Thirunatchathirai Maalai - 09.01.22

=:
=kNj uhkhD[ha ek:: = KLk;ig G+h;zha ek:

=kj; tutuKeNa ek: =kj; tuj FuNt ek:
jpUe j;ukhiy
Mo;thuhrhh;ah;fs; jdpad;fs;, thopj;jpUehkq;fs;

Kd;Diu
y ;kPehj ]khuk;ghk; ehjahKe kj;akhk; /
m];kjhrhh;a gh;ae;jhk; te;Nj FUguk;guhk; //
=$uj;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;Js;s ,e;j ];Nyhfj;jpd;gb ek; =it\;zt

FUguk;giuahdJ jpUkfs;Nrh; khh;gdhd nghpangUkhs; njhlq;fp
vk;ngUkhdhiu eLehakhf nfhz;L =ke; kzthskhKdpfNshL
epiwTngWfpwJ. =ag;gjpahd =ke; ehuhazd; ,Us; jUkhQhykhfpw
,e;jTyfpy; ,Us;ePq;f jhNd gy mtjhuq;fis vLj;J ]k;]hhpfisj;
jpUj;j Kbahjjhy;, mtNd ,Wjpahf kdpj&gj;jpy; kah;tw kjpeyk;
mUsg;ngw;w Mo;thh;fisAk;, Mrhhpah;fisAk; mtjhpf;fr;nra;J ,e;j
[fj;ij jpUj;jpaUspdhd;.
me;jkpohy; ew;fiyf sha;eJ ; iuj;jtho;thh;fs;

,e;jTyfpypUs; ePq;f - te;Jjpj;j
khjq;fs; ehs;fs; jk;ik kz;ZyNfhh;jhkwpa
<njd;W nrhy;YNthk; ahk;.
vd;W =kzthskhKdpfs; cgNjruj;jpd khiyapy; mUspr;

nra;Js;sgb, Mo;thh;fs; kw;Wk; Mrhhpah;fs; jpUttjhpj;j
jpdr;rpwg;Gf;fs;, mth;fs; mUspr;nra;Js;s jpt;ag;uge;jk; kw;Wk;
t;ahf;ahdq;fspd; ngUikfs; Kjyhdtw;iw vLj;Jf;$Wk; epj;ajdpad;,
jpUe j;uj;jdpad;, thopj;jpUehkk;, rPh;, ehs; ghl;L kw;Wk; kq;fs
];Nyhfk; Kjypaitfs; jpUe j;jpuf;ukkhf (mr;tdp e j;jpuk; Kjy;
Nutjp e j;jpuk; tiu) ek; G+h;thrhhpah;fs; mEre;jpj;j Kiwapy; ,e;j
E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; vk;ngUkhd;fs;, ehr;rpkhh;fs;
jdpad;fSk;;, thopj;jpUehkq;fSk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1
ehs; ghl;L ,y;yhj Mrhh;ah;fSf;F fPNo nfhLj;Js;s
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 36Mk; ghRuj;ij mEre;jpf;fyhk;.
njUSw;w Mo;thh;fs;. rPh;ik mwpthuhh;.
mUspr; nraiy mwpthuhh;. - mUs; ngw;w
ehjKdp Kjyhk; (Kjyhd) ek; Njrpfiu my;yhy;
Ngij kdNk! cz;Nlh NgR.
,e;E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpad;fs;, thopj;jpUehkq;fs;

Kjyhdtifs; Gj;J}h; =.c.Nt.fpU\;z];thkp ma;aq;fhh; ];thkp
njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;s 'epj;ahEre;jhdk;' vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpypUe;Jk;,
Gj;J}h; =.c.Nt.uFkhd; ];thkp (= ghyh[p ];thkp) njhFj;J
ntspapl;Ls;s 'Mo;thuhrhh;ah;fs; thopj;jpUehkq;fs;' vd;Dk;
Gj;jfj;jpypUe;Jk; kw;Wk; kJiu Kizth; =.c.Nt.,uh.muq;fuh[d;
];thkp njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;s ‘jpUe j;ukhiy epj;ahE\;lhdk;
jpUthuhjdf;ukk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypUe;Jk; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
,e;E}ypd; jd;Ndw;wk; vd;d vdpy;, klq;fs;/jpUkhspiffspy; jw;fhyj;jpy;
mEre;;jhdj;jpy; cs;s xd;whd [Pah;fs;/Mrhh;a GU\h;fspd; jdpad;fs;,
thopj;jpUehkq;fs; Kjyhditfs; me;je;j klq;fs;/jpUkhspiffs;
ntspAl;Ls;s kyh;fs; kw;Wk; E}y;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;L ,q;Nf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,itfis mbNaDf;F nfhLj;J cjtpa Mrhh;a
GU\h;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; mbNad; ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,q;F =kzthskhKdpfs; fhyk; tiu tho;e;j
Mrhh;ah;fspd; jdpad;fs;, thopj;jpUehkq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mth;
fhyj;jpw;F gpd; mtjhpj;j jq;fSila Mrhh;ah;fspd; jdpad;fs;,
kw;Wk; thopj;jpUehkq;fis ,j;Jld; Nrh;j;J mEre;jpf;fyhk;. ,e;j E}y;
mtuth; ,y;yq;fspy; epj;a jpUthuhjdj;jpd; NghJk;, Mo;thh;fs; kw;Wk;
Mrhhpah;fs; khj/tU\ jpUel;rj;jd;Wk;, jpt;ag;uge;j Nrthfhy
rhw;WKiwapd; NghJk; mEre;jpg;gjw;F kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhf
Ntjke;j;uk;, ghRuq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}ypy; VNjDk; Fw;wk;
FiwapUg;gpd; mbNaid kpj;jUs NtZkha; gpuhh;j;jpf;fpNwd;.; ,e;j
E}ypd; ,Wjpapy; ‘];thkp vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jpUNkdprk;ge;jk; ngw;wth;fs;’
vd;w xU Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fs; ];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUNkdp rk;ge;jk;
ngw;w gy Mrhh;ah;fs; jpUkhspif itgt E}y;fspypUe;J vLj;J
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; ek; ahtUf;Fk; epj;a ghuhazj;Jf;F
cfe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.
ey;ygjj;jhy; kidtho;th; nfhz;lngz;bh; kf;fNs.
mbNad; Nfhapy; Mj;jhd; f];J}hpnuq;fhr;rhhpahh; (=juhr;rhhpahh;) jh]d;
2
jpUe j;ukhiy
nghUslf;fk;
thpir jpUel;rj;jpuk; / Mo;thuhrhh;ah;fs; jpUehkk; jpUttjupj;j gf;fk;

vz; khjk;
1 mr;tpdp
tLfek;gp rpj;jpiu 8
rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg;ngUkhs; khrp 8
khnwhd;wpy;yh khUjpr; rpwpahz;lhd; khh;fop 9
2 guzp
mUshsg;ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhh; fhh;j;jpif 9
<Az;zp khjtg;ngUkhs; fhh;j;jpif 12
3 fhh;j;jpif
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; fhh;j;jpif 13
ca;af;nfhz;lhh; rpj;jpiu 15
ek;gps;is fhh;j;jpif 16
[Pah; ehadhh; rpj;jpiu 18
4 Nuh`pzp
nghpa ngUkhs; gq;Fdp 19
fz;zd; Mtzp 20
jpUg;ghzho;thh; fhh;j;jpif 20
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp itfhrp 21
vq;fsho;thd; rpj;jpiu 24
nghpathr;rhd;gps;is Mtzp 25
ehadhuhr;rhd;gps;is Mtzp 26
=ngUk;G+J}h; xd;whd vk;ghh; [Pah; Mtzp 26
5 kpUfrPhp\k;
jpUf;fr;rp ek;gp khrp 28
jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd; gps;shd; Mtzp 29
Re;juj;NjhSilahd; khrp 30
jpUf;NfhtY}h; xd;whd vk;ngUkhdhh; [Pah; ij 30
6 jpUthjpiu
vk;ngUkhdhh; rpj;jpiu 31
N]hkhrpahz;lhd; rpj;jpiu 34
myq;fhuNtq;flth; khh;fop 34
Ml;nfhz;ltpy;yp [Pah; rpj;jpiu 35
$uFNyhj;jkjh]h; Ig;grp 35
3
7 Gdh;G+rk;
rf;uth;j;jp jpUkfd; rpj;jpiu 36
FyNrfuho;thh; khrp 36
Kjypahz;lhd; rpj;jpiu 37
vk;ghh; ij 39
fe;jhilahz;lhd; khrp 40
xd;whd thdkhkiy [Pah; (nghd;dbf;fhy; [Pah;) Gul;lhrp 40
gj;jq;fp gut];J gl;lh;gpuhd; [Pah; fhh;j;jpif 42
xd;whd uhkhE[k; gps;is gq;Fdp 42
mj;jq;fp Fkhu jhj;jhrhhpahh; gq;Fdp 44
8 G+rk;
nry;tg;gps;is gq;Fdp 46
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; nry;t ek;gp Mtzp 46
gpujpthjp gaq;fuk; mz;zh Mb 47
=ngUk;G+J}h; xd;whd ajpuh[ [Pah; Ig;grp 48
9 Mapy;ak;
khwNdhp ek;gp Mdp 49
nfhkhz;^h; ,isatpy;yp Mr;rhd; rpj;jpiu 50
gps;isAwq;fhtpy;yp jh]h; khrp 50
10 kfk;
jpUkopiraho;thh; ij 51
kzf;fhy; ek;gp khrp 52
jpUkhiyahz;lhd; khrp 53
fe;jhil mg;gd; Gul;lhrp 54
11 G+uk;
aJfphpehr;rpahh; Mb 56
Mz;lhs; Mb 56
fe;jhil Njhog;gh; Mb 59
jpUf;NfhGuj;J ehadhh;; Mb 59
12 cj;jpuk;
=uq;fehr;rpahh; gq;Fdp 60
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; jpUkhkfs; ehr;rpahh; gq;Fdp 61
eQ;rPah; gq;Fdp 62
13 `];jk;
gjhPP ehuhazg;ngUkhs; Mb 63
Njtg;ngUkhs; rpj;jpiu 64
jpUehuazg;ngUkhs; gq;Fdp 64
$uj;jho;thd; ij 65
jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhh; gq;Fdp 66
4
KLk;ig ek;gp ij 68
jpUkiy ey;yhd; rpj;jpiu 69
fplhk;gpahr;rhd; rpj;jpiu 70
<r;rk;ghb Mr;rhd; ij 71
mg;ghr;rpahuz;zh Mtzp 71
14 rpj;jpiu
kJuftpaho;thh; rpj;jpiu 72
mee;jho;thd; rpj;jpiu 74
elJ}uk;khs; rpj;jpiu 75
xd;whd =kj; Mj;jhd; ];thkp Mtzp 75
15 ];thjp
mofparpq;fh; itfhrp 77
nghpaho;thh; Mdp 77
nghpa jpUkiyek;gp itfhrp 79
mofg;gpuhd; (Re;juNjrpfd;) Gul;lhrp 80
tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is Mdp 81
thjpNfrhp mofpakzthsr;rPah; Mdp 82
nghpa ஶ{j;j]j;j;tk; mz;zd; khrp 83
njhl;ilaq;fhug;ig – ij ij 83
16 tprhfk;
ek;kho;thh; itfhrp 84
FUiff;fhtyg;gd; ij 86
gps;is jpUkiy ek;gp itfhrp 86
guhq;Frek;gp itfhrp 87
M#hpg;ngUkhs; Mdp 87
jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is itfhrp 88
17 mD\k;
=ke; ehjKdpfs; Mdp 89
nghpa gl;lh; itfhrp 90
=uhkg;gps;is itfhrp 92
18 Nfl;il
njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; khh;fop 92
nghpaek;gp khh;fop 93
jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah; itfhrp 94
nfhq;fpyhr;rhd; Mtzp 94
$uehuaz [Pah; khh;fop 95
ehY}uhr;rhd; gps;is khh;fop 96
mz;zhtpyg;gd; khrp 96
5
19 %yk;
=iஶNyr jdpad; mtjhpj;j ehs; Mdp 97
kzthskhKdpfs; tU\ jpUel;rj;jpuk; Ig;grp 101
kzthskhKdpfs; jpUtj;aadk; (jPh;j;jk;) khrp 103
f;U\;z g j;thjrp
20 G+uhlk;
Nrid Kjypahh; Ig;grp 103
jpUehuhazGuj;J Ma; ([ee;ahrhhpah;) vd;fpw Ig;grp 104
jpUj;jho;tiu jhrh; - M#hpg; ngUkhs;
jpUtk;rk;
21 cj;jpuhlk;
Mste;jhh; Mb 105
=Gz;lhPfh h; (nghpa ek;gp jpUf;Fkhuh;) Mb 107
Nfhtpy; fe;jhil rz;lkhUjk; njhl;ilahrhh;ah; khrp 107
22 jpUNthzk;
jpUNtq;flKilahd; Gul;lhrp 108
jpUnts;siw Gz;lhPfh g;ngUkhhs; gq;Fdp 109
jpUnts;siwg; gq;far;nry;tp ehr;rpahh; gq;Fdp 109
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; = cufnky;yizahd; Ig;grp 109
ngha;ifaho;thh; Ig;grp 110
njw;fho;thd; Mb 111
jpUfz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; Mdp 111
<r;rk;ghb [Pah; Mdp 112
jpUf;NfhtY}h; Mo;thd; Mtzp 112
muzGuj;jho;thd; gq;Fdp 113
jpUf;FWq;Fb =NguUshs uhkhE[ [Pah; rpj;jpiu 113
jpUNtq;fl uhkhE[ [Pah; ];thkp Gul;lhrp 114
tpQ;r%h; jhjhr;rhhpah; (myq;fhu Ntq;flth; rpj;jpiu 115
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
gps;isNyhfhrhh;ah; Ig;grp 115
Ntjhe;jNjrpfd; Gul;lhrp 117
gps;isNyhfk; [Pah; rpj;jpiu 118
QhdjpU\;b mofg;gq;fhh; (Mj;jhd; ];thkp rpj;jpiu 118
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
23 mtpl;lk;
G+jj;jho;thh; Ig;grp 120
mofpa kzthsg;ngUkhs; ehadhh; khh;fop 121
eLtpy; jpUtPjp gl;lh; Ig;grp 123
tue;jUk; ngUkhs; mg;ig Mtzp 123
6
24 rjak;
Ngaho;thh; Ig;grp 124
gpd;gofpa ngUkhs; [Pah; Ig;grp 125
25 G+ul;lhjp
nrhl;il ek;gp ij 126
ehY}uhd; ij 126
Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zd; Gul;lhrp 126
26 cj;jpul;lhjp
tpshQ;Nrhiyg;gps;is Ig;grp 128
Vl;^h; rpq;fuhrhh;ah; Mb 128
fe;jhil ehad; khh;fop 128
Nfhapy; fe;jhil =uq;fhr;rhhpahh; ];thkp fhh;j;jpif 129
27 Nutjp
ek;ngUkhs; rpj;jpiu 130
Qhdg;gpuhd; - (tuh`g; ngUkhs;) rpj;jpiu 132
vWk;gpag;gh Ig;grp 133
28 thopj;jpUehkj; jdpad;, thopj;jpUehkq;fis - 135
mEre;jg;gjpd; gad;, Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUthpd;
thopj;jpUehkk;
29 thf;a FU guk;giu, ];Nyhf FU guk;giu, - 136
jdpad;fs; - epj;ak; mEre;jpf;f Ntz;bait
30 nghJj;jdpad;fs; kw;Wk; ehyhapu jpt;a g;uge;j -- 141
jdpad;fs;
31 epj;jpak; Nrtpf;Fk; ghRuq;fs; Kd;db gpd;db - 152
f;ukj;jpy;
32 Ntjghuhaz njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; Ntjrhw;W f;ukk; - 167
33 fw;G+u `huj;jpapd; NghJ mE]e;jpf;f - 177
Ntz;bait
34 ,ay;rhj;J - 179
35 rhw;WKiw - 181
36 Mo;thh;fs; / Mrhh;ah;fs; tU\ - 184
jpUe j;jpuq;fs; khjf;fpukk;
37 ];thkp vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jpUNkdp rk;ge;jk; - 189
ngw;wth;fs; - Muhr;rpf; fl;Liu
-000 -
7
1)mr;tpdp el;rj;jpuk;
a)tLfek;gp - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;Nu j;tஶ;tpdp ]Q;[hjk; ]k;]huhh;z tjhufk; /
uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; Me;j;uG+h;zk`k; gN[ //
uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; ]hyf;uhk epth]pek; /

gQ;rNkhgha ]k;ge;jk; Me;j;uG+h;zk`k; gN[ //
uhkhE[hh;a ruz g;utzk; guNjttj; /

tLG+h;zk`k; te;Nj gu[;Qhe gNah epjpk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
VuhUk; rpj;jpiuapy; mRtjP te;jhd; thopNa
vopy; rhsf;fpuhk efuj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
ruk gh;t ep\;ilapy; Cd;wpdhd; thopNa
vk;ngUkhdhNu nja;tnkd;W mD\;bj;jhd; thopNa
mdtujk; Mrhh;aifq;fh;aNk nghOJNghf;Fk; vd;whd; thopNa
Mrhhpaid my;yhJ NtW nja;tk; mwpahd; thopNa
];thrhh;ah; m\;Nlhj;ju rj ehkq;fis mUspdhd; thopNa
=uhkhD[h; itgtNk epue;juk; mD]e;jpj;jhd; thopNa
Mrhh;a ghj jPh;j;jNk guk Nghf;ankd;W vz;zpdhd; thopNa
=tL` ek;gp jpUtbfs; thop thop thopNa.
b) rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg;ngUkhs; - khrp
jdpad;
fyNஶsஶ;;tpep ]k;G+jk; gh\;afhuhq;f;hpkh=jk; /
Nfhtpe;jhh;ahE[k; te;Nj Nfhtpe;jhh;ak; jah epjpk; //
=gh\;afhu ]r;rp\;ak; Gz;lhPfh\ ee;jek; /

