Stress analysis

Stress tensor and tensor notation

Dr. Federico Bosi

Elasticity and Plasticity - MECH0026

Mechanical Engineering

University College London Elasticity and Plasticity - MECH0026 1/ 8

 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Stress tensor and notation

Stress and strain are second order tensors that can be written in tensor notation
C D
‡xx ·xy ·xz
‡ij = ·yx ‡yy ·yz , where i, j = x, y, z.
·zx ·zy ‡zz

Similarly, the strain tensor can be written as Áij using tensor notation.

The repetition of indeces = summation

‡ii = ‡xx + ‡yy + ‡zz , = trace

( Sig) -
tr ( sis)
Comma = Partial differentiation
ˆA
A,i =
ˆxi
ˆ‡xj ˆ‡yj ˆ‡zj
‡ij,i = + + .
ˆx ˆy ˆz

Please note that in the following, the normal stresses ‡xx , ‡yy , ‡zz will be written as
‡x , ‡y , ‡z as it is customary in engineering practise.

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 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Equilibrium equations

Last term you developed the equation of equilibrium in 3D:

x
ˆ‡x ˆ·yx ˆ·zx
→ + + + fx = 0

}6is,itfsT
ˆx ˆy ˆz
Is ˆ·xy
+
ˆ‡y
+
ˆ·zy
+ fy = 0
ˆx ˆy ˆz
Z
ˆ·xz ˆ·yz ˆ‡z
→ + + + fz = 0
ˆx ˆy ˆz

fx , fy , fz are the components of the body forces per unit volume.

How to obtain the equilibrium equations? Example along the x-direction:

Z
Zag y×+*¥*
bit
g-
dy
.ly
-

6¥ydz t ( 8¥ ) dydz
ok t

→*#
dz~E.to#E**nsK-x* de ,
-

3¥47 # tdoydxdy) dxdzt t

ETE dy zz×o ( ¥o÷¥dz)dxdg

-

v .
-

t
= > X

d~tfdxdydgz-OEE.IO#---tOfJtdIEtFx=0
-
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 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Simmetry of the stress tensor

it

•
BI
O

Moment equilibrium: ⑤ -

ay × ¥¥yt zxydyfzf.de/-- O

I
Zyx =

xy
Ey z =
Zzy
Zz ×
=
Zxz
Not all components of the stress tensor are independent:
⑦

University College London Elasticity and Plasticity - MECH0026 4/ 8

 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Stress components on a plane

µ
* NE
:#
÷÷÷
Aim: Knowing the 6 stress components in point O, we want to find out the stress state
in plane ABC; specifically:
Stress components Sx , Sy , Sz ;
The planar shear stress Ss ; W
The normal stress Sn
vs
AA
The plane has area Aao cosy
.

=
M
A ,
m
SA
DA
Coop A cod
-

The areas of projections are: A- ; cage

-

Aog
e
The plane has direction cosines l, m, n.

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 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Direction cosines and projected areas

Example:
Z
f = God =
cos 900=0

e÷÷÷
i

f EEE
38 I m = Cos
B = cos 600=1
a

ri
a- c.
. .

.
.

•
L S
X x

Projection of A on xy≠plane

DA SA SA
300 es
j w
= -

cos =

Projection of A on xz≠plane

SA 68 SA SA mu
Oop
-

=
as =

Projection of A on yz≠plane

AA .

cos 2 = SA -
b = O

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 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Cartesian stresses on a plane

Force equilibrium along the Cartesian directions:

tzxisatf.IE#Sx--6xbtEyxmntZzxW
Bx air ex
?f÷ Zyx
s¥÷g
- -
-
-

Sy =
z×y b t
Gy m t
Ey z
w

Sz =
Zxzl t
Zyz
m t
Gz w

University College London Elasticity and Plasticity - MECH0026 7/ 8

 Stress analysis Stress tensor and tensor notation

Normal and shear stress on a plane

Normal stress on the plane ABC:

IN
ST

liegemen qtr
Sx Sy t
Sz w

Eff
t m
.
.

;
-

2
( Eeg met txz he t ,
Zyzhm)

tyg
Shear stress on the plane ABC:

Sui
' '

Ss = s -

! ( sit Sy
't SE ) -

Sw
'

University College London Elasticity and Plasticity - MECH0026 8/ 8