hospitality

Management students from the learnings that they have acquired from the past years of being

enrolled in University of St. La Salle. These attributes acquired by the students include
Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes. As a result of the data gathered, in terms of the knowledge, out

of 139 respondents the variable that has a highest frequency acquired by the students has a total

of 121 which is “Understanding the purpose and importance of food safety, proper hygiene and

sanitation” and as for the variable that has a lowest frequency has a total of 104 out of 139 which

is “Has excellent communication skills and can work well in a group setting.”. 

This corroborates the findings of Kim et al., (2010), who claim that the business is growing

and that students studying hotel management have a diverse range of job opportunities. The

sample of these options are educational resources, preparations and certifications that students

can choose from a variety of management roles in the hospitality industry. Likewise, as students

acquire knowledge about the industry, they will be equipped with all the information and

realities about the Hospitality Industry wherein they will put all of their learnings into action.

Furthermore, the researcher's observed that in all the given attributes, knowledge is the

number one acquired by the students. This means that knowledge is really the best level of

attribute that a student needs to obtain as they pursue their future career. And based on the

respondents’ responses with the conducted interview, they mentioned that all the attributes were

important in pursuing their future career but indeed knowledge has been considered as the top

acquired attribute among all of them. Respondents also stated that this attribute would really

help them towards the chosen field of career they will have in the future.

Table 5 (Multiple Responses)

Knowledge

Knowledge Variables Frequency

 Understand the purpose and importance of food safety, proper 121
hygiene, and sanitation.

Can identify and knows the use and purpose of kitchen tools, bar 118
tools and equipment, Folio plus and housekeeping equipment.

Appreciate how complex and dynamic the industry is. 117

Provide good time management in different activities that are 110

offered in the course and can adapt new knowledge about things in
a short amount of time.

Has excellent communication skills and can work well in a group 104
setting.

Skills

Furthermore, table 6 shows about the second attribute of the students which is the skills, in

which “Executes mise en place for any cooking, bar and housekeeping activities” and “Executes

proper food service with food handling” were the two variables both acquired by the students

which gained the highest frequency of 110 out of 139 respondents. On the other hand, “Performs

basic flair tending techniques and can perform basic mixing of alcoholic drinks” has the lowest

frequency of 93 obtained by the students in terms of the skills.

Hospitality management students should carefully assess their interests, current skills, and

experiences during the career planning phase. They would be able to experience job satisfaction

and achieve success in their professional hospitality career if they can identify what activities
they enjoy as well as the skills required to perform those activities (J.Jones, personal

conversation, March 23, 2014). Competition for jobs among recent graduates is fiercer than ever,

and new recruits face strong demands. Students must be able to express the importance of their

college experience, as well as their acquired talents and competencies, to distinguish themselves

during the career hunting process. Institutions are also under pressure to ensure that their

students not only succeed in college and graduate on schedule, but also are well prepared for life

after graduation. That means securing a first position and saving for a lifetime of career

transitions in today's economy. Student affairs has an enormous potential to promote students'

professional growth through the division's scope of experiential learning experiences. Though

students can and do gain in-demand skills by co-curricular activities such as student clubs, Greek

life, student leadership, service opportunities, and campus jobs, many students do not take

advantage of these opportunities, and those who do often fail to express the tangible or

transferable importance of their experiences to prospective employers (O’Connor et al., 2018)

The researchers observed that “Skills” is the least acquired attribute in all levels of a

student's attributes. This means that even though this is the least important attribute acquired by

the students, still it has always been an important attribute needed by them as they pursue their

future career. Indeed, skills are an important attribute for a student as they plan to pursue their

future job but then, based on our questions and interviews conducted among students, regarding

their acquired attributes, they have answered that they also obtained skills however knowledge is

the foremost of all the attributes they possess.

Table 6 (Multiple Responses)

Skill
 Skills Variables Frequency

Executes mise en place for any cooking, bar, and housekeeping activities. 110

Execute proper food service with food handling. 110

Performs good communication skills in laboratory activities. 101

. Performs quality outcomes of food 96

Performs basic flairtending techniques and can perform basic mixing of 93

alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks.

Attitude

The Table 7 contains the data about the attitude acquired by the students as they prepare

themselves for their career choices or future career. In terms of the attitude attribute of the

students, which “Understands that a smile is vital in Hospitality operations” is a variable

acquired by the students with the highest frequency of 119 among 139 respondents. On the other

hand, “listens and executes the instructions given without any complaint” is the variable which

has the least number of students who acquired with the total frequency of 108 out of 139. 

This is being supported by the following studies that latest developments have had such a

great impact on the workplace and the student demographic makeup of the workforce. Dynamic

emerging technologies, a diverse employment environment, and increasing the disparity of

demographic gaps, have caused a need for career managers to evolve on campus. Students of this

generation want to affect the world in a significant way and are looking for the tools and

experiences that give them these to be able to do so. People are concerned with meaningful jobs,
personal, and emotional well-being at work while they must do their job well (Sangvhi & Kubu,

2017). Self-actualization, employment potential, field appeal, ease of study, and scholastic

accomplishment were identified as five motivational variables among HTM students (Lee,

2008). The motivational aspects, as well as chosen abroad study destinations and HTM study

fields, are examined in detail.

The researchers observed that Hospitality Management students at University of St. La Salle

are equipped, prepared and competitive from academics to actual performances based on the

level of student attributes that are present in the curriculum of the course. Based on the results,

Hospitality Management students are well-educated and knowledgeable about the industry that at

least they knew the basic and proper procedures and actions in dealing with the activities being

offered by the course.

The Hospitality Management students at University of St. La Salle are equipped, prepared

and competitive from academics to actual performances based on the level of student attributes

that are present in the curriculum of the course. Based on the results, Hospitality Management

students are well-educated and knowledgeable about the industry that at least they knew the

basic and proper procedures and actions in dealing with the activities being offered by the

course. Based on the researcher’s observation, (Attitude) placed as the second attribute acquired

by the students out of all the given attributes. This signifies that (Attitude) serves as the second

important attribute that a student needs as they choose their future career. Upon the results of the

interview we conducted, the respondents have answered that they also acquired the attitude

attribute which they also considered as a helpful attribute when they pursue their future job. In

addition, they have mentioned also that this attribute is quite important as they engage with their

co-workers in the industry that they are working in. 

Table 7 (Multiple Responses)

Attitude

Attitud Variables Frequency

e

. Understand that a smile is vital in Hospitality operations. 119

Appreciate the value of trust, respect and integrity that is present in 116
the Hospitality Industry.

Provide understanding and patience to future guests. 114

Provide a good relationship between the group/team and be able to 111

understand and accept multicultural diversity in the industry.

Listens and executes the instructions given without any complaint. 108

Significant relationship between influential factors and students’ attributes that affects

career choices.

Table 8 shows the significant relationship between the influential factors and students’

attributes that affects career choices. The results show that there is no significant association

between the two variables under consideration. The obtained p value of 0.12996 is greater than

or equal to the 0.05 p-value, indicating that the null hypothesis is ACCEPTED. With this it

clearly shows that the student's attributes and influential factors have no connections for the

student's career of choice. 

Studies that provide an explanation for the findings are available to support the findings.

According to Richardson (2008), hospitality students/graduates work in the business without a

thorough understanding of the industry's real-world realities. Carson & Bedean, (1994), also

added that one's motivation in chosen industry is determined by his/her perceptions, skills, and

attitude towards the working industry. However, Brown & Hackett, (1994), mentioned that an

individual or a student's choice of a future career is primarily driven by his or her personal "self-

interests". 

Moreover, considering that both a student's attributes and influential factors do not have

connections or significant relationship in whatever the student’s career of choice. This implies

that, what will always matter, is the student’s decision making regarding the attributes acquired

and the existing influential factors. 

Table 8

Significant Relationship between influential factors and students’ attributes that affects career
choices

x2 Tests

  df p

X2                18             
0.12996
 6

N               

Since p-value >0.05, then no significant relationship exists.

Significant relationship between the inventory of students’ attributes and the career

choices that the students will pursue.

Table 9 shows the significant relationship between the inventory of student’s attributes

and the career choices that the students will pursue. The results show that the two factors studied

had no meaningful association. The obtained p value of 0.81261 is more than or equal to the 0.05

p-value, indicating that the null hypothesis is ACCEPTED. With this, it clearly shows that the

student's attributes and influential factors have no connections for the student's career of choice. 

To substantiate the findings, here are some of the studies that have been conducted which

have an explanation related to it. Kerka, (2000), mentioned that career choice is influenced by

multiple factors which include the interest of an individual or student in choosing their future

career. On the other hand, McQuaid & Bond, (2003) stated that a student's level of achievements,

aptitudes, and attitudes influenced their choice of career. These related studies show that the

student's acquired attribute doesn't matter whatever the career choice in the industry that a

student wants to pursue. 

The researchers observed that even if the student has a low or high level of students’

attributes, it does not affect the career choices that they have chosen. Moreover, even if the

student acquired all the necessary attributes, it does not mean that the student is that well-

prepared and sure about the career that they are choosing.

Table 9

Significant Relationship between the inventory of students’ attributes and the career choices that
the students will pursue

x2 Tests
   df p

 
X2                12                   
0.81261
 
N                 
 

Since p-value >0.05, then no significant relationship exists.

Results and Recommendations

The following conclusions are formed based on the preceding results and findings:

1. Out of three (3) influential factors which are personal choice, parent’s decision and peer

motivation, Personal Choice is the most influential factor in choosing career options

among hospitality management students. 

2. The most preferred career choice among hospitality management students is “becoming a

hotel manager”. 

3. Knowledge, Skills and Attitude were the attributes acquired by the Hospitality

Management students, but Knowledge is the attribute which is more obtained by the

students than Skills and Attitude.

 4. There is no discernible link between the important factors and student characteristics that

influence job choices among Hospitality Management students. As a result, the null

hypothesis was accepted.

5. No significant relationship exists between the inventory of student’s attributes affecting

the career choices of students when grouped according to the hospitality sector.

The following recommendations are made based on the findings:

1. Utilizing and improving the personal abilities of Hospitality Management students to

make more informed decisions about their preferred career path.

2. Marketing and promotional Strategies for hospitality management courses should focus

on intensive information dissemination that will emphasize becoming a future hotel

manager.

3. Offer intensive programs that will develop and enhance knowledge, skill, and attributes

of becoming a top-level management employee of the hospitality industry in both internal

and external exposure.

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CONSENT CERTIFICATE

“Re-imagining Career Options: A Hospitality Management Student’s Perspective”

 
____ I confirm that the study was fully explained to me; also, I have read and comprehended

the above study's information sheet, and I have had the opportunity to ask questions. 

____ I realize that my involvement is entirely optional, and that I am free to leave at any

moment and for any reason. 

____ I accept to participate in the research described above.

_____________________________

Signature of the Participant

Researcher’s Profile
Educational Attainment

Elementary: Plaza Central School

Junior High School: Tanjay City High School (Legislated)

Senior High School: Villaflores College

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Science in

rd

Hospitality Management

Achievements

 Journalist of the Year (2015)

 Regional Qualifier School’s Press Conference (2014-2017)

 Grade 11 Representative

 President of Food and Beverage Manager’s Guild (2019-2020)

 Performer of the Year (2015)

Educational Attainment

Junior High School: Lilo-an National High School Extension Don Bosco

Campus

Senior High School: Lilo-an National High School Extension Don Bosco

Campus

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Science in

rd

Hospitality Management

Achievements

 Captain ball of Stingers Football Men’s Student Athelete ( football)

 Senior High - Athlete of the Year College- NOPSSCEA Season 39 & 40 Champion

 Sagay Cup 2019 Champion ( Best Defender Mythical 11)

 National PRISAA Davao City 2019 Champion

Educational Attainment

Elementary: St. Joseph Academy

 Junior High School: St. Joseph Academy

Senior High School: Silay Institure

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Science in

rd

Hospitality Management

Achievements

  Grade 11-12 With Honors

 1st -2nd year College Dean’s list 

  English Language Feast Character Impersonation Champion (2015) 

  English Declamation Champion (2015) 

  ABS-CBN News Reporting Contestant 

 3rd place Latin Dancesports NOPSSCEA

Educational Attainment

Junior High School: University of Negros Occidental - Recoletos

 Senior High School:

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Sciene

rd

Hospitality Management

Achievements

Senior high school with honors

       Bronze Medalist (Senior High School)

       2nd year dean's list

Educational Attainment

Junior High School: Juan Gequillana National High School

Senior High School: Luisa Medel National High School

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Science in

rd

Hospitality Management
Achievements

 Junior & Senior High School / Honor student 

 1st & 2nd year Dean’s list

 Bacolod Flair Festival Tandem Category Champion

Educational Attainment

Junior High School: National High School of Sagay City Campus

Senior High School: National High School of Sagay City Campus

College: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod, 3 Year Bachelor of Science in

rd

Hospitality Management

Achievements

 Wing Back Defender of Stingers Football Men’s Student Athlete ( football)

 Athlete of the Year (2017)

 NOPSSCEA Season 39 & 40 Champion

 Sagay cup 2019 Champion

 Puma cup Champion U19 

 National PRISAA Davao City 2019 Champion