Nfhtpe;jhh;ahE[k; te;Nj Nfhtpe;jhh;ak; jah epjpk; //
8
thopj;jpUehkk;
kUthUk; koiyefh; thote;Njhd; thopNa
khrpjdpy; mRtjp ehs;* te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
njUshUk; Mste;jhh; Fiw jPh;j;jhd; thopNa
rPh; jpUkiy ek;gp jidr; rpe;ijnra;Nthd; thopNa
**ghuhUk; vjpuhrd; gjk; gdpe;Njhd; thopNa
gjpd;kh; fiy cl;nghUis gfUktd; thopNa
VuhUk; vk;ghhpd; ,idabNahd; thopNa
vopy; ,isaNfhtpe;jdhh; ,idabfs; thopNa.
*mRtjpapy; vd;w ghlk; cz;L;; **ghh;GfOk; vd;w ghlk; cz;L
c) khnwhd;wpy;yh khUjpr; rpwpahz;lhd; - khh;fop
jdpad;
[;QhJk; $uFyhjpgk; f;hpkpfyhj; g;uhg;jhgjk; g;Nu\jp:
=uhkhtuN[d Nfh]ygjhj; j;U\;l;th jjPahk; ];jpjpk; /
g;uj;ah (]k;g;uh) g;j];j;tuah Guhe;jfGuhj; fy;ahzthgPjNl
Nahsn]s khUjphpj;a ஶk;]j tak; j];ik ek];Fh;kN` //
jE];]pijfhr;ahk; J [hjk; Njtgp\f;jpNe /

nys`pj;ahe;takhrhh;ak; te;Nj mg;ujpkkhUjpk; //
2) guzp el;rj;jpuk;
a) mUshsg;ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhh; - fhh;j;jpif

jdpad;
mde;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;jJ
uhkhE[ gjhk;Ngh[ ]k;r;hpjk; Fzthhpjpk;
jahghy Kepk; te;NjNtjhe;j ghpep\;bjk;.
9
vr;rhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
jah ghye Njtha [;Qhd]hug;jhapNe
g;uNka]huk;jjNj eNkh];Jg;NukrhypNe.
njhz;lD}h; ek;gp mUspr;nra;jJ
ajpuh[jahghj;uk; ajpgq;j;jptpG+\zk;
jahghyKepk; te;NjNjrpfhf;Nuruk;]jh.
kUJ}h; ek;gp mUspr;nra;jJ

uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; Ntjrh];j;uhh;j;j]k;gjk;
rJh;j;jh];uk ]k;ge;jk; Njtuh[Kepk;gN[.
myq;fhu Ntq;flth; (jpUNtq;flhrhh;ah;) mUspr;nra;jJ
fhh;j;jpNf guzP[hjk; ajPej

; ;uh=j khஶ;uNa /
[;Qhe g;uNka ]huhgp tf;jhuk; tujk; Kepk; //
epj;a jdpad;
[;Qhegf;jahj;j ituhf;ak; uhkhE[ gjh=jk; /

gQ;rNkhgha ]k;ge;ek; ]k;akPej
; ;uk; ekhk;a`k; //
RUshh; fUq;Foy; Njhifah; Nty;tpopapy; JtSk;

kUshk; tpidnfLk; khh;f;fk; ngw;whd; kiw ehd;Fk; nrhd;d
nghUs; Qhdrhuj;ijg; Ge;jpapy; je;jtd; nghq;nfhspNrh;
mUshs khKdp ak;nghw; foy;f sile;j gpd;Nd.
ePq;fhk nyd;Wk; epidj;Jj; njhOkpd;fs; ePzpyj;jPh;

ghq;fhf ey;y gpuNka rhuk; ghpe;jspf;Fk;
G+q;fhtsk;nghopy;#o; Gil thOk; GJg;Gspkd;
Mq;fhu kw;w tUshs khKdp ak;GaNk(gjNk).
thop najpuhr khKdptd; khjfthy;

thO kUshs khKdptd; thopatd;
Qhdg; gpuNka rhukij Qhykjpy;
NjdKjha;r; Nrh;j;jUSk; rPh;.
10
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUthOe; njd;duq;fQ; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
njd;dUshsh; md;ghy; jpUe;jpdhd; thopNa
jUthOnkjpuhrd; jhsile;Njhd; thopNa
jkpo;Qhdg;gpuNka]huk; jkh;f;Fiug;Nghd; thopNa
njUshU kJuftp epiy njspe;Njhd; thopNa
NjRnghyp kle;jd;idr; rpijj;jpl;lhd; thopNa
mUshskhKdpahk; Mhpad;jhs; thopNa
mUs; fhh;j;jpifg; guzpNahd; midj;J}op thopNa.
mUshs khKdptd; mbapizfs; thop

miwakh; nre;JtUilNahL mzpAe;jp thop
mUshUk; mq;ifnahL Kf;NfhYk; thop
mzptlq;fs; GhpE}NyhL MfkJ thop
njUshop rq;fnkhL jpUj;Njhs;fs; thop
jpUf;fzpid ehkkJ Nrh;EjYk; thop
nghUshU ew;fiyfs; Gfy; ehTk; thop
nghq;nfopy; JkhiyGid nghw;FQ;rp thop.
jpUehs; ghl;L
nghq;FGfo;g; Gtpnaq;F Kjpj;jpL Gz;zpah; ,d;GUehs;
G+jy kPJah; Ntjpaud;G nghUe;jp kfpo;jpLehs;
nrq;fkyj; JWehd;Kf ehd;kiw njsp nghUSw;wpLehs;
rpl;lh; Jjpf;Fk; muq;fefh;f;fpiw rpe;ij cfe;jpL ehs;
jpq;fs; xspf;F epfh;j;jpL tz;Gfo; jpirnjhU Nktpaehs;
nre;jkpo; khkiw je;jUs; Nahfpah; Nrh;e;J kfpo;e;jpLehs;
kq;fsKw;W mUshs Kdpg;gud; itafk; va;jpa ehs;
khrW fhh;j;jpif ew;guzpg; ngah; itfpa ed;dhNs.
njhq;fy;
gl;lkzp ahhpah;fs; ghUyNfhh; jhk; thor;
rl;lkpLk; ghbaj;Njhd; jhs; thOk; rpl;lUld;
md;dth;fs; jhk; GfOk; mUshs khKdpNa
,d;dnkhU E}w;whz;bUk;.
11
,th; mUspAs;s jpUthrphpaj;jpd; jdpad;
fhrpdpNahh; jhk;thof; fypAfj;Nj te;Jjpj;J
Mrphpag;gh tjdhy; mUkiwE}y; tphpj;jhid
Njrpfidg; guhq;Fridj; jpfo;tFsj; jhuhid
khrilah kdj;Jitj;J kwthky; tho;j;JJNk.
b) <Az;zp khjtg;ngUkhs; (rpwpaho;thd; mg;gps;is) -

fhh;j;jpif
jdpad;fs;
fhh;j;jpNf guzP [hjk; =Nyhfhh;a gjh=jk; /
Ntjhe;j j;ta ]k;ge;jk; khjthh;a k`k;gN[ //
Nyhfhrhh;a gjhk;Ngh[]k;r;uak; fUzhk;Gjpk;
Ntjhe;j j;ta ]k;ge;ek; khjthh;ak`k; gN[.
aj;tr];]; ]fyk; rh];juk; aj;fh; pah itjpNfh tpjp:

aj; flhN [fj;u h jk; te;Njkhjtk; Kepk;.
tujhh;a jahghj;uk; =khjtFUk; r;uNa

FUfhjPr Ntjhe;j N]Nthe;kPypj Ntjek;.
,tiug; Nghw;Wk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 48, 49 ghRuq;fs;

rPuhh; tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is. vO
Njuhh; jkpo; Ntjj;jLP jidj; - jhUnkd
thq;fp Kd; ek;gps;is aPAz;zp khjth;f;Fj;
jhk; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;d jidj;jhd;.
Mq;fth;ghy;ngw;w rpwpaho;thdg;gps;is
jhk;nfhLj;jhh; jk;kfdhh; jk;ifapy; - ghq;FlNd
ehYhh;gps;isf;fth;jhk; ey;y kfdhh;f;fth;jhk;
NkNyhh;f;fPej
; h utNukpf;F.
<Az;zp khjtg;ngUkhSf;F rpwpaho;thdg;gps;is nad;w xU

kWngaUk; cz;L. ,jid gps;isNyhfk; [Pah; gzpj;j
tpahf;fpahdj;jpy; fhzyhk;. < vd;why; nfhL vd;W nghUs;. cz;zp
vd;why; cz;gth; vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ gpwUf;F nfhLj;J cz;gth;
vd;W nghUs;.
12
3) fhh;j;jpif
a) jpUkq;ifaho;thh; - fhh;j;jpif
jdpad;
t;Uஶ;rpNf f;Uj;jpfh [hjk; rJ\;ftp ஶpfhkzpk; /
\l;g;ue;jf;Ujk; ஶhh;q;f %h;j;jpk; fyp`khஶ;uNa //
fypahkp fypj;tk;]k; ftpk; Nyhf jpthfuk; /

a];a Nfhgp: g;ufhஶhgp: Mtpj;ak; ep`jk; jk: //
ehs; ghl;L
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 8,9 ghRuq;fs;

NgijneQ;Nr ,d;iwg;ngUikawpe;jpiyNah
VJngUik apd;iwf;nfd;nwd;dpy; - XJfpd;Nwd;
tha;j;jGfo;kq;ifah;Nfhd; khepyj;jpy;te;Jjpj;j
fhh;j;jpifapy; fhh;j;jpifehs; fhz;.
khwd; gzpj;j jkpo;kiwf;F. kq;ifah;Nfhd;

Mwq;fk;$w ttjhpj;j – tPWila
fhh;j;jpifapy;fhh;j;jpifeh nsd;nwd;W fhjypg;ghh;
tha;j;jkyh;j;jhs;fs; neQ;Nrtho;j;J.
thopj;jpUehkk;
fye;jjpUf; fhh;j;jpifapy; fhh;j;jpif te;Njhd; thopNa
fhrpdpap; nyhz; FiwaY}h;f; fhtNyhd; thopNa
eye;jpf ohapuj; njz;gj;J ehYiuj;jhd; thopNa
ehiye;J khiwe;Jk; ekf;Fiuj;jhd; thopNa
,yq;nfO $w;wpUf;if apU klyPej ; hd; thopNa
,k;%d;wpypU E}w;wpUgj;NjoPe;jhd; thopNa
tye;jpfOq; FKjty;yp kzthsd; thopNa
thl;fypad; gufhyd; kq;ifah;Nfhd; thopNa.
13
jpUkq;ifaho;thhpd; tbtofpy; <Lgl;L kzthskhKdpfs;
mUspa tbtoF #h;zpifAk; jdpg;ghly;fSk;
mizj;jNtYk;, njhOjifAk;, mOe;jpa

jpUehkKk;, Xk; vd;wthAk;, cah;e;j %f;Fk;,
Fsph;e;j KfKk;, gue;j tpopAk;, gjpe;j new;wpAk;,
newpj;j GUtKk;, RUz;l FoYk;, tbe;j fhJk;,
mire;j fhJ fhg;Gk;, jho;e;j nrtpAk;, rhpe;j
fOj;Jk;, mfd;w khh;Gk;, jpuz;l NjhSk;, nespj;j
KJFk;, Ftpe;;j ,ilAk;, my;ypf;fapWk;, mOe;jpa
rPuhTk;, J}f;fpa fUq;NfhitAk;, njhq;fYk;
jdpkhiyAk;, jspUkpspUkha; epw;fpw epiyAk;,
rhw;wpa jpUj;jz;ilAk;, rjpuhd tPuf;foYk;
jQ;rkhd jhspizAk; Fe;jpapl;l fizf;fhYk;
Fspuitj;j jpUtb kyUk;, tha;j;j
kzq;nfhy;iyAk;, tayhyp kzthsDk;,
thbNdd; thb tho;tpj;jUspa,
ePyf;fypfd;wp, kUtyh;jk; cly;Jzpa ths;tPRk;
gufhyd;, kq;ifkd;ddhd tbNt.
ciw fopj;j thisnahj;j tpopkle;ij khjh;Nky;,

cUfitj;j kdnkhopj;J, ,t;Tsfse;jek;gpNky;,
Fiwiaitj;J klnyLj;j Fiwayhsp jpUkzq;
nfhy;iyjd;dpy; topgwpj;j Fw;wkw;w nrq;ifahd;,
kiwAiuj;j ke;jpuj;ij khYiuf;f, mtd;KNd
kbnahLf;fp kdklf;fp tha;Gijj;J, xd;wyhh;
fiwFspj;j Ntyizj;J epd;wtpe;epiyik, vd;
fz;iztpl;lfd;wplhJ fypadhiz MizNa.
fhJk; nrhhpKj;Jk; ifAk; fjph;NtYk;,

jhJGiz jhspizAk; jdpr;rpyk;Gk;
ePjpGid njd;dhyp ehld; jpUtoifg;Nghy,
vd;dhiz xg;ghhpy;iyNa.
Ntyizj;jkhh;Gk;, tpsq;F jpUntl;nlOj;ij

khYiuf;fj;jho;j;j tyr;nrtpAk;
jhspdpizj; jz;ilAk;, tPuf;foYk; jhh;f;fypad; nfhz;l
ed;KfKk; fz;L fspf;Fnkd;fz;.
14
,JNth! jpUtuR ,JNth! jpUkzq;nfhy;iy
,JNth! vopyhyp vd;D%h;
,JNth jhd;ntl;Lk; fypad; ntUl;b neLkhiy
vl;nlOj;Jk; gwpj;jtplk;.
*IadUs;khhp nra;a mbapizfs; thopNa

me;JfpYk; rPuhTk; kzpaiuAk; thopNa
ikapyF Ntyizj;j tz;ikkpF thopNa
khwhky; mQ;rypnra; kyh;f;fuq;fs; thopNa
nra;a fyDldyq;fy; Nrh; khh;Gk; thopNa
jpz;GaKk; gzpykd;d jpUf;fOj;Jk; thopNa
ikay; nra;Ak; KfKWty; kyh;f;fz;fs; thopNa
kd;DKbj;njhg;ghuk; tisaKld; thopNa.
*,e;j thopj;jpUehkj;ij =uq;fk;, jpUthyp, jpUefhp kw;Wk;

jpUehq;$h; jpt;taNjrq;fspy; mEre;jpf;fpwhh;fs;.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=kjhyp=efhP ehjha fypithpNz
rJ\;ftp g;ujheha gufhyha kq;fsk;.
b) ca;af;nfhz;lhh; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
Nk\ khN] ]Nuh[h k; fpUj;jpfh [hjkhஶ;uNa /
ehjNahfp gjhk;Ngh[ j;te;j;tg;utz khe]k; //
ek: gq;f[ Nej;uha ehj =ghjgq;fN[ /

e;a];j ]h;t guhah];kj; Fyehjha jPkNj //
ek];ahk;autpe;jh k; ehjghNt t;at];j;jpjk; /

ஶ{j;j]j;t kak; nஶsNu utjhukpthguk; //
eph;Ntj ]k;];k;Ujph; aj;u ep\;g;uj;A+` kth;j;jj /

jk`k; Gz;lhPfh k; ghtNa gf;jpG+\\zk; //
15
thopj;jpUehkk;
thynta;Nahd; jiz ntd;w tbtofd; thopNa
khy; kzf;fhy; ek;gp njhOk; kyh;g;gjj;Njhd; thopNa
rPykpF ehjKdp rPUiug;Nghd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; fhh;j;jpif ehs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
ehypuz;Lk; Iiae;Jk; ekf;Fiuj;jhd; thopNa
ehnyl;bd; cl;nghUis elj;jpdhd; thopNa
khyuq;f kzthsh; tsKiug;Nghd; thopNa
itaKa;af;nfhz;lth; jhs; itafj;jpy; thopNa.
Fwpg;G : ehypuz;L – jpUntl;nlOj;J, Iiae;J – 25

m uKs;s j;tak;, ehnyl;L - 32 m uKs;s ruk];Nyhfk;,
u`];aj;uaKk; nrhd;dgb.
c) ek;gps;is - fhh;j;jpif
jdpad;
t;Uஶ;rpNf f;Uj;jpfh[hjk; fypithp FUk;gN[ /
Ntjhe;jpKep ghjhg;[=Pjk; ]{f;jp kh`h;ztk; //
Ntjhe;j Ntj;ahk;Uj thhp uhNஶh;

Ntjhh;j;j ]huhk;Uj G+ukf;h;ak; /
Mjha th;\e;j k`k; g;ugj;Na
fhUz;aG+u;zk; fypitup jh]k; //
ehs; ghl;L - ,tiu Nghw;wp ciuf;Fk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy

ghRuq;fs; - 43, 44, 48, 50, 51,52,66
ek;gps;is jk;Kila ey;yUshNatpapl

gpd;nghpa thr;rhd;gps;is ajdhy; - ,d;gh
tUgj;jp khwd; kiwg;nghUisr; nrhd;dJ
,Ugj;J ehyhapuk;.
njs;spajh ek;gps;is nrg;G newpjd;id

ts;sy; tlf;Fj;jpUtjPg; gps;is . ,e;j
ehlwpa khwd; kiwg;nghUis ed;Fiuj;jJ
<L Kg;gj;jhwhapuk;.
16
thq;fpKd;ek;gps;is aPAz;zp khjth;f;Fj;
jhk; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;djidj;jhd;.
ek;ngUkhs; ek;kho;thh; eQ;rPah; ek;gps;is

nad;gh;. mtuth;jk; Nkw;wj;jhy; - md;GilNahh;
rhw;WjpUehkq;fs; jhndd;W ed;ndQ;Nr
Vj;jjidr;nrhy;ypeP apd;W.
Jd;DGfo;f; fe;jhilj;Njhog;gh; jk;Kfg;ghy;

vd;dTyfhhpaNdh ntd;Wiuf;f – gpd;id
cyfhhpandDk;Ngh; ek;gps;isf;Nfhq;fp
tpyfhky; epd;wnjd;Wk;Nky;.
gpd;id tlf;Fj;jpUtpjPgg
; ps;is. md;ghy;
md;d jpUehkj;ij ahjhpj;J. - kd;DGfo;
ike;jh;f;Fr; rhw;Wifahy; te;J gue;jJ. vq;Fk;
,e;jj; jpUehk kpq;F.
gpd;gofuhk;ngUkhs; rPah;. ngUe;jptj;jpy;

md;gJTkw;W kpf;fthirapdhy; - ek;gps;isf;
fhdtbikfs;nra; ae;epiyia ed;ndQ;Nr
Cdkw ntg;nghOJNkhh;.
jdpg;ghly;
,e;jpud; thh;j;ijAk; ehd;Kfd; thh;j;ijAk; <rDld;
fe;jd; nrhy; thh;j;ijAk; fw;gtuhh; ,e;jf; fhrpdpf;Nf
ee;jpdKj;Njwp ek;G+h; tujh;jk; khspifapw;
rpe;jpd thh;j;ij nfhz;Nl rpy ehL jpiw nfhs;tNu.
thopj;jpUehkk;
NjkUTk; nrq;fkyj; jpUj;jhs;fs; thopNa

jpUtiuapy; gl;lhil Nrh;kUq;Fk; thopNa
jhkkzp tlkhh;Gk; GhpEhYk; thopNa
jhkiuf;if apidaoFk; jlk;GaKk; thopNa
17
ghkUTe; jkpo;Ntjk; gapy;gtsk; thopNa
ghbaj;jpd; nghUs; jd;idg; gfh;ehTk; thopNa
ehkEjy; kjpKfKk; jpUKbAk; thopNa
ek;gps;is tbtoFk; ehNlhWk; thopNa.
fhjYld; eQ;rPah; foy;njhONthd; thopNa

fhh;j;jpiff; fhh;j;jpif Ajpj;j fypfd;wp thopNa
NghjKl dho;thh; nrhw; nghUSiug;Nghd; thopNa
G+Jhuhd; ghbaj;ijg; GfOktd; thopNa
khjfth nyt;Taph;f;Fk; tho;tspj;jhd; thopNa
kjpsuq;f Nuhyf;fk; tsh;j;jpl;lhd; thopNa
ehjKdp ahste;jhh; eyk; Gfo;Nthd; thopNa
ek;gps;is jpUtbfs; ehNlhWk; thopNa.
d) [Pah; ehadhh; (kzthskhKdpfspd; G+h;thr;uk

ngsj;uh;) – rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
;
m];kh]{ tj;]yjah f;Ugah r G+a:
];Ntr;rhtjPh;zkpt n]sk;atuk; KePej
; ;uk;
Mrhh;a ngsj;u kgpuhk tuhgpjhek;
m];kj;FUk; gukfhUzpfk; gN[.
thopj;jpUehkk;, njhq;fy;
rPuhUk; tuKdptd; nrOq;Fyj;Njhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; fhh;j;jpif ehs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
ghuhUk; vjpuhrd; gjk; gzpNthd; thopNa
ghbaj;jpd; cl;nghUis gfUktd; thopNa
Muk; #o; FUifjdpy; mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
Mo;thh;fs; fiyg;nghUis Ma;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
tujFU fUizapdhy; tho;TilNahd; thopNa
thd;rPh; eapdhh; kyh;g;gjq;fs; thopNa.
ghftjh; tho guhq;Frd; jd; rPh;tho

jhKld; te;jize;Njhd; jhk; tho
NghjkpF njd;duq;fk; tho rPah;eapdhh;
18
4) Nuh`pzp
a) nghpangUkhs; - gq;Fdp
jdpad;
jg];Na kh]p Nuh`pz;ahk; jNl ]`;aGt];];jpjk; /
=uq;fஶhapek; te;Nj N]tpjk; ]h;tNjஶpif: //
=];jehguzk; Nj[: =uq;Nfஶa khஶ;uNa /

rpe;jhkzp kpNthj; the;j Kj;]q;Nfsee;jNghfpe: //
y ;kP fy;gyNjhj;Jq;f ];je];jgfrQ;ry: /
=uq;fuh[ g;Uq;NfhNk ukjhk; khe]hk;GN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUkfSk; kz;kfSk; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
nra;atpilj; jha;kfshh; Nrtpg;Nghd; thopNa
,UtpRk;gpy; tPw;wpUf;F kpikath;Nfhd; thopNa
,lh;fbag; ghw;fliy va;jpdhd; thopNa
mhpa jaujd; kfdh atjhpj;jhd; thopNa
me;jhpahkpj;JtK khapdhd; thopNa
ngUfp tUk; nghd;dp eLg; gpd; Japd;whd; thopNa
nghpangUkh nsq;fs;gpuh dbfs; thopNa.
nghpa gpuhl;bahh;
gq;fag; G+tpw; gpwe;j ghit ey;yhs; thopNa
gq;Fdpapy; cj;jpuehs; ghUjpj;jhs; thopNa
kq;ifah;fs; jpyjnkd te;j nry;tp thopNa
khyuq;fh; kzpkhh;ig kd;Dkts; thopNa
vq;fnsopw; Nridkd;dh;f; fpjKiuj;jhs; thopNa
,Ugj;jQ;Rl;nghUs; khypak;Gkts; thopNa
nrq;fkyr; nra;auq;fk; nropf;f te;jhs; thopNa
rPuq;fehafpahh; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
(nghpa ngUkhspd; thopj;jpUehkj;Jld; nghpagpuhl;bahhpd;

thopj;jpUehkj;ijAk; Nrh;j;J mEre;jpf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ)
19
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
y ;kP ruz yh hq;f ]h hr;r;hPtj;] t N] /

N kq;fuha ]h;Nt\hk; =uq;Nfஶha kq;fsk; //
b) =fz;zd; - Mtzp
jdpad;
]pk;`khN]s]pNj gN Nuh`pz;ahk\;lkPjpnjs /
rukhh;j;j g;ujhjhuk; f;U\;zk; te;Nj [fj;FUk; //
jNjhsfpy[fj;gj;k Nghjhahr;AjghEeh /
NjtfP G+h;t]e;j;ahah khtph;g;g+jk; k`hj;keh //
kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs;
ePshry epth]ha epj;aha gukhj;kNe /

]{gj;uh g;uhz ehjha [fe;ehjha kq;fsk; //
g;Ue;jhuz;a epth]ha gyuhkhE[har /

Uf;kpzPg;uhz ehjha ghh;j;j ]{jha kq;fsk; //
c) jpUg;ghzho;thh; - fhh;j;jpif
jdpad;
t;Uஶ;rpNf Nuh`pzP [hjk; =Pghzk; epRshGNu /
=tj;]hq;fk; fhaNfe;j;uk; Kdpthèkhஶ;uNa //
Mghj#lk; mEG+a `hpk; ஶahek;

kj;Na fNtu J`pJh; Kjpjhe;juhj;kh /
mj;u\;l;Ujhk; eaeNahh; tp\ahe;juhzhk;
Nah epஶ;rpfha keit Kepthèk; jk; //
20
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 10 Mk; ghRuk;
fhh;j;jpifANuhfpzp ehs; fhz;kpdpd;WfhrpdpaPh;
tha;j;jGfo;g;ghzh; te;Jjpg;ghy; - Mj;jpah;fs;
md;GlNdjhd; mkydhjpgpuhd; fw;wjw;gpd;
ed;FlNd nfhz;lhLk;ehs;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
ck;gh;njhOk; nka;Q;Qhdj; JiwA+uhd; thopNa
cNuhfpzpehs; fhh;j;jpifapYjpj;j ts;sy; thopNa
tk;gtpo;jhh; KdpNjhspy; te;jgpuhd; thopNa
kyh;f;fz;zpy; Ntnwhd;Wk; itahjhd; thopNa
mk;Gtpapy; kjpsuq;f ufk;GFe;jhd; thopNa
mkydhjpuhd; gj;J kUspdhd; thopNa
nrk;nghdb KbasTk; Nrtpg;Nghd; thopNa
jpUg;ghzd; nghw;gjq;fs; nrfjyj;jpy; thopNa.
d) jpUf;Nfh\;bA+h; ek;gp - itfhrp
jdpad;
itஶhf Nuh`pz;Ajpjk; Nfh\;BG+h;zk; ]khஶ;uNa /
rukஶ;Nyhf jhj;gh;ak; ajpuh[ha Nahstjj; //
=ty;yg gjhk;Ngh[ jPgf;j;ak;Uj ]hfuk; /

=kj; Nfh\;BGhP G+h;zk; NjஶpNfe;juk; g[hkN` //
]k jk Fz G+h;zk; ahKehh;a g;u]hjhj;

mjpfj gukhh;j;jk; [;Qhe gf;j;ahjp ]pe;Jk;
ajpgjpej ghjk; r;Nyhf jj;thh;j;j ep\;l;lk;
r;hpj Jhpj ùk; =Nfh\;B G+h;zk; ekhkp.
itrhNf Nuh`pzP [hjk; fhr;aghe;ta thhpNj:

,e;Jk; =Gz;lhPfh k; Nfh\;B Gh;zk; ekhkp jk;
=ty;yggjhk;Ngh[ jPgf;j;ak;Uj ]hfuk;
=kj;Nfh\;BGhP G+h;zk; NjrpNfe;j;uk; g[hkN`.
21
thopj;jpUehkk;
kd;dparPuhste;jhh; kyh;g;gjj;Njhd; thopNa

itfhrp Nuhfpzp ehs; te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
,d;dpstQ;rpf;F ,dpanjLj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
vk;ngUkhdhnuDk; Nghpak;Gktd; thopNa
njd;dzpahk; fhrpgNfhj;jpuj;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd;ndDk;Ngh; jpfote;Njhd; thopNa
Kd;duUk; (Kd;dtUk;) ngUk;G+Jhh; Kdpf;Fiuj;Njhd; thopNa
nkhope;j jpUf;Nfhl;bek;gp %Jyfpy; thopNa.
fhrpgd; jd;Nfhj;jpuj;ijf; fUjpte;Njhd; thopNa

fiyaidj;jhy; Kd;dth;f;Ff; fjpaspj;Njhd; thopNa
khrwnka;g;nghUnsjpf;Ftoq;Fktd; thopNa
itafKd; jhprdj;jhy; thOnkd;whd; thopNa
VrwNtAfe;njjpia vLj;jizj;jhd; thopNa
NjRGfo;r;nry;td; nkhop Njh;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
jpUf;Nfhl;bG+h;ek;gp rfjyj;jpy; thopNa.
<NuO %d;nwhd;wpy; ,jKiuj;jhd; thopNa

Vw;wkhkste;jhhpizabNahd; thopNa
<nuOtUf;Fk; gukgjk; <Aktd; thopNa
ehNyopy; ehyhehs; ehbte;jhd; thopNa
ek;kJuftpepiyia ez;zpdhd; thopNa
ehNyOehnyOj;ij ed;Fiuj;jhd; thopNa
eq;fs; jpUf;Nfhl;bek;gp ew;gjq;fs; thopNa.
rPuhUk; jpUKbAk; jpUKfKk; thopNa

rpwe;jGak; rq;fhop jpfo;ehkk; thopNa
<uhW jpUehkk; mzpe;jvopy; thopNa
VWjpq;fs; Nuhfpzpehs; ,q;F te;Njhd; thopNa
jhuhUk; kzpE}Yk; jdpkUq;Fk; thopNa
jUkE} yhste;jhh; jhs;gzpNthd; thopNa
VuhUk; Mste;jhh; ,izabNahd; thopNa
vq;fs;jpUf; Nfhl;bek;gp ,izabfs; thopNa.
22
my;gfYk; Mste;jhh; mbepidNthd; thopNa
mdtujk; njw;fho;thh;f;fhl; nra;Nthd; thopNa
nty;nghUs; ntspapl, vjpia ntWj;Jfe;jhd; thopNa
NkjpdpNahh; ca;th; vd;W nkr;rpdhd; thopNa
cs;ke;jpuk; vjpuuhrh;f;F xspj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
ce;Jkj fspw;wDgtj; njjpia cfe;jizj;jhd; thopNa
*nry;tek;gp Fyk; jiof;fr; nrfj;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
jpUf;Nfhl;bG+h; ek;gp rfjyj;jpy; thopNa.
*,jpypUe;J nghpaho;thh; fhyj;jpy; mtUf;Fg; guk Mg;juha;,

=ty;ygNjtd; vDk; ghz;ba murDf;F ke;jphpahapUe;j nry;tek;gpapd;
Fyj;jpy; cjpj;jth; jpUf;Nfhl;bG+h; ek;gp vd tpsq;FfpwJ.
rPuhUk; jpUKbAk; jpUKfKk; thopNa

rpwe;jfQ;rk; Nghd;w ,U eadk; thopNa
jhuhUk; jlk;Gaf;if rq;fhop thopNa
jdpkUq;fpd; gl;lhil jdpkUq;Fk; thopNa
NguhUk; ngUk;G+J}h; vk;ngU khdhh;fd;gha;g;
nghpa rukr;RNyhfk; Ngwspj;jhd; thopNa
VuhUk; Mste;jhh; ,izabfs; kwthj
vq;fs; jpUf;Nfhl;b ek;gp ,izabfs; thopNa.
rPh;
thopGfo; Mste;jhh; kd;dUshy; vg;nghOJk;
thop jpUf; Nfhl;bek;gp thopaNt - thopa
tz;G+J}h; khKdpf;F tha;j;j rukg;nghUisj;
jpz;Gtpapy; Njh;e;Jiuf;FQ; rPh;.
ehs; ghl;L
re;jjKk; Gtpnaq;F kpFe;J fspj;J tsh;e;jpLehs;
jd;ikngUk; nry;tek;gp Fyk; nghpjh cah;e;jpLehs;
fe;jUthjpfs; mk;gukjpy; fspj;jpir ghbLehs;
fQ;rkyh;j; jpUkhkfs; nry;tk; fspj;J tsh;e;jpLehs;
ve;ijajpj; jiytd; jpUTs;sk; ,ire;jpLehs;
vz;birAk; rukg;nghUspd; ePh;ik ,yq;fp tpsq;fpLehs;
je;JyTk; tay;thtp rpwe;j eye;jpfo; njd;Nfhl;b ek;gp
cjpj;j itfhrp Nuhfpzp ehs; kpF ed;dhNs.
23
gpiwjtO kzpkhlg; ngUk;G+Jhh; KdptDf;F
kiw nghUis ntspahf;f itfhrp Nuhfpzpehs;
rpiwasp gz;gapy; nghopy; Gil#o; jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h;ek;gp
cwpeW nea; cz;Lfe;j xUtd; Nghy; mtjhpj;jhd;.
tprad; tpidnahopj;j nka;g;nghUisg; G+J}h;

tprad; Kdpf;fspj;j ts;sy; - jpirfkOk;
Njkyh;g; G+Q;Nrhiyj; jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp
jhkiug; G+e;jhNs ruz;.
vf;fiyAk; tho vjpuhrd; nrhy; thoj;

jf;f rukr;RNyhfk; jhd; tho – kpf;f Gfo;j;
njd;duq;fk; thoj; jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp
,d;DnkhU E}w;whz; bUk;.
,th; vk;ngUkhdhUf;F mUspr;nra;j cj;jk ruk r;Nyhfk;- =ghftjk; -
11-29-40
eNkh(m)];J Nj k`hNahfpe; g;uge;ek; mEஶhjp khk;

ajh j;tr;ruzhk;NghN[ ujp: ];thj; meghapeP.
e) vq;fsho;thd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
=tp\;Z rpj;j gjgq;f[ ]q;fkha
NrNjh kk ];g;UàNj fpkj: gNuz /
Neh Nre; kkhgp ajpNஶfu ghujPehk; ght:
fjk; gtpJkh;`jp thf;tpNja: //
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPuhUk; nts;siwapy; rpwe;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiu cNuhfpzp ehs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
ghh;GfOk; vjpuhrd; gjk; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
gq;far;nry;tpapd; gjq;fs; guTktd; thopNa
jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd;gps;shd; jpUtUNshd; thopNa
jPjpyh ghbaj;ijj; Njh;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
jhuzpapy; tpz;L kjk; jiof;fte;Njhd; thopNa
jz;zpspNahd; vq;fhso;thd; jhspizfs; thopNa.
24
kq;fsk;
uf;jhg;[gj;u Nej;uha ஶ;Ntjhry epth]pNe /
=tp\;Zrpj;jepjpNah; epj;a=h; epj;akq;fsk; //
f) nghpathr;rhd;gps;is – Mtzp
jdpad;
]fy j;uhtplhk;eha ]hut;ahf;ahe fhhpzk; /

ஶ;uhtNz Nuh`pzP [hjk; =fpU\;z FUkhஶ;uNa //
=kj; f;U\;z ]kh`;tha eNkh ahKe ]{eNt /

aj; flhi f y ;ahzhk; ]{yg: =ju]; ]jh //
ehs; ghl;L
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 39, 43, 46 ghRuq;fs;
gps;shd; eQ;rPah; nghpathr;rhd; gps;is

njs;shh; tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; - gps;is
kzthsNahfp jpUtha;nkhopiaf; fhj;j
Fzthsh; vd;W neQ;Nr! $W.
ek;gps;is jk;Kila ey;yUshNytpapl

gpd;nghpathr;rhd;gps;is ajdhy; - ,d;gh
tUgj;jp khwd;kiwg; nghUisr;nrhd;dJ
,Ugj;Jehyhapuk;.
nghpathr;rhd;gps;is gpd;Gs;sitf;Fk; njhpa

tpahf;fpiafs; nra;thy; - mhpa
mUspr;nraw;nghUis ahhpah;fl;fpg;NghJ
mUspr; nrayhaj; jwpe;J.
25
thopj;jpUehkk;
jz;(d;)ik rpq;fk; Nuhfpzp ehs; jiof;f te;Njhd; thopNa
jhuzpapy; rq;fey;Yhh; jhDilNahd; thopNa
Gd;ik jtph; jpUtuq;fh; GfOiug;Nghd; thopNa
G+Jhh; vjpuhrh; jhs; GfOktd; thopNa
kd;Gfo; Nrh; rlNfhgh; tsKiug;Nghd; thopNa
kiw ehypd; nghUs; jd;idg; gFj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
md;Gld; cyfhhpah;jk; mbapizNahd; thopNa
mgag;ujuhrh; jhs; mdtujk; thopNa.
jPjW ek;gps;is gjk; nrd;dpitg;Nghd; thopNa

jpUkiyapy; khy;gjj;ijr; rpwe;J ngw;whd; thopNa
Mjutha;j; jdpr;Nyhfp mUspdhd; thopNa
Mo;thh;fs; nrhw;nghUis mwpe;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
XJGfo;r; rq;fey;Yhh; cfe;J ngw;whd; thopNa
cNuhfpzp ehs; Mtzpapy; cjpj;jgpuhd; thopNa
Vjkpnyz; %thapuk; ,ak;Gktd; thopNa
vopy; nghpathr;rhd;gps;is ,izabfs; thopNa.
g) ehadhuhr;rhd; gps;is – Mtzp
jdpad;
ஶ;Uj;ah;j;j]hu[efk; ];k;Ujpghykpj;uk;
gj;Nkhy;y]j;gftjq;f;hp Guhzge;Jk; /
[;Qhehjpuh[kgag;ujuh[ Gj;uk;
m];kj;FUk; gukfhUzpfk; ekhkp //
h) =ngUk;G+jhh; xd;whd = vk;ghh; [Pah; ];thkp (=kj;

guk`k;] mg;gd; jpUNtq;fl uhkhE[ [Pah; ];thkp) –
klk; ];jhgfh; - Mtzp
=thJ}y ukhg;uths Urpu ];uf;i]e;aehjhk;r[
=Fh;tPe;j;u k`hh;a yg;j ep[]j; ]j;jk;r;hpjh gP\;lk; /
=uhkhE[ Kf;a Njrpfy]j; ifq;fh;a ]k;];jhgfk;

=kj; Ntq;fly ;kzhh;a akpek; jk; ]j;Fzk; ghtNa //
26
(NkNy nfhLj;J cs;s jdpad; jpUehuazGuk; njhl;lhrhh;ah;
];thkp jk; rp\;ah; vk;ghh; [Pah; ];thkpiag; gw;wp rhjpj;J)
jpUe j;u jdpad;

m ahg;Nj ]pk;k f;U\;z Nuh`pz;ahk; fypNjhjak;
uhkhE[gjr;rhahk; te;Nj Ntq;fl y k
; zk;.
<r;rk;ghb eurpk;khrhh;ah; rhjpj;jJ
m ahj;Nu ]pk;k f;U\;z Nuh`pz;ahk; [hjkhr;uNa

=g;uths FNuhh; rp\;ak; Kepk; Ntq;fl y ;kzk;
[ahg;Nj ]pk;` Nuh`pz;ahk; ]Q;[hjk; ]j;Fzhh;ztk;
=iry y ;kz Kepk; te;Nj thj;]y;a thhpjpk;.
tpN jdpad;
= thJ}y jahghj;uk; [;Qhdituhf;a thhpjk;

ajPej
; ;u g;utzk; te;Nj Nfhtpe;jk; gf;jpk; Kepk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPh; ngUk;G+Jiur; nropg;gpj;Njhd; thopNa
jpUg;ghit rPaUsk; Njh;e;J czh;e;Njhd; thopNa
ghh;NkTk; gurkag; gw;wWj;Njhd; thopNa
ghbaj;jpd; cl;nghUisg; gfUktd; thopNa
fhhpRjd; jkpo;kiwf;Ff; fUj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
fUizahy; mbNaw;Ff; foyspj;Njhd; thopNa
VuhU Kdpjpyfk; vd te;Njhd; thopNa
vq;fs; vk;ghh; rPah;jkJ ,izabfs; thopNa.
Mtzpapy; cNuh`pzp ehs; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa

md;gh;gzp nfhz;ltiu Mste;Njhd; thopNa
thd;GfOk; ngUk;G+J}h; te;jts;sy; thopNa
kzthskhKdp jhs; kwthNjhd; thopNa
G+Tyfpw; gurkaf; fisgwpj;Njhd; thopNa
E}yzp nra;AiuKiwNa Etd;Wfe;Njhd; thopNa
rP ghbaa; nghUspd; rPUiug;Nghd; thopNa
vk;ghh; Ntq;fluhkhE[h; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
27
rPh;ngUk;G+J}h; Ngh;ngw tho;e;J jpfo;e;J kfpo;e;jpL ehs;
rPuq;fhhpah; Njhs;tis ahop nropj;J kfpo;e;jpL ehs;
ghh;Gfo;tFsj; jhuzp khwd; fiyfs; nghype;jpL ehs;
guk;nghUshe;jpU khypd; ke;jpuk; gutp jpfo;jpL ehs;
NghhpL thjpah; jq;fs; nrUf;if alf;fp aspj;jpL ehs;
Ngh;ngW jpUehuhazGu kjpy; fiyfs; tpsq;fpL ehs;
fhuUshsh; Ntq;fl uhkhE[Kdp Njhd;wpL ehs;
ftpDw Nthq;fpLk; Mtzp apy;jpfo; Nuhfpzp ed;dhNs.
Kk;ik rhd; Nwhh; tho Kj;jkpo; Ntjk; tho

ek;ik Ailath; jhk; ehs; tho – nrk;ik Nrh;
kpd;DngUk;G+J}h; tho; Ntq;fl uhkhE[Nu
,d;DnkhU E}w;whz;bUk;.
vk;ghh; [Pah; ];thkpapd; kq;fsk; ];Nyhfk;
=ke; k`hh;a fUzh yg;j tp[;Qhd ]k;gNj /

=iry y ;kz KNe: epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk; //
jPh;j;jk; : tp\{ tU\k; ij f;U\;z j;uNahjrp
5) kpUfrPhp\k;
a) jpUf;fr;rpek;gpfs; - khrp
jdpad;
Fk;Ng k;UfஶpNuhj; g+jk; ahKehu;a gjh=jk; /
Njtuh[ jahghj;uk; =Pfhq;rPg+h;z khஶ;uNa //
=kj;fhq;rPKepk; te;Nj fkyhgjpee;jek; /

tujhq;f;hp]jh]q;f u]haeguhazk; //
Njtuh[ jahghj;uk; =Pfhq;rP g+h;z Kj;jkk; /

uhkhE[ KNeu; khe;ak; te;Nj`k; ][;[ehஶ;uak; //
28
thopj;jpUehkk;
kUthUe; jpUky;yp tho te;Njhd; thopNa
khrpkpUfrPhplj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
mUshsUld; nkhopnrhy; yjprapj;Njhd; thopNa
MWnkhop g+Jhuu;f; fspj;j gpuhd; thopNa
jpUthytl;lk; nra;J Nrtpg;Nghd; thopNa
Njtuhrhl;lfj;ijr; nrg;Gktd; thopNa
njUshU khste;jhu; jpUtbNahd; thopNa
jpUf;fr;rp ek;gp apUjpUtbfs; thopNa.
tujuh[g;ngUkhs; uhkhE[Uf;fhf jpUf;fr;rp ek;gpf;F

u`];akhf mUspa MW thh;j;ijfs:;
(1) jpUkhyhd ehNk guk;nghUs; (2) 'cyfpw;Fk; vdf;Fk; Ngjk;

cz;L" vd;gNj vd; kjk; (3) vd;id ruzkiltNj vd;idg;
ngWtjw;F vspa cghak; (4) mg;gb ruzkile;jth;fSf;F
me;jpk fhyj;jpy; vd; epidT Njitapy;iy. (5) ,g;gpwg;gpd;
,WjpapNy mth;fSf;F Nkh k; cwpjp. (6) nghpa ek;gpNa
uhkhE[uhy; Mrhh;auhf M];uapf;fj;jf;fth;.
b) jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd; gps;shd; - Mtzp
jdpad;
]pk;N` k;UfஶpNuhj;G+jk; uhkhE[ gjhஶ;hpjk; /
j;uhtplhk; Qhajj;t[;Qk; FUfhjpg kh];uNa //
j;uhtplhfk]hu[;Qk; uhkhE[gjhஶ;hpjk; /
]{jpak; FUNfஶhh;ak; ekhkp ஶpu]hse;t`k; //
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy – 39,40,41 ghRuq;fs; ,th;

ngUikia tpsf;FfpwJ
kzthsNahfp jpUtha;nkhopiaf;fhj;j
29
Ke;JwNt gps;shd; KjyhNdhh; nra;jUSk;
me;j tpahf;fpiaf sd;whfpy;. - me;Njh
jpUtha;nkhopg; nghUisj; Njh;e;Jiuf;fty;y
FUthh;. ,f;fhyk; nrQ;Nr! $W.
njs;shUk; Qhdj; jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd;
gps;shd;. vjpuhrh; NguUshy; - cs;shUk;
md;GlNd khwd; kiwg;nghUisad;Wiuj;jJ
,d;gkpF khwhapwk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
c) Re;juj;NjhSilahd; (jpUkhiyahz;lhd; jpuf;Fkhuh;)-

khrp
jdpad;
khyh juFNuh: Gj;uk; n]se;jh;a G[Njஶpfk; /
uhkhD[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; te;Nj tuf;Uzhepjpk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
fhrpg ew;Fyj;Jjpj;j fUizts;sy; thopNa

fiyaidj;Jk; kiwehd;Fk; fz;lwpe;Njhd; thopNa
NjRGfo; vjpuhrh; jpUtbNahd; thopNa
jpUkhiyahz;lhd; ey; jpUkfdhh; thopNa
khrp kpUfrPUlj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
kiyaofh; jpUtbia tzq;Fktd; thopNa
khrwNt jkpo; kiwia tFj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
kjkpFew; Re;juhhpad; kyh; gjq;fs; thopNa.
30
d) xd;whd jpUf;NfhY}h; vk;ngUkhdhh; [Pah; - ij
jdpad;
G\;Na k;Uf ஶpNuhj;G+jk; =Nஶ\hk;ஶk`k; gN[ /
=kj; ajPe;jug;utz g;utzk; y k; zk; Kepk; //
=Nஶy eu]pk;`hh;a =ghjfkyhஶ;hpjk; /

te;Nj ajPej
; ;u; g;utz g;utzk; y ;kzk; Kepk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
ijapy; kpUfrPUlj;jpy; juzp te;Njhd; thopNa
jz; NfhtY}h; efh; tpsq;fj; jhDjpj;Njhd; thopNa
itafj;jpy; <Liuf;Fk; thrfj;Njhd; thopNa
tuNahfp fUizapdhy; tho;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
nra;a ,ilfop Mad; nry;tk; tsh;j;Njhd; thopNa
rPuhUk; NfhtY}h; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
ikay;kpF Nfhty; vk;kpuhkhDrKdp thopNa
kyubAk; Kf;NfhYk; khepyj;jpy; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
Mhpah;fs; tho mUspr;nray; tho
jhuzpapy; G+q;NfhtY}h; tho - rPUila
kd;DGfo; vk;ngUkhdhh; KdpNa! khatNd!
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=kNj gzpuh[hk; ஶKePej
; ;uha k`hj;kNe /
=NfhgGhPth]ha epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk; //
6) jpUthjpiu
a) vk;ngUkhdhh; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
Nk\hh;j;uh ]k;gtk; tp\;Nzhh;
31
jh;ஶe ];jhgNehj;]{fk; /
Jz;Bukz;lNy Nஶ\
%h;j;jpk; uhkhE[k; gN[//
Nahepj;akr;Aj gjhk;G[ Af;k Uf;k

t;ahNkh`j]; jjpjuhzp j;Uzha NkNe /
m];kj;FNuhh; gftNjh];a jiaf ]pe;Njh:
uhkhE[];a runzs ஶuzk; g;ugj;Na //
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy - 27, 28, 29 ghRuq;fs;

,d;DyfPh; rpj;jpiuapNya;e;j jpUthjpiu ehs;
vd;iwapDkpd;wpjDf; Nfw;w nkd;jhd; - vd;wth;f;Fr;
rhw;Wfpd;Nwd; Nfz;kp ndjpuhrh; jk;gpwg;ghy;
ehw;wpirAk; nfhz;lhLk; ehs;.
Mo;thh;fs; jhq;f stjhpj;j ehs;fspYk;

tho;thd ehs; ekf;F kz;ZyfPh; - Vo;ghU
Ka;a ntjpuhrUjpj;jUSk; - rpj;jpiuapy;
nra;ajpUthjpiu.
ve;ijnajpuhr hpt;Tyfpnye;jkf;fh
te;Jjpj;j ehnsd;Dk; thrpapdhy; - ,e;jj;
jpUthjpiu jd;dpd; rPh;ikjid neQ;Nr
xUthk nyg;nghOJNkhh;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
mg;gps;is mUspAs;sJ
mj;jpfphp aUshsh; mbgzpe;Njhd; thopNa
mUl;fr;rp ek;gp ciu MW ngw;Nwhd; thopNa
gj;jpAld; ghbaj;ijg; gfh;e;jpl;lhd; thopNa
gjpd;kh;fiy cl;nghUisg; ghpe;J fw;whd; thopNa
Rj;j kfpo; khwd; mb njhOJa;e;Njhd; thopNa
njhy; nghpaek;gp ruz; Njhd;wpdhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; Mjpiu ehs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rPh; ngUk;G+Jhh; Kdptd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
32
vz;birnaz; zpisaho;thh; vjpuhrd; thopNa
vOgj;J ehy;th;f;nfz;zhd; Fiuj;jhd; thopNa
gz;il kiwiaj; njhpe;j ghbaj;Njhd; thopNa
gufhyd; mbapiziag; guTktd; thopNa
jz;lkpo; Ehy; ek;kho;thh; ruzhdhd; thopNa
jhuzpAk; tpz;ZYFk; jhd; cilNahd; thopNa
njz;biu #o; G+Jhh; vk;ngUkhdhh; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; nra;a jpUthjpiuNahd; thopNa.
khKdpfs; mUspAs;s thopj;jpUjhkk; -Mh;j;jp g;uge;jk;
rpuhUk; vjpuhrh; jpUtbfs; thop

jpUtiuapy; rhj;jpa nre;Jtuhil thop
VuhUk; nra;a tbT vg;nghOJk; thop
,yq;fpa Ke;Ehy; thop ,izj;Njhs;fs; thop
Nrhuhj Ja;a nra;a Kfr; Nrhjp thop
J}KWty; thop Jiz kyh;f; fz;fs; thop
<uhW jpUehkk; mzpe;j vopy; thop
,dpjpUg;NghL vopy; Qhd Kj;jpiu thopNa. 30
mWrkar; nrb mjid mb mWj;jhd; thopNa

mlh;e;J tUk; Fjpl;bfis mwj;Jue;jhd; thopNa
nrW fypiar; rpwpJkwj; jPh;j;J tpl;lhd; thopNa
njd;duq;fh; nry;tk; Kw;Wk; jpUj;jp itj;jhd; thopNa
kiw mjdpy; nghUs; midj;Jk; tha; nkhope;jhd; thopNa
khwd; ciu nra;j jkpo; kiw tsh;j;Njhd; thopNa
mwk;kpF ew;ngUk;G+Jhh; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
mofhUk; vjpuhrh; mbapizfs; thopNa. 31
rq;fu ghw;fuahjt ghl;lg; gpughfuh; jq;fs; kjk;

rha;Tw thjpah; kha;Fth; vd;W rJkiw tho;jpL ehs;
ntq;fyp ,q;fpdp tPW ekf;fpiy vd;W kpfj; jsh; ehs;
Nkjpdp ek; Rik MWk; vdj;Jah; tpl;L tpaq;fpa ehs;
kq;ifauhsp guhq;Fr Kd;dth; tho;T Kisj;jpL ehs;
kd;dpa njd;duq;fhGhp khkiy kw;Wk; cte;jpL ehs;
nrq;fay; thtpfs; #o; tay; ehSk; rpwe;j ngUk;G+Jhh;r;
rPkhd; ,isaho;thh; te;jUspa ehs; jpUthjpiu ehNs. 32
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; tbtoF - vk;ghh; mDgtpj;J

mUspr;nra;jJ
33
gw;gnkdj;jpfo; igq;foYk; jd; gy;ytNk tpuYk;
ghtdkhfpa ige;Jtuhil gjpe;j kUq;foFk;
Kg;GhpE}nyhL Kd;ifapy; Ve;jpa Kf;Nfhy; jd;doFk;
Kd;dth; je;jpL nkhopfs; epiwe;jpL KWty; epyhtoFk;
fw;gfNk tpop fUiz nghope;jpL fkyf;fz;zoFk;
fhhp Rjd; foy; #ba KbAk; fdew;rpif moFk;
vg;nghOJk; vjpuhrd; tbtoF vd; ,jaj;Jsjhy;
,y;iynadf;nfjph; ,y;iynadf;nfjph; ,y;iynadf;nfjpNu.
fzpaD}h; rpwpahr;rhd; mbf;fb mEre;jpj;j ];Nyhfk; :
]j;ak; ]j;ak; Ge]; ]j;ak; ajpuhN[h [fj;FU: /

] Vt ]h;t Nyhfhehk; cj;jh;j;jh ehj;u ]k;ஶa: //
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=ke;k`hG+jGNu =kj;Nfஶta[;te: /
fhe;jpkj;ahk; g;u]{jha ajpuh[ha kq;fsk; //
=guhq;Fஶ ghjhg;[ ]{ugPfU

; j nksyNa /
=tj;] rp`;e ehjha ajpuh[ha kq;fsk; //
NஶN\h th i]e;a ehNjh th =gjph; Ntjp ]hj;tpif: /

tpjh;f;aha k`hg;uh[;iQh; gh\;afhuha kq;fsk; //
b) Nrhkhrpahz;lhd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
neskp y ;kzNahfPej ; ;u ghjN]itfjhuhfk; /
=uhkf;uJ ehjhh;ak; =gh\;ahk;Uj]hfuk; //
c) myq;fhu Ntq;flth; (jpUNtq;flrhhpa ];thkp) -

khh;fop (mUshsg; ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhhpd; G+h;thr;uk
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
jdpad;
34
=kj;jahghy KNe];jE}[k; jj;ghj N]thjp fjg;uNghjk; /
=kj;ajPej
; ;uhq;fphp epkf;erpj;jk; =nfs]pfk; Ntq;fl #hpkPNl //
=uhkhE[ ghjgj;k Afsk; ]k;];Uj;a ]j;Nfh\;b\{ /

g;Nuk;zhyq;fpUj Ntq;fNl]FU hpj;ahf;ahk; guhk; g;uhg;jthe; //
Nahn]s nfs]pf Nj]pNfh Fzepjp: =tpQ;rGh;ahk; ];jpj:

jj;ghjhg;[ Afk; ekhkp ]jjk; ]k;]hu ]e;jhufk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUkUTk; tpQ;irefh; nropf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
=gh\;afhuh; mbNrh;e;Ja;e;Njhd; thopNa
mUshs khKdptdUs; ike;jd; thopNa
mUkiwE}y; khwDiu Ma;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
kUspy; jpUkiyek;gp kzthsd; thopNa
khh;fopapy; Mjpiuehs; kfpo;e;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
jpUtuq;fh; jhspizapd; jpwk; gfh;Nthd; thopNa
jpUNtq;flhrphpad; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
d) Ml;nfhz;ltpy;yp [Pah; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
[;Qhe ituhf;a ]k;ge;ek; uhkhD[ gjhஶ;hpjk; /
rJh;j;jhஶ;uk ]k;ge;jk; ]k;akPej
; uk; ekhk;a`k; //
e) $uFNyhj;jk jh]h; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyhh;j;uhahk; ]Kj;ge;ek; te;Nj Nyhfhh;a ]k;=jk; /

=iஶNyஶFNuhh; [;Qheg;ujk; $uFNyhj;jkk; //
];tak; M`{a irNy FuNth;j;jg;ujhej:

yg;Njhjhugpjk; $uNyhj;jk FUk;gN[
Nyhfhrhh;a f;Ugh ghj;uk; nfsz;be;a FyG+\zk;
]k];jhj;k Fzth]k; te;Nj $uFNyhj;jkk;.
35
jpahd ];Nyhfk;
Nyhfhrhh;a f;Ugh ghj;uk; nfsz;be;a FyG+\zk; /

]k];jhj;k Fzhth]k; te;Nj $uFNyhj;jkk; //
];takh`{a irNy] FuNth;j;jg;ujhej: /

yg;Njhjhuhgpjk; $uFNyhj;jkk; m`k; gN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
re;jjK kho;thh;fs; jkpo; tsh;j;Njhd; thopNa
jhuzpapy; rpWey;Yhh; jhDilNahd; thopNa
ve;ij Ayfhhpaid apiwQ;Rktd; thopNa
,yF Jyh thjpiuap ypq;Fjpj;jhd; thopNa
,e;j Tyfj;Njhh;f; fpjKiuj;Njhd; thopNa
vopy;trd G+lzj;Jf; fpdpiknra;jhd; thopNa
Fe;jpefh;r; rpe;ijnfhz;l nry;tdhh; thopNa
$uFNyhj;jk jhrh; Fiufoy;fs; thopNa.
7) Gdh;G+rk;
a) rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;ukhN] ]pNj gN etk;ahQ;r Gdh;tn]s /
kj;ah`;Ne fh;f;fNl yf;Ne [hjk; uhkk; ]khஶ;uNa //
nfs]y;ah RRNg Nje Gj;Nuzhkpj Nj[]h /

ajhtNuz Njtheh kjpjph; t[;ughzpeh //
kq;fsk;
kq;fsk; Nfh]Nye;j;uha kèPa Fzhj;kNe /

rf;uth;j;jp jEh[ha ]hh;t ngskha kq;fsk; //
b) FyNrfuho;thh; - khrp
36
jdpad;
Fk;Ng Geh;tn]s [hjk; NfuNs tQ;rp kz;lNy /

nfs];Jghk;ஶk; juhjPஶk; FyNஶfukhஶ;uNa //
F\;aNj a];a efNu uq;fahj;uh jpNe jpNe /

jk`k; ஶpu]h te;Nj uh[hek; FyNஶfuk; //
j];ahkG+r; NruFyg;ujPg: =nfs];Jghj;kh FyNrfuhf;a:

k`Pgjph; khf Geh;t]{j;aj;jpNe `Nu: G+h;zflh y ;a:
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy – 13tJ ghRuk;

khrpg;Gdh;G+rk; fhz;kpdpd;W kz;ZyfPh;
Njrpj;jptrj;Jf; Nfnjd;dpy; - NgRfpd;Nwd;
nfhy;ypefh;f;Nfhd; FyNrfud; gpwg;ghy;
ey;yth;fs; nfhz;lhLk; ehs;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
mQ;rdkh kiyg;gpwtp ahjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
mzpauq;fh; kzj;Jhid aile;Ja;e;Njhd; thopNa
tQ;rpefuk; jd;dpy; thote;Njhd; thopNa
khrpjd;dpw; Gdh;G+rk; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
mQ;rnydf; Flg;ghk;gp yq;ifapl;lhd; thopNa
metuj kpuhkfij aUSktd; thopNa
nrQ;nrhy; nkhop Ehw;wQ;RQ; nrg;gpdhd; thopNa
Nruyh;Nfhd; nrq;fkyj;jpUtbfs; thopNa.
c) Kjypahz;lhd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
NkN\ Geh;t]{jpNe jhஶuj;ak;ஶ ]k;gtk; /
ajPej
; ;u ghJfhgpf;ak; te;Nj jhஶujpk; FUk; //
ghJNf ajpuh[];a fjae;jp ajhf;aah /
37
j];a jhஶuNj: ghnjs ஶpu]h jhuahk;a`k; //
m[`j; ghfpNeaj;tk; ghJfhj;tk; j;hpjz;ljhk; /

]k;g;uhg;jk; ajpuh[];a te;Nj jhஶujpk; FUk; //
=it ;zt ஶppNuh G+ h =uhkhE[ ghJfh /

=thJ}y FNyhj;jk;]: =jhஶujp Nujjhk; //
thopj;jpUehkk; - mg;gps;is mUspaJ

mj;jpfphp aUshsh; mbgzpe;Njhd; (mUs; ngWNthd;) thopNa
mUl;gr;ir thuzj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; Gdh;G+rk; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rPghba kPLKjy; rPh;ngWNthd; thopNa
cj;jkkhk; thJhyk; caute;Njhd; thopNa
Ch;jpUe;jr; rPh;ghjk; Cd;wpdhd; thopNa
Kj;jpiuAk; nrq;NfhYk; KbngWNthd; thopNa
Kjypahz;lhd; nghw;gjq;fs; CopNjhWk; thopNa.
rpj;jpiuapy; Gdh;G+rk; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa

rPuq;fuh[ub rpe;ij nra;Nthd; thopNa
gf;jpAld; gjpd;kh; fiy ghpe;jspg;Nghd; thopNa
ghJifaha; ajpgjpjhs; gjpf;Fktd; thopNa
Kf;jpjUk; vl;nlOj;ij nkhope;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
Kf;Nfhy; vd;W vjpuhrh; nkhop ngw;Nwhd; thopNa
jj;JtEhy; ghbaj;ijj; jhpj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
jhrujp cgakyh;j; (espdkyh;j;) jhspizfs; thopNa.
mj;jpfphp aUshsh; mbgzpe;Njhd; thopNa

mdtujk; vjpuhrh; mbnjhONthd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; Gdh;tRehs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rPghbar; nrOk;nghUis nrg;Gktd; thopNa
gr;irthuhzk; tpsq;fg; ghh;it nra;jhd; thopNa
gufhyd; mbapizfs; guTktd; thopNa
cj;jk thJhyFyk; cfe;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
ca;aJiz Kjypahz;lhd; xz;gjkpuz;Lk; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
38
vl;Lkpuz;LlNd jkpo; NtjNkhjpAzh;e;jpLehs;
vq;Fkplh;nfl mq;fKghq;fKNkhq;fpAah;e;jpL ehs;
kl;ltpOk; nghopy; kd;Dk; muq;fh;jk; nrq;Nfhy; rpwe;jpL ehs;
khFlghiye;J ehuzdhh;gjp tho;T nghype;jpLehs;
,l;lKah;e;njjpuhrUld; kiwKg;GhpA+l;ba ehs;
vd; kUkhd; vd;wpth; gjKk; jz;lKkhf;fpf; nfhz;lUs; ehs;
rpl;lh; kfpo;e;jpl jhrujpf;FU Nghe;J gpwe;jUs; ehs;
rpj;jpiuapy; Gdh;G+rkjhfpa nry;tk; kfpe;jpL ehNs.
d) vk;ghh; - ij
jdpad;
G\;Na Geh;t]{ jpNe [hjk; Nfhtpe;j Njஶpfk; /
uhkhE[ gjhk;Ngh[ *j;te;j;t g;utzkhd]k; //
*(uh[`k;]k; ]khஶu;; Na // vd;w ghlKk; cz;L)
uhkhE[ gjr;rhah Nfhtpe;jh`; theghapeP /

jjhaj;j ];t&gh ]h [Pahe; kj;tpஶ;uk];jyP //
thopj;jpUehkk;
G+tsUk; jpUkfshh; nghypTw;Nwhd; (mUs; ngw;whd;) thopNa
ngha;ifKjy; gjpd;kh;fiyg; nghUSiug;Nghd; thopNa
khtsUk; G+J}ud; kyh;g;gjj;Njhd; thopNa
kfuj;jpy; (kfug;) Gdh;G+rk; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
NjTk; vg;NghUSk; gilf;fj; jpUe;jpdhd; thopNa
jpUkiy ek;gpf;F mbik nra;Aktd; thopNa
ghitah;fs; fytpapUs; gfnyd;whd; thopNa
gl;lh;njhOk; vk;ghh; nghw;gj kpuz;Lk; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
kl;ltpOk; nghopy; (kl;ltpo; G+k;nghopy;) koiy ed;dfh;
tho;ts Nkhq;fpa ehs;
tl;lkzpf;Fy khjth; kdkpir tho;r;rp tsh;e;jpL
(kfpo;e;jpL) ehs;
fl;lkfd;nwhUfhy; ,isaho;thh; fr;rpnghUe;jpa ehs;
fl;ltpOk;gb fhrpdpNahh;f;nfhU fw;gfkhfpa ehs;
gl;lhplh;nfl gh\;afhuh;jk; ghh;it gypj;jpL ehs;
39
gl;lguhruh; ghJifahf;fpa gukd; cjpj;jpL ehs;
nghl;lzp khjh;jk; ngha;f;fytpf; fpUs; Nghe;jzpah
vk;ghh;; Nghe;jUs; (Nghe;J gpwe;jpLk;); , ijajdpy;
Gdh;G+rk; mnjDk; ehNs.
jpUtuq;fk; jpUf;FU$h; jpUNtq;flk; tho

jpUtj;jpA+h; Kjyhd jpUg;gjpfs; jhk; tho
fhjYld; fly;R+o;e;j Qhyj;Nj te;Jjpj;j
Nfhtpe;j khKdpNa! ,d;DnkhU E}w;whz;bUk;.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
kq;fsk; NjஶpNfe;j;uha kq;fsk; Fz ]pe;jNt /
kq;fsk; Nfhtpe;jhh;aha epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk; //
e) fe;jhilahz;lhd; - Kjypahz;lhd; jpUf;Fkhuh; -khrp
jdpad;
Fk;Ng Geh;tn]s [hjk; uhkhE[ FUk; gN[ /

mfNuhj; ajpuh[hh;r;rhk; uq;Nf G+jGNu ra: //
];thtjhu];jNy mh;r;rhG+j; =uq;Nfr ajPஶ;tu: /

ae;KNj jk; Fzhth]k; ukhE[FUk; gN[ //
thJ}yhe;ta thh;jPeJ
; k; =kj;jhஶuNj];]{jk;
Ntjhe;jj;ta ep\;zhjk; te;Nj uhkhE[k; FUk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
khrpjdpy; Gdh;G+rk; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
kz;Zyfpy; vjpuhrh; kyubNahd; thopNa
NjRila Kjypahz;lhd; jpUkfdhh; thopNa
nrOkhiy ed;whh; Jauk; jPh;j;Jtpl;lhd; thopNa
tha;rpwe;j ijtj;ij kdj;jpy; itg;Nghd; thopNa
tz;ik ngUk;G+J}hpy; te;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
fhrpdpNahh;f;fpjg; nghUisf; fhl;Lktd; thopNa
fe;jhilahz;lhd; jd; foypizfs; thopNa.
40
f) xd;whd thdkhkiy uhkhE[ [Pah; ];thkp
(nghd;dbf;fhy; [Pah;) - Gul;lhrp
jdpad;
fhe;Njhgae;j;U Kepth;a flh ghj;uk;
[;Qhehjp\l;Fz fzhk;Uj thhpuhஶpk;
fe;ahGeh;t]{ g[hjkeh;f;fஶPyk;
uhkhE[k; ffeiஶy Kepk; g[hkp.
epj;aj;jdpad; - Nrhsrpk;kGuk; Nfhapy; fe;jhil

njhl;ilahrhhpah; mUspaJ
uk;a [hkhj;U NahfPej

; u ghjNufhkak; ]jh /
jjhaj;jhj;k]j;jhjpk; uhkhE[ Kepk; gN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUtpUe;j kyh;j;jhs;fs; thopNa
rpwe;j nre;JtuhilAk; thopNa
jUtpUe;jif Kf;NfhYk; thopNa
jlk; Gaj;jpdpy; rq;fhop thopNa
kUT nfhz;ly; kzths Nahfpia
tho;j;jp tha;e;jUs; tha;kyh; thopNa
fUiz NkTk; ,uhkDrKdp
fdf nksyp fye;Jhop thopNa.
mbath; jk; Jauidj;Jk; mWj;jUs;Nthd; thopNa

mzpnghopy; rPtukq;if mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
fbnghopy;R+o; G+Jhh;kd; foy; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
fUj;ijalh; Gyd;fs; Ie;Jk; fbe;Jtpl;Nlhd; thopNa
tlnkhop njd;nkhop kiwfs; tFj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
kzths khKdpia tho;j;Jktd; thopNa
,lUjjp KOFk; vid vLj;jspg;Nghd; thopNa
vd;dg;gd; ,uhkD[ Kdptd; thopNa.
gzthsutpy; Japy; muq;Nfrh; gjk; gzpAk;

kzths khKdp; khkyu;j;jhs;fis tho;j;Jk; ey;y
41
Fzthsd; ve;ij ,uhkhDrKdpf; Nfhjpy; gjk;
jzth epjp ekf;F vd;nwd;W ehNlhWk; rhw;W neQ;Nr.
rPh;
thop ,uhkhDr Kdptd; khkyh;j;jhs;
thopatd; fUiz khNdhf;Fk; - thopNa
ve;ij kzths Kdp ,d;dUshy; khwd; ,irr;
nre;jkpioj; Njh;e;Jiuf;Fk; rPh;.
g) gj;jq;fp gut];J gl;lh;gpuhd; [Pah; - fhh;j;jpif
jdpad;
a: Geh;t]{e j;Nu t;U];rpf];Nj uthTijj; /
re;Njhftk;N] Nfhtpe;jgl;lehjk; jkh];uNa //
t;Uஶ;rpNfsjpjpNg [hjk; gut];j;tk;ஶG+\zk; /

tuNahfp gjhjhuk; gl;lehjKdpk; gN[ //
tuNahfp gjhjhuk; gut];j;tk;ஶ G+\zk; /

gl;lehj Kdpk; te;Nj jPgf;ja
; hjp Fzhh;ztk; //
uk;ah[hkhj;U NahfPej
; ;u ghjN]itf jhufk; /
gl;ljhj Kdpk; te;Nj thj;]y;ahjp Fzhh;ztk; //
t;Uஶ;rpNf jpjpNg[hjk; tuNahfp gjhr;hpjk; /

fhh;f;a tk;] ]Kj;G+jk; gl;lehjKepk; gN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
,d;Dyfpy; fr;rpjdpy; te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
vopy; fhh;j;jpg; Geh;G+rj;jpq;Fw;whd; thopNa
kd;Dkiwj; jz;lkpio kfpo;e;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
kzths Nahfp kyh;j;jhs; gzpNthd; thopNa
gd;D rpr;rd; mDl;lhdk; mwptpj;jhd; thopNa
ghhpy; ml;ljpf;faj;jpy; Ngh; ngw;whd; thopNa
nrhd;dnewp kJuftp NghYktd; thopNa
Jha;ikkpF gl;lh;gpuhd; Jizabfs; thopNa.
42
h) xd;whd ,uhkhE[k;gps;is – KLk;ig ek;gp
jpUtk;]j;jth; - (Mj;jhd; ];thkpapd; jpUj;jfg;gdhh;) -
gq;Fdp
jdpad;
te;Nj thd k`h iஶy uhkhE[ Kepg;hpak; /
uhkhE[hh;ak; ]h;tf;Qk; thj;]he;ta tpG+\zk; //
cjpjk; ghy;FNd kh]p Geh;t]; tgpNahLep /
thj;];a uhkhE[hrhh;ak; te;Nj ];j;Fz ]hfuk; //
rPh;
thop ,uhkhErk; gps;is khkyh;j;jhs; (fs;)

thopatd; KLk;ig khefuk; - thopNa
me;jkpy;rPh; khwd; kiwg;nghhUis mk;GtpNahh;
rpe;ijAwj; Njh;e;Jiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
vq;fs; kzthsKdp ,izabfs;
kwthj ,uhkhEr Kepgjk;
,jaj;Nj itj;jUs; KLk;igah;
Fyhjpgd; ,uhkhE[k; gps;is jd;
nghq;FGfo; nghiw f;Uig MrhuePjpf;F
nghUisAiuf;f ntd;why;
,td; G+tNdh, md;wp khNyh, NrlNdh,
md;wp G+h;th;fspy; ek;gps;isNah
mq;fKld; ehd;kiwfs; jkpo; nra;j
Mo;thh;fs; midtUila MfhuNkh
Mo;fliyaiz nra;j mgpuhk ePjpfij
mUs; nra;j thy;kPfpNah
jq;F GfNohh; jjPajh;rdk; thoNt
jhuzpapy; te;Jjpj;Njhd;
rj;jpa nkj;jpirAk; tPRGfo; vjpurhh;
jk;Kila mtjhuNk.
gq;Fdpapy; Gdh;G+rk; ghUjpj;jhd; thopNa

43
gz;Gila tujhh;ad; jpUtbNahd; thopNa
rq;FlNd jpUthop rfj;jspg;Nghd; thopNa
rJh;kiwNah BLgh\;ak; rjKiug;Nghd; thopNa
jq;FGfo;r; rlNfhgd; jtkilNahd; thopNa
juzpkpF kUshsh;jhs; njhONthd; thopNa
vq;F nkhyp kiwKLk;ig naa;jpdhd; thopNa
vopYila tpuhkhD[k;gps;is ,izg;gjq;fs; thopNa.
cj;jkkhk; KLk;igefh; cjpj;jgpuhd; thopNa

cyfhhpad; fiygyGk; ciue;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
kj;jpkkhk; gjg;nghUis tho;tpj;Njhd; thopNa
kfpo;khwd; epakdj;jhy; FUif te;Njhd; thopNa
mj;jpfphp mUshsh;f; fd;GilNahd; thopNa
mtdp ca;a Mj;jhid mUspdhhd; thopNa
Rj;jKil Gdh;G+r tpUr;rfj;Njhd; thopNa
njhy;Gfo; ,uhkhD[k;gps;is Jizabfs; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
Njrpfh;fs; thoj; jpUtha;nkhop tho
khrpy;Gfo; khwditjhk; tho - fhrpdpapapy;
kd;DGfo; FUifte;j ,uhkhDrhhpaNd
Mrhh;ahpd; cah;itj; njhptpf;Fk; ];Nyhfk;
FUNut guk; g;Uk;k FUNutguk;jdk; /

FUNut guk; fhNkh FUNut ghuhazk; //
i) mj;jq;fp ftpG+\zk; Fkhu jhj;jhr;rhhpahh; ];thkp –

gq;Fdp - Vl;^h; rpq;fuhrhh;ah; ];thkp jpUtk;rj;jth;
jdpad;
aj;ghj gj;kAfyP juzph;f;fgPuh
]k;]hu ]hfu ]Kj;juzha [e;Njh:
jk;=Fkhu ftpG+\z jhj]{hpk;
44
=iஶy Ntq;fl FNuh];jeak; gN[k.
jpUe j;u jdpad;

tpgtஶujp kPNekh]p aஶ;ஶ{f;ygN
etkjpjpAjhahk; jhufhah kjpj;ah:
uFgjphpt [[;NQ jk; Fkhuhgpjhek;
FUtuk`kPNl jhjtk; ஶhjtk;]k;.
rPh; ghl;L
thop naopw; Fkhu jhjhh;ad; thopatd;
jho;tpy;yhg; nghd;dbfs; jhk; thop - thopatd;
nre;jkpNohlhhpaj;jpw; Nrh;e;jpL Ntjhe;jr;
rpe;jhg; nghUSiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopj; jpUehkq;fs;
mile;jth;fs; jk; Jaiu mWj;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
mUkiwapd; fUj;jjid aspj;jpLNthd; thopNa
kpile;j guthjpahpd; kpLf;nfhopg;Nghd; thopNa
Nkyhd nghUsjid tphpj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
gilj;j Gfo;r; rlkU\zf;Fyj;Njhd; thopNa
gq;Fdpapw; Gdh;t]{ehs; ghUjpj;Njhd; thopNa
nfhilAil Ntq;flFUjhs; nrd;dpkpir nfhs;Sk;
Fkhu jhjhrhhpad; Fiufoy;fs; thopNa.
nra;a ngUq; fky Kwo; jpUtbfs; thopNa

rPuhUk; jpUtiuapw;wpfo;fiyAk; thopNa
Ja;ajpUTe;jpNahL J}a;khh;Gk; thopNa
NjhkW ew;Ghp E}Yk; NjhspizAk; thopNa
ifA kjpnyhsph; Qhd Kj;jpiuAk; thopNa
fUjhpa Ntjhe;j Kiu gtsk; thopNa
ngha;apy;yhf; fUiz kionghop eaek; thopNa
Nghj epiw Fkhu jhjhrhhpad; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
rJkiw ew;nghUs; jhuzpkPjpdpy; ed;F jioj;jpLehs;
jhkiu Nktpakhkfs;Nfhd;kpFjfTl Ndhq;fpLehs;
45
kJepiwkhkfpo; khwdspj;jUs; khkiwtho;e;jpLehs;
khypDah;r;rpia kz;zpdpy; ehl;nljpuhrd; kfpo;e;jpLehs;.
tpJGiufiy epiwtpGjh;fs; G+kptpsq;fp Aiwe;jpLehs;

Ntjpah; Nktpa jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; tPWepiwe;jpLehs;
FJfy neQ;Ril tQ;rfthjpah;nfhs;if Fiwe;jpLehs;
Fkhu jhjhhpah; jpUttjhpj;jUs; ehs; Gdh;t]{ehNs.
8) G+rk;
a) nry;tg;gps;is - gq;Fdp
jdpad;
]h;t]k;gj;g;ujk; e;&zhk; ]k;gj;Gj;uk; ஶ;hpa: gjpk; /

kPNe G\;Na aJfpnus f;Ujhtph;g;ght khஶ;uNa //
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
fkyhFr f];JhhP fh;j;jkhq;fpj t N] /
ahjthj;hp epth]ha ]k;gj;Gj;uha kq;fsk; //
b) jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; nry;t ek;gp - Mtzp
thopj;jpUehkk;
md;dtay; Nfhl;b efh;f;fjpgjpNahd; thopNa
MtzpNrh; G+rj;jpy; mtj;jhpj;jhd; thopNa
tz;zkyuhs; Nfhdha; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
kiwath;Nfhd; gl;lh;gpuhd; tho;j;Jktd; thopNa
gd;Dgy ew;fiyfs; gapYktd; thopNa
gz;GlNd Nfhl;bek;gp gzpAktd; thopNa
njd;dtDf;fhhpadha;j; Njh;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
nry;t ek;gp jpUtbfs; rfjyj;jpy; thopNa.
nghpaho;thh; ,tiu Nghw;wpaUspAs;s ghRuq;fs;
my;tof;nfhd;Wkpy;yh mzpNfhl;bah;Nfhd; . mgpkhdJq;fd;
46
nry;tidg;Nghyj; jpUkhNy ehDk; cdf;Fg; gotbNad; .
ey;tifahy; eNkh ehuhazhntd;W ehkk;gygutp .
gy;tifahYk; gtpj;jpuNd! cd;idg;gy;yhz;L $WtNd.
esph;e;j rPyd; eahryd; mgpkhd Jq;fid. ehs;njhWk;

njspe;j nry;tidr; Nrtfq;nfhz;l nrq;fz;khy; jpUNfhl;bA+h;
Fsph;e;Jiwfpd;w Nfhtpe;jd; Fzk; ghLthUs;s ehl;bDs;
tpise;j jhdpaKk; ,uhf;fjh; kPJ nfhs;sfpyhh;fNs.
c) gpujpthjp gaq;fuk;mz;zh - KLk;ig ek;gp
jpUtk;]j;jth; - Mb
jdpad;
fh;f;fNl G\;a]Q;[hjk; thjpgPfukhஶ;uNa /
Ntjhe;jhrhh;a ]r;rp\;ak; tuNahfp gjhஶ;hpjk; //
Ntjhe;jNjஶpf flh tpt;Uj;jNghjk;

fhe;Njhgae;j;Uakpe: fUizfghj;uk; /
tj;]he;tthak etj;aFizUNgjk;
gf;ja
; h g[hkp guthjpgaq;fuhh;ak; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
kd;DGfo; kzths Kdpf;fd;gd; thopNa
khwd; rlNfhkd;nkhop tOthjhd; thopNa
md;iwapYk; mile;jth;ghy; mUSilNahd; thopNa
milTlNd Ntjhe;jk; mwpe;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
vd;idAe;jd; ,d;dUshy; vLj;jspj;jhd; thopNa
,uz;LyFk; jd;Gfio Naj;Jktd; thopNa
gd;Dfiy Mo;thh;fs; gjKilNahd; thopNa
guthjp gaq;fudhh; gbapnyd;Wk; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L kw;Wk; njhq;fy;

vj;jpirAk; GfNohq;fp tsh;e;jpl te;J gpwe;jpLehs;
Vuzp fPh;j;jp vk;ngUkhdhh; jk; jhprdk; Va;e;jpLehs;
gf;jp tpuj;jpfs; ghq;fpdp Nyhq;fplg; ghhpid ca;j;jpLehs;
ghtdkhfpa gukgje;jdpy; thry; jpwe;jpLehs;
Kj;jpjUk; efNuopdpy; rPhpa fr;rp tpsq;fpLehs;
47
Kd;dth; mUspa nkhopfs; tpsq;fpl tPW ngWj;jpL ehs;
xj;j Klk;igf; Fyj;jpNyhh; rPhpa thjp gaq;fudhh;
cyfpy; cjpj;jpL ehs; jpUthbapy; G\;ankDk; ehNs.
khiyGid Njhshd; kzths khKdptd;

Nfhyk; kwthj nfhz;lNy - ghyKjk;
vd;Dk; guthjp gaq;fu kz;zNd
,d;dnkhU Ehw;whz;bUk;.
mz;zh jpUehl;Lf;F vOe;jUspdijg; gw;wpa jdpad;
mg;Nj =KfehkNf jpdknzs kPdk;fNj ghz;lNu

gN G\;ag]k;ANj t]{jpnjs jhNuathuhe;tpNj/
=khd; tj;]Fyhk;G jPeJ
; uef: ];thrhh;ajj;jhj;kjP:
=itFz;lkfhjFz;ltpgt: =thjpgPfU ; j;FU: //
kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs;
1) =uq;fhjp];jNyஶhehk; g;ugj;jpk; fkyhq;f;hp\{ /

kq;fshrh]ek; rhgp Fh;tNj epj;a kq;fsk; //
2) =kNjn]sk;a [hkhj;UKepghjhk;G[j;tNa /
thjpgPfuhah];J gf;jpep\;lha kq;fsk; //
3) kq;fsk; FUth;aha kq;fsk; Fz]pe;jNt /
=thjp gPjpfuhh;aha epj;a=h; epj;akq;fsk; //
d) =ngUk;G+J}h; xd;whd ajpuh[ [Pah; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyh G\;a ]Kj;G+jk; =kj; G+jGuhjpgk; /

ajpuh[ k`hnksepk; ke;j;uuj;e g;ujk; gN[ //
=kj; uhkhE[hq;f;hp g;utz tuKNe: ghJfk; [hjg;Uq;fk;

=kj; thehj;hp uhkhE[ fzFU ]j;itgt ];Njhj;ujP k;
thJ}y =epth]hh;a ruz ஶuzk; jj;f;Ugh yg;jgh\;ak;
te;Nj g;uh[;Qk; ajPej
; ;uk; tutujFNuh: g;uhg;j gf;jhk;Ujhh;j;jk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
48
nra;a jhkiuj; jhspid thopNa
rpwe;jnre;JtuhilAk; thopNa
Ja;a khh;gpdpy; kzptlk; thopNa
Jyq;F NjhSW Ke;E}Yk; thopNa
ifapNye;jpa Kf;NfhYk; thopNa
fUizahh; jpUf;fz;kyh; thopNa
ngha;apyhj ntjpuhrkhKdp
GtpapNyhq;fpa Gfo;tsk; thopNa.
nrQ;nrhy; khj;jkpo; kiwapd; rpwg;Giug;Nghd; thopNa
nra;aJ}yhg;G+rj;jpw; rpwe;Jjpj;N;jhd; thopNa
jQ;rnkdg;G+Jhud; jhs;gzpNthd; thopNa
juhjyj;Njhh; Fiwnahopf;Fk; jz;zspNahd; thopNa
fQ;rkyh;f; fz;zidNa fUj;jikg;Nghd; thopNa
fbnghopy; ew;G+J}ud; foy;gzpNthd; thopNa
mQ;rnyd tile;Njhiu ahjhpg;Nghd; thopNa
MrpnyjpuhrKdpabapizfs; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
mbahh;fs; tho mtdpANshh; tho
rlNfhgd; jz;lkpOk; tho - gbkPjpy;
,d;Dapiu ahSk; vjpuhr khKdpNa
9) Mapy;ak;
a) khwNdhp ek;gp - Mdp

jdpad;
kpJNe ]hh;g;gNg [hjk; ahKehh;agjh=jk; /

cj;jhufk; ajPe;j;u];a khuNehp FUk;gN[ //
ahKehrhh;a]r;rp\;ak; uq;f];jy epth]pek; /

[;Qhegf;j;ahjp [yjpk; khuNdhpFUk;gN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
49
Mdpjdpy; Mapypak; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
Mste;jhh; jpUtbfs; Mr;uapj;Njhd; thopNa
khepyk; vjpuhrh;kdk; tho;tpj;Njhd; thopNa
kjpsuq;fefukjpy; tho;e;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
NjdkUk; njd;nkhopapd; rpwg;gwpe;Njhd; thopNa
jpfo;Qhd gf;jpfshy; Nrh;e;jpUg;N;ghd; thopNa
thdthpy; nghUthpq;F kfpo;e;Jte;Njhd; thopNa
khwNdhp ek;gpapiz kyubfs; thopNa.
b) Nfhapy; nfhkhz;^h; ,isatpy;yp Mr;rhd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
=nfsஶpfhe;ta k`hk;Gjp G+h;zre;j;uk; /
=gh\;afhu [eeP ]`[h jEh[k; //
=iஶyG+h;z gjgq;f[ ]f;jrpj;jk; /

=ghyje;tp FUth;a k`k; g[hkp //
=ajPe;j;u khj;U ];t];hPa: g;ujpjhh;agNj ];jpj: /

%yG+j: nfsrpfhehk; jk; te;Nj ghyje;tpek; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
gj;jpAld; gjpd;kh;fiyg; gfUktd; thopNa
gz;luq;fh; gjk;neQ;rpy; gw;wp epd;whd; thopNa
vj;jpuhrh; ,izabNa jQ;rnkd;whd; thopNa
vopy; kiwapd; Vhpf;Nfhh; kjfhdhd; thopNa
Kj;jpjUk; newpjd;id nkhope;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
%J jpUkiyek;gpf; fhl;nra;jhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; Mapy;ak; rpwf;f te;jhd; thopNa
rPh; ghyjd;tp FU jpUj;jhs;fs; thopNa.
rPuhUk; jpUg;gjpapy; jpfo;e;jpUe;jhd; thopNa

Ntq;flth; jhspizia tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
VuhUk; vjpuhrd; ,izabNahd; thopNa
rPuhUk; mth; jha;f;Fg; gpd;dts; jead; thopNa
gj;jpAld; ghbaj;ijr; nrg;Gktd; thopNa
vopy; rpj;jpiu Mapypak; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
ghh; tpsq;Fk; nfhkhz;^hpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
me;jkpy; rPh;,isatpy;ypg; gudbfs; thopNa.
50
c) gps;isAuq;fhtpy;ypjh]h; (jEh; jh]h;) - khrp
jdpad;
Fk;Ng rhஶ;Ny\]k;G+jk; [;Qhehjp Fz]hfuk;
uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; jEh;jh] k`k;gN[.
[hf&fk; jE\;ghzpk; ghnzs fl;f ]ke;tpjk;

uhkhE[ ];gh;]Ntjpk; uhj;jhe;jhh;j;jg;ufhஶfk;.
ghfpNeaj;taAjk; gh\;afhu ghk;t`k;

uq;Nfr kq;fsfuk; jEh;jh]k`k; gN[.
10) kfk;
a) jpUkopiraho;thh; - ij
jdpad;
kfhahk; kfNu khN] rf;uhk;ஶk; ghh;f;fNthj;gtk; /
k`P]hhGuhjPஶk; gf;jp]huk`k; gN[ //
ஶf;jp gQ;rka tpf;u`hj;kNe ஶ{f;jp`hu [pjrpj;j `hhpNz /

Kf;jpjhaf KuhhpghjNahh; gf;jp]huKeNa eNkh ek: //
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy – 12Mk; ghRuk;

ijapy; kfkpd;W jhuzpaPh; Vw;wk;. ,e;jj;
ijapy; kfj;Jf;Fr; rhw;Wfpd;Nwd; - Ja;akjp
ngw;w kopirg;gpuhd; gpwe;jehnsd;W
ew;wth;fs; nfhz;lhLk; ehs;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
md;Glde;jhjp njhz;Z}w;whWiuj;jhd; thopNa
mofhUe; jpUkopir akh;e;jnry;td; thopNa
51
,d;gkpF ijapy; kfj; jpq;Fjp;j;jhd; thopNa
vopy; re;jtpUj;jk; Ew;wpUgjPe;jhd; thopNa
Kd;Gfj;jpy; te;Jjpj;j Kdptdhh; thopNa
KOg;ngUf;fpy; nghd;dpnajph; kpje;j nrhy;Nyhd; thopNa
ed;Gtpapy; ehyhapuj;njOE}w;whd; thopNa
eq;fs; gf;jprhuh; ,U ew;gjq;fs; thopNa.
,tiu Nghw;wp ciuf;Fk; ,uhkhEr E}w;we;jhjp - 12Mk; ghRuk;
,lq;nfhz;l fPh;j;jp kopirf; fpiwtd;. ,izabg;Ngh

jlq;Fk; ,jaj; jpuhkhDrd;. mk;nghw; ghjnkd;Wk;
flq;nfhz; biwQ;Rk; jpUKdpth;f;fd;wpf; fhjy;nra;ahj;
jplq;nfhz;l Qhdpah;f;Nf. mbNa dd;G nra;tJNt.
b) kzf;fhy; ek;gp – khrp
jdpad;
Fk;gkhN] kNfhj;G+jk; uhkkpஶ;u Kgh];kN`
Gz;lhPfh ghjhg;[ ]khஶ;uaz ஶhypek;.
maj;eNjh ahKekhj;kjh] ksh;f;f gj;uhh;g;gz ep\;f;uNaz

Nah f;hPjtheh];jpj nastuh[;ak; ekhkp jk; uhkkNka ]j;;tk;.
gft[;Qhe Jf;jhg;jp f;Ujfhlhtfhèk; /

eph;Kf;j jhgj;hpjak; =uhkk; ஶuazk; ஶ;uNa //
thopj;jpUehkk;
NjrKa;af; nfhz;lth; jhs; nrd;dpitg;Nghd; thopNa
njd;duq;fh; rPuUisr; Nrh;e;jpUg;Nghd; thopNa
jhrujp jpUehkk; jiof;f te;Njhd; thopNa
jkpo; ehjKdpAfg;igj; jhgpj;jhd; thopNa
NerKldhhpaid epakpj;jhd; thopNa
ePzpyj;jpy; gjpd;kh;fiy epWj;jpdhd; thopNa
khrp kfe;jdpy; tpsq;f te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
khy; kzf;fhy; ek;gp gjk; itafj;jpy; thopNa.
52
,th; mUspAs;s ngUkhs; jpUnkhopj; jdpad;
Muk;nflg; gudd;gh; nfhs;snud;W. mth;fSf;Nf
thuq;nfhL Flg;ghk;gpw;ifapl;ltd;. khw;wyiu
tPuq;nfLj;j nrq;Nfhy; nfhy;ypfhtyd; tpy;yth;Nfhd;
Nrud;FyNrfud; KbNte;jh; rpfhkzpNa.
c) jpUkhiyahz;lhd; (Mste;jhh; rp\;ah;) - khrp
jdpad;
gf;jhk;Ujk; thQ;rpj ghhp[hjk; khyhjuk; ahKeghjgf;jk;
=gh\;afhuhh;j;j `pNjhgNjஶk; =[;Qhe G+h;zk; ஶpu]h ekhkp.
jpUgs;spnaOr;rp g;uge;jj;Jf;F ,th; mUspa jdpad;

jNkt kj;th guth]{Njtk; uq;Nf]ak; uh[tjh;`zPak;
g;uhNghjfPk; Nahf;Uj ]{f;jpkhyhk; gf;jhq;f;hpNuZk;gfte;jkPNl.
thopj;jpUehkk;
mk;Gtpap yhste;jh ubapizNahd; thopNa
Mhpadh kth;gjj;ij ad;Gnra;Njhd; thopNa
ntk;gptUk; thjpaiu Nth;fise;Njhd; thopNa
Nkjpdpapy; ehYhh; tpsq;f te;Njhd; thopNa
vk;ngUkhndjpuhrw; fPLiuj;jhd; thopNa
Vw;wKs;s khrpkf kpyq;fte;Njhd; thopNa
tk;gtpOk; Nrhiykiy thote;Njhd; thopNa
khyh juhhpad;jhs; khepyj;jpy; thopNa.
tPRGfo;r; rq;fhop tpsq;FGak; thopNa

tpz;Zah;e;j kiyaofh; tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
khrp kfkpg;Gtpapy; te;Jjpj;N;jhd; thopNa
kiwg;nghUis cilath;f;F tFj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
fhrpg ew;Fyj;Jjpj;j fUid epjp thopNa
ifahop rq;fjpdhy; fjp jUNthd; thopNa
NjRGfohste;jhh; jpUtbNahd; thopNa
jpUkhiyahz;lhd; jhs; nrfjyj;jpy; thopNa.
G+j;j jhkiuj; jhspiz thopNa

53
nghd;dpdhil nghypapil thopNa
rhj;J E}Yk; jpUkhh;Gk; thopNa
jaq;F Re;jur; rq;fhop thopNa
Vw;w jpq;fs; jpUKfk; thopNa
,yq;F Gz;lunkopy; Kb thopNa
tha;j;j ehY}h;j; jpUkhiyahz;lhd;
thop thop ep^kp thopNa.
rPh; kw;Wk; njhq;fy;
thopkhiy ahz;lhd;jhs; thopatd; kd;DFyk;
thopjpU khyofh; thopaNt - thopaNuh
jpz;G+J}h; khKdpf;Fj; jpUtha; nkhopg;nghUis
cz;ikAld; XjpaUs; rPh;.
vl;nlOj;Jk; tho vopyuq;fk; jhd; tho

rpl;lh; njhOk; Mhpah;fs; rPh;tho - ml;ljpf;Fk;
kd;D GfohhpaNd kiyFdpa epd;whNd
d) fe;jhilag;gd; (fe;jhilaz;zd; jpUj;jk;gpahh;) -

Gul;lhrp
jdpad;
tujFU ruzk; ruzk; tutuKdpth;a fdf;Ugh ghj;jpuk; /

g;utFz uj;d [yjpk; g;uzkhkp =dpth] FUth;ak; //
Njrpfk; =dpth]hf;ak; Njtuh[ FNuh];]{jk; /

G+\pjk; ]j;Fizh;te;Nj [Ptpjk; kk ]h;tjh //
=it\;zt rpNuhG+\h =uhkhD[ ghJfh /

=thJ}y FNyhj;jk;]: =jhrujpNujjhk; //
=uq;fehj =fhh;aJh;Nah thJ}y Njrpf: /

VfNj ajpuh[hq;fhp thjpkj;NjgNf]hp //
Mq;fPu]th;N\h;Nf fe;ahuhrpk;fNj j;uNahjr;ahk; /
54
[hjk; kfhf;ajhNu g;uzkhkp =epth] FUth;ak; //
Nfhapy; fe;jhil mg;gd; jpUkzp ];thkp jpUkhspif

rhw;WKiw tof;fg;gb Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zd; thopj;
jpUehkk; Kjypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gpd;G fe;jhil
mg;gd; thopj;jpUehkk;, ehs; ghl;L kw;Wk; ntz;gh
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt rhpahd ghlk; MFk;.
Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zd; thopj;jpUehkk;
ve;ijkz thsKdp apizabNahd; thopNa
vopw;fe;jh ilag;gDf; fpjKiuj;Njhd; thopNa
me;jkpy; rPh;j; jpUtuq;fj; jkh;e;jnry;td; thopNa
Mh;e;jGfo;r; rlNfhgd; mUs;ngWNthd; thopNa
fe;jhilf; Fyk; tpsq;Fk; fUizts;sy; thopNa
fd;dpapw;G+ul;lhjp fdpe;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
ge;jkW nkjpuhrd; gjk;gzpNthd; thopNa
ghuhs;fe; jhilaz;zd; gjapuz;Lk; thopNa.
fe;jhil mg;gd; thopj;jpUehkk;

vjpuhrh; Neuhf tpq;Fjpj;Njhd; thopNa
vopw;fe;jhilaz;zDf; fpirapisNahd; thopNa
rjpuhf khKdptd; jhs;njhONthd; thopNa
rhh;e;jGfo; fd;dpkfk; juzp te;Njhd; thopNa
gjpahF E}w;nwl;Lk; gzpAktd; thopNa
gjpd;kh;fiy aDjpdKk; gfuty;Nyhd; thopNa
vjpuhrd; ghbaj;Jf;Ff; fPLiug;Nghd; thopNa
vopykh;fe; jhilag;gd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
rPh;kypehd;kiw ae;jzh; rpe;ijrpwe;J kfpo;e;jpL ehs;
njd; muq;fk; Kjdw;gjpfz;kpF NjRnghype;jpL ehs;
ghh;jdpNy tukhKdp jd;dUs; ghj;jpukhfpa ehs;
ghbaKk; jpUke;jpuKk; jpdk; ghnahsp NkTW ehs;
jhh;kyp khh;guioj;J tho;tpj;jth; rjph;kpf Xq;fpa ehs;
jf;fGfo; thJ}yh; Fyj;jth; re;jjk; tho;TW ehs;
fhh;kyp tz;iff; fUizapdg;gd; fhrpdpNjhd;wpa ehs;
fd;dpjdpy; jpUkhkfnkd;Dq; ftpDWjdp ehNs.
55
ntz;gh
ke;jpuq;fs; thokz thsKdp thoTah;
ve;ijvjpuhrndopy; tho - re;jKld;
kd;DGfo;f; fe;jhil kd;dndD kg;gNd
,d;dnkhW E}w;whz;bUk;.
11) G+uk;
a) aJfphp ehr;rpahh; - Mb
jdpad;
ehuhaz];a k`p\Pk; ahjthj;hp epth] ePk; /

fh;ffNl G+h;tgy;Fe;ahk; ]Q;[hjhk; =akhஶ;uNa //
ehuhazFNuh: gj;ek
P ; jj;ghj fkhy=jhk; /
]h;t ]k;gj ]k;Af;jhk; ePshNjtPk; ]khஶ;uNa //
b) =Mz;lhs; - Mb
jdpad;
fh;f;fNl G+h;tgy;Fe;ahk; Js]P fheNehj;gthk; /

ghz;l;Na tpஶ;tk;guhk; Nfhjhk; te;Nj =uq;fehafPk; //
Njt];a k`p\Pk; jpt;ahk; Mnjs NfhjhKgh];kN` /

ae;nksyp khypfhk; g;hPja; h ];tPfNuhjp ];tak; g;uG: //
;
ePshJq;f];jefphpjB]{g;jk; cj;Nghj;a f;U\;zk;
ghuhh;j;ak; ];tk; ஶ;Ujp ஶj ஶpu]; ]pj;jkj;ah gae;jP /
];Nthr;rp\;lhahk; ];u[p epfspjk; ah gyhj;fU; j;a Gq;f;Nj
Nfhjh j];ia ek ,jkpjk; G+a Vths];J G+a: //
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy

,d;Nwh jpUthbg;g+uk; . vkf;fhf
td;Nwh ,q;fhz;lhstjhpj;jhs; - Fd;whj
56
tho;thd itFe;jthd; Nghfe;jd;idapfo;e;J
Mo;thh; jpUkfshuha;. (22)
nghpaho;thh; ngz;gps;isaha; . Mz;lhs; gpwe;j

jpUthbg;g+uj;jpd; rPh;ik - xUehisf;
Fz;NlhkdNk Azh;e;Jghh; . Mz;lhSf;
Fz;lhfpnyhg; gpjw;FKz;L. (23)
mQ;RFbf; nfhUre;jjpaha; . Mo;thh;fs;
jQ;nraiy tpQ;rpepw;Fk; jd;ikasha;g; - gpQ;rha;g;
gOj;jhis ahz;lhisg; gj;jpAld;ehSk;
tOj;jha; kdNkkfpo;e;J. (24)
khh;fop khjj;jpy; jpUg;ghit rhw;WKiw MFk; NghJ

md;wa ehs; ghl;L Nrtpj;j gpwF mEre;jpf;ff;$ba
ghRuq;fs; - Ntjg;gpuhd; gl;lh; mUspaJ
Nfhij gpwe;jT+h; Nfhtpe;jd; thO%h;
Nrhjp kzpkhlk; Njhd;W%h; - ePjpahy;
ey;y gj;jh; thO%h; ehd;kiwfNshJ%h;
tpy;ypGj;J}h; Ntjf;NfhD}h;.
ghjfq;fs; jPh;f;Fk; gukdb fhl;Lk;

Ntjkidj;Jf;Fk; tpj;jhFk; - Nfhij jkpo;
Iiae;Jike;Jk; mwpahj khdpliu
itak; Rkg;gJk; tk;G.
jpUg;ghit jdpad; - ca;af;nfhz;lhh; mUspr;nra;jJ
md;dtaw; GJit ahz;lhs;. muq;fw;Fg;

gd;D jpUg;ghit gy;gjpak; - ,d;dpirahy;
ghbf; nfhLj;jhs; ew;ghkhiy. G+khiy
#bf;nfhLj;jhisr; nrhy;Y.
#bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;nfhbNa!. njhy;ghit

ghb aUsty;y gy;tisaha;! - ehbeP
Ntq;fltw; nfd;id tpjpnad;w tpk;khw;wk;
ehk; flth tz;zNk ey;F.
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop jdpad;fs;
57
jpUf;fz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; mUspaJ
my;ypehl; lhkiuNk yhuzq;fpdpd; Jiztp

ky;yp ehlhz;l klkapy; - nky;ypayhs;
Mah; FyNte;jdhfj;jhs;. njd;GJit
Ntah; gae;;j tpsf;F.
*xd;whd thdkhkiy uhkhE[ [pPa P h; ];thkp (nghd;dbf;fhy;

[Pah; ];thkp) mUspAs;s ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop jdpad;
Nfhyr;Rhprq;ifkhad; nrt;thapd; Fzk; tpdTk;

rPyj;jds;. njd; jpUky;ypehb. nrOq;Foy;Nky;
khiyj; njhil njd;duq;fUf;fPAk; kjpg;Gila
Nrhiyf;fpsp. mts; Jhaew;ghjk; Jidekf;Nf.
*,e;jj; jdpad; thdkhkiy Kjyhd njd;jpt;aNjrg;

g;uhe;jpaq;fspy; mE]e;jpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mz;lhis Gfo;e;Jiuf;Fk; ,uhkhD[Ew;we;jhjp 16Mk; ghRuk;
jho;nthd;dpy;yh kiwjho;e;J. jyKOJk; fypNa

Ms;fpd;w ehs; te;jspj;jtd; fhz;kpd;. muq;fh;nksyp
#o;fpd;w khiyiar; #bf;nfhLj;jts; njhy;yUshy;
tho;fpd;w ts;sy;. ,uhkhE[ ndd;Dk; khKdpNa.
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUthbg; G+uj;jpy; nrfj;Jjpj;jhs; thopNa

jpUg;ghit Kg;gJk; nrg;gpdhs; thopNa
nghpaho;thh; ngw;nwLj;j ngz;gps;is thopNa
ngUk;G+Jhh; khKdpf;Fg; gpd;dhdhs; thopNa
xUEhw;W ehw;gj;J %d;Diuj;jhs; thopNa
cauuq;fh;f;Nf fz;zp Afe;jspj;jhs; thopNa
kUthUe; jpUky;yp tsehb thopNa
tz;GJit efh;f;Nfhij kyh;g;gjq;fs; thopNa.
Nfhjh];Jjp - = Ntjhe;j Njrpfd; mUspr;nra;jJ
=tp\;Zrpj;j Fyee;je fy;gty;yPk;

=uq;fuh[ `hpre;je eNahfj;Ur;ahk;
58
]h hj; khk; fUzah me;ahk; fkyhk; ,t (];jpjhk;)
Nfhjhk; mee;aruz: (m`k;) ruzk; g;ugj;Na.
kq;fsk;
=kj;ia tp\;Zrpj;jhh;a kNehee;jeN;`jNt /

ee;jee;je]{e;jh;ia Nfhjhia epj;akq;fsk; //
];Nthr;rp\;l khypfhge;jfe;jge;Ju [p\;zNt /
tp\;Zrpj;j jEh[hia Nfhjhia epj;a kq;fsk; //
c) fe;jhilj;Njhog;gh; (fe;jhilahz;lhd; jpUf;Fkhuh;) -

Mb
jdpad;
fh;f;fNl G+h;tgy;Fe;ahk; [hjk; Nyhfhh;a ]k;=jk; /

te;Nj thj;]y;a [yjpk; tuhzhjPஶ Njஶpfk; //
uhkhE[hh;a ]j;Guk; thuzhjPஶ Njஶpfk; /

Nyhfrhh;a f;Ugh ghj;uk; te;Nj Fzfzhh;ztk; //
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 51Mk; ghRuk;

Jd;D Gfo;f; fe;jhilj; Njhog;gh; jk; cfg;ghy;
vd;d cyhfhhpaNdh vd;Wiuf;f - gpd;id
cyfhhpad; vd;Dk; Ngh; ek;gps;isf;F xq;fp
tpyfhky; epd;wnjd;Wk; Nky;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
G+ukjpy; flfj;jpy; GtpAjpj;Njhd; thopNa
Gfo; nghpa ek;gps;is nghw;gjj;Njhd; thopNa
ghh;kyp uhkhErhrhh;ad; gfh; Fkhud; thopNa
gukgj;jp nka;Q;Qhdg; gjj;jpUg;Nghd; thopNa
thuzhjPr;tuh; ehkk; tha;e;jpUg;Nghd; thopNa
thr;rypaf; flnyd;d tho;e;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
fhhpkhwd; jkpo; kiwapd; fUj;jwpe;Njhd; thopNa
fe;jhil Njhog;gh; foypizfs; thopNa.
59
d) jpUf;NfhGuj;J ehadhh;; - Mb - G+uk;
jdpad;
te;Nj =NfhGuhjPPஶk; thJ}y Fy G+\zk; /
uhkhE[hh;a ]j;Guk; [;Qhe ituhf;a ]k;gjk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUthbg;G+uj;jpy; jyj;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
njspTila <ahd; jd; jpUkfdhh; thopNa
mUs;GhpAk; mtubia aile;Ja;e;Njhd; thopNa
mofhUk; thJ}y Fyj;jtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
ngUikAWk; fe;jhilf; FyKilNahd; thopNa
NgZkth;f; nfl;nlOj;ijg; NgRktd; thopNa
jpUj;Njhpy; gud;nkhopiaj; NjUktd; thopNa
jpUf;NfhGuj;J ehadhh; thop thop thopNa.
12) cj;jpuk;
a) =uq;fehr;rpahh; - gq;Fdp
jdpad;
ghy;FNehj;ju gy;Fe;ahk; ]k;G+jhk ஶ;hpakhஶ;uNa /
tp\;Nzhh; jpt;a gjhk; Ngh[ flfhk; jj;gjh ஶ;hpjhk; //
ekஶ; =uq;fehaf;ia aj;g;& tpg;ukNgjj: /

<Nஶஶpjt;a it\k;a epk;Nehe;ej kpjk; [fj; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
nghpa ngUkhs; kw;Wk; nghpa gpuhl;bahh;

,UtpRk;gpy; tPw;wpUf;F kpikath; Nfhd; thopNa
60
mhpa jaujd; kfdhatjhpj;jhd; thopNa
ngUfp tUk; nghd;dp eLg; gpd;Japd;whd; thopNa

(nghpa ngUkhSf;Fk; ek;ngUkhSf;Fk; xNu thopj;jpUehkk;.
nghpa ngUkhspd; thopj;jpUehkj;ij mEre;jpf;Fk; NghJ nghpa
gpuhl;bahhpd; thopj;jpUehkj;ijAk; Nrh;j;J mEre;jpf;Fk;
tof;fk; cs;sJ.)
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
b) jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; jpUkhkfs; ehr;rpahh; - gq;Fdp –

cj;jpuk;
(vk;ngUkhd; kw;Wk; gpuhl;bahh; thopj;jpUehkq;fis Nrh;j;Nj
mEre;jpf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ.)
=cufnky;yizahd; - jpUNthzk; - Ig;grp

(jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; vk;ngUkhd; jpt;ag;uge;jj;jpy; Kjypy;
kq;fshrhrdk; nra;a ngw;wth;; Mthh;)
G+kfSk; kz;kfSk; Nghw;wte;Njhd; thopNa

Gfo;fjk;g Kdpjtj;jpy; Nghe;j ts;sy; thopNa
MnkdNtNfhl;befh; mkh;e;jgpuhd; thopNa
ml;lhq;ftpkhdj;jpyha; tsh;Nthd; thopNa
61
fhkdhuhjid nra; fz;zdhh; thopNa
fjpNuW jpUNthzk; fhl;rp je;Njhd; thopNa
*VkDlyple;jpq;F te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
vopYufnky;yizahd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
*Vkd; - `puz;ad;
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; jpUkhkfs; ehr;rpahh; - gq;Fdp – cj;jpuk;
nrq;fkyj;NjAjpj;j Nrapoiahs; thopNa

njd;Nfhl;bkhy; khh;gpy; NrUkts; thopNa
ntq;fypia tPwlf;Fk; nky;ypayhs; thopNa
kPdutp cj;jpuj;jpy; Nktpdhs; thopNa
nghq;FGfo; Nridah;Nfhd; Nghw;Wkts; thopNa
GtpapYs;Nshh; tho ,UnghUSiuj;jhs; thopNa
,q;Fyfpy; kq;ifah;fl;Nfw;wKs;shs; thopNa
vq;fs; jpUkhkfshh; ,izabfs; thopNa.
c) eQ;rPah; - gq;Fdp
jdpad;
ghy;FNehj;ju gy;Fe;ahk; [hjk; Ntjhe;jp ek; Kepk; /

=guhஶugl;lhh;a ghjNufh kak; gN[ //
eNkh Ntjhe;j Ntj;aha [fe;kq;fs N`jNt /

a];a thfk;Ujh]hu G+hpjk; Gtej;uak; //
,tUila ngUikfis vLj;J ciuf;Fk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy

ghRuq;fs; - 39, 42, 47, 50
gps;shd; eQ;rPah; nghpathr;rhd;gps;is

njs;shh; tlf;Fj;jpUtPjpg; - gps;is
Fzthsnud;W neQ;Nr $W.
jQ;rPiu Qhdpah;fs; jhk;GfOk; Ntjhe;jp

eQ;rPah;jhk; gl;lh; ey;yUshy; - vQ;rhj
Mh;tKld; khwd; kiwg;nghUis aha;e;Jiuj;jJ
Vnuhd;gjpdhapuk;.
62
eQ;rPah; nra;j tpahf;fpiafs; ehypuz;Lf;F
vQ;rhikahitf;F kpy;iyNa - jk;rPuhy;
itaFUtpd; jk;gp kd;DkzthsKdp
nra;Akit jhKk; rpy.
ek;ngUkhs; ek;kho;thh; eQ;rPah; ek;gps;is

iad;gh.; mtuth;jk; Nkw;wj;jhy; - md;GilNahh;
rhw;W jpUehkq;fs; jhndd;W ed;ndQ;Nr
Vj;jjidr; nrhy;yp eP apd;W.
thopj;jpUehkk;
njz;biu#o; jpUtuq;fk; nropf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rPkhjtndd;Dk; nry;tdhh; thopNa
gz;ilkiwj; jkpo;g;nghUisg; gfute;Njhd; thopNa
gq;Fdpap Yj;jpuehs; ghUjpj;jhd; thopNa
Xz;nlhbahs; fytpjid nahopj;jpl;lhd; thopNa
xd;gjpdhapug;nghUis NahJktd; thopNa
vz;birAk; rPh;gl;l hpizabNahd; thopNa
vopy; ngUFk; eQ;rPahpdpJhop thopNa.
13) `];jk;
a) gjhP ehuhazg;ngUkhs; - Mb
jdpad;
fh;f;fNl `];j e j;Nu gjhP epyNahj;gtk; /
m\;lh u g;ujhjhuk; ehuhaz k`k;gN[ //
nghpajpUnkhop 1Mk; gj;J 3Mk; jpUnkhop 1Mk; ghRuk;
Kw;w%j;Jf;Nfhy;Jizah Kd;dbNehf;fptise;J
,w;wfhy;Nghy;js;spnks;s ,Ue;Jmq;F,isahKd;
ngw;wjha;Nghy; te;jNga;r;rp ngUKiyA+L. capiu
tw;wthq;fpAz;lthahd; tjhptzq;FJNk.
=uq;fehj ];Njhj;uj;jpd; 8Mk; ];Nyhfk;

63
=uq;fk; fhpiஶykQ;[efphpk; jhh; ;ahj;hp]pk;`hrnys
=$h;kk; GUN\hj;jkQ;r gjhPehuhazk; iekpஶk;
=kj;j;thutjPgu; hahf kJuhNahj;ahfah: G\;fuk;
]hsf;uhkfphpk; epN\t;a ukNj uhkhEN[hsak; Kep:.
b) Njtg;ngUkhs; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;u khN] ]pNj gN rJh;j;jஶ;ahk; jpnjs Kne /
NஶhgNe `];j e j;Nu utