Professional Documents
Culture Documents
z z
σz
τzy
ΔF τzx τyz
Δ Fz
A σy
ΔA ΔA
y τxz
y
Δ Fy τyx
τxy
Δ Fx σx
x x
A
τ xy = τ yx , τ yz = τ zy , τ zx = τ xz
Principal stresses
At any point in a general state of stress, there are three mutually perpendicular
“principal” planes which are free of shear stress.
The normal stresses acting on the principal planes are called principal stresses
and their directions are called principal directions.
The highest and lowest principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum of all normal stresses on planes of any orientation at that point.
2-Dimensional Case
σy y y
A = cosθ d R = dR = σ dA
τ yx m = sinθ
dR d Ry d R
τ xy n np
dA
σx dy σx A dA d Rx
τ xy d Ra j θ dA θp
dx m dA
x x
τ yx i
σy
d Rb
n = A i + m j = cos θ i + sin θ j
dR a = − σ x A dA i − τ xy A dA j
dR b = − τ xy m dA i − σ y m dA j
dR = dRx i + dR y j
⎧ dRx ⎫ ⎡ σx τ xy ⎤ ⎧ A ⎫
⎨ dR ⎬ = dA ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎩ y⎭ ⎢⎣ τ xy σ y ⎦⎥ ⎩m ⎭
if dR is parallel to n then dR − dA σ n = 0
⎡σ x − σ τ xy ⎤ ⎧ A ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ τ xy σ y − σ ⎥⎦ ⎩ m ⎭ ⎩0 ⎭
σx + σ y σx − σ y 2
σ = ± ( ) + τ2xy
2 2
k
n dR
dRa y
j
dRb dA
i
dRc
x
n = A i + m j + n k ( A2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 )
dR + dR a + dR b + dR c = 0
⎧ dRx ⎫ ⎡ σx τ xy τ xz ⎤ ⎧ A ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎨dR y ⎬ = dA ⎢ τ xy σy τ yz ⎥ ⎨m ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩ dRz ⎭ ⎣⎢ τ xz τ yz σ z ⎥⎦ ⎩ n ⎭
dR − dA σ n = 0 if
⎡σ x − σ τ xy τ xz ⎤ ⎧ A ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ τ xy σy −σ τ yz ⎥ ⎨ m ⎬ = ⎨0 ⎬
⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎣⎢ τ xz τ yz σ z − σ ⎦⎥ ⎩ n ⎭ ⎩0 ⎭
σ3 − I1 σ2 + I 2 σ − I 3 = 0
I1 = σ x + σ y + σ z
e3
n dR
dRa x2
e2
dRb dA
e1
dRc
x1
⎧ dR1 ⎫ ⎡σ1 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ n1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
dR = dA [σ] n or ⎨dR2 ⎬ = dA ⎢ 0 σ2 0 ⎥⎥ ⎨n2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ σ3 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ n3 ⎭⎪
⎩ dR3 ⎭ ⎣⎢ 0 0
dR
T = = σ n
dA
T = σ1 n1 e1 + σ2 n2 e 2 + σ3 n3 e3
normal stress
dRn dR ⋅ n
σn = = = T⋅n
dA dA
shear stress
τs = T 2 − σn2
τs = (σ12 n12 + σ22 n22 + σ32 n32 ) − (σ1 n12 + σ2 n22 + σ3 n32 ) 2
e2
e1
1
σoct = (σ x + σ y + σ z )
3
I
σoct = 1
3
1⎡ 1/ 2
τoct = (σ x − σ y ) 2 + (σ y − σ z )2 + (σ z − σ x ) 2 + 6 (τ 2xy + τ2yz + τ2zx ) ⎤
3⎣ ⎦
1⎡ 2 1/ 2
τoct = 2 I1 − 6 I 2 ⎤
3⎣ ⎦
σ x − ν( σ y + σ z ) τ xy
εx = + α ΔT γ xy =
E G
σ y − ν( σ x + σ z ) τ yz
εy = + α ΔT γ yz =
E G
σ z − ν( σ x + σ y ) τ xz
εz = + α ΔT γ xz =
E G
E = 2 (1 + ν) G
σx − ν σ y E E α ΔT
εx = + α ΔT σx = (ε + ν ε y ) −
2 x
E 1− ν 1− ν
σ y − ν σx E E α ΔT
εy = + α ΔT σy = (ε + ν ε x ) −
2 y
E 1− ν 1− ν
τ xy
γ xy = τ xy = G γ xy
G
E E α ΔT
σx = [(1 − ν) ε x + ν ε y + ν ε z ] −
(1 + ν) (1 − 2 ν) 1 − 2ν
E E α ΔT
σy = [(1 − ν) ε y + ν ε z + ν ε x ] −
(1 + ν) (1 − 2 ν) 1 − 2ν
E E α ΔT
σz = [(1 − ν) ε z + ν ε x + ν ε y ] −
(1 + ν) (1 − 2 ν) 1 − 2ν
Strain Energy Density
D D k D2 F2 DF
U = ∫ f du = ∫ k u du = = =
0 0 2 2k 2
U = ∫ U o dV
V
1 1
Uo = ( ε x σ x + ε y σ y + ε z σ z ) + ( γ xy τ xy + γ yz τ yz + γ xz τ xz )
2 2
two-dimensional
1 1 2
Uo = ( σ2x + σ2y − 2 ν σ x σ y ) + τ xy
2E 2G
E 2 2 G 2
Uo = ( ε x + ε y + 2 ν ε x ε y ) + γ xy
2 (1 − ν2 ) 2
three-dimensional
1
Uo = [σ2x + σ2y + σ2z − 2 ν (σ x σ y + σ y σ z + σ x σ z )]
2E
1 2
+ ( τ xy + τ2yz + τ2xz )
2G
E
Uo = [(1 − ν) (ε2x + ε2y + ε2z ) + 2 ν (ε x ε y + ε y ε z + ε x ε z )]
2 (1 + ν) (1 − 2 ν)
G
+ ( γ 2xy + γ 2yz + γ 2xz )
2
Strain Energy of Beams I
U = ∫ U o dV
V
1 1 2
Uo = [σ2x + σ2y + σ2z − 2 ν (σ x σ y + σ y σ z + σ x σ z )] + (τ xy + τ2yz + τ2xz )
2E 2G
extension
σ2
Uo =
2E
P
σ =
A
L P2 ⎡ ⎤
U = ∫ ⎢ ∫∫ dA⎥ dx
2
0 2 E A ⎣A ⎦
L P2
U = ∫ dx
0 2E A
torsion
τ2
Uo =
2G
T
τ = r
J
L T2 ⎡ 2 ⎤
U = ∫
2 ⎢ ∫∫
r dA⎥ dx
0 2 G J ⎣A ⎦
L T2
U = ∫ dx
0 2G J
Strain Energy of Beams II
bending
σ2
Uo =
2E
M
σ = y
I
L M2 ⎡ 2 ⎤
U = ∫
2 ⎢ ∫∫
y dA⎥ dx
0 2 E I ⎣A ⎦
L M2
U = ∫ dx
0 2E I
shear-bending
τ2
Uo =
2G
VQ
τ =
It
L V 2 ⎡ Q2 ⎤
U = ∫ ⎢ dA⎥ dx
2 ∫∫ 2
0 2 G I ⎢
⎣A t ⎥⎦
1 A Q2
= ∫∫ dA
k I 2 A t2
L V2
U = ∫ dx
0 2 k AG
Strain Energy of Beams, Summary
L P2
extension U = ∫ dx
0 2 AE
L T2
torsion U = ∫ dx
0 2 J G
LM2
bending U = ∫ dx
0 2I E
L V2 A Q2
shear-bending U = ∫ k dx , k = ∫∫ dy dz
0 2 AG I 2 t2
∂U ∂U
= Pk , = Mk
∂Δ k ∂θk
∂U * ∂U *
= Δk , = θk
∂Pk ∂M k
Strain Energy of Distortion
Average normal stress
1 1
σa = ( σ x + σ y + σ z ) = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 )
3 3
Deviatoric stresses
s x = σ x − σa , s y = σ y − σa , s z = σ z − σa
s xy = τ xy , s yz = τ yz , s zx = τ zx
1
Uo = [σ2x + σ2y + σ2z − 2 ν (σ x σ y + σ y σ z + σ x σ z )]
2E
1 2
+ ( τ xy + τ2yz + τ2xz )
2G
1 2
U od = [ s x + s 2y + s z2 − 2 ν ( s x s y + s y s z + s x s z )]
2E
1 2
+ ( s xy + s 2yz + s xz
2
)
2G
1
U od = [( σ x − σ y )2 + (σ y − σ z )2 + (σ z − σ x )2 + 6( τ2xy + τ2yz + τ2xz )]
12 G
1
U od = [( σ1 − σ2 )2 + ( σ2 − σ3 )2 + ( σ3 − σ1 )2 ]
12 G
Octahedral stress
1⎡ 1/ 2
τoct = ( σ x − σ y )2 + (σ y − σ z )2 + (σ z − σ x )2 + 6 ( τ2xy + τ 2yz + τ2zx ⎤
3⎣ ⎦
1⎡ 1/ 2
τoct = ( σ1 − σ2 )2 + (σ2 − σ3 )2 + (σ3 − σ1 )2 ⎤
3⎣ ⎦
3 2
U od = τoct
4G
3
σe = τoct
2
1
σe = [( σ x − σ y )2 + (σ y − σ z )2 + (σ z − σ x )2 + 6( τ2xy + τ 2yz + τ2xz )]1/ 2
2
1 ⎡ 1/ 2
σe = (σ1 − σ2 )2 + (σ2 − σ3 )2 + (σ3 − σ1 ) 2 ⎤
2⎣ ⎦
in uniaxial tension σe = σ x
in hydrostatic stress σe = 0
1 2
U od = σe
6G
Stress Concentration
σ0
σmax
d
P
σ0 =
Dt
P
σ0 σnom =
(D − d ) t
D t
σmax = Kt σnom
2 3
d ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
Kt = 3.00 − 3.13 + 3.66 ⎜ ⎟ − 1.53 ⎜ ⎟
D ⎝D⎠ ⎝D⎠
σ0 σ0
σ0 2σ0
σ0 σ0
a
σmax = (1 + 2 ) σ0 σmax = 2 σ0
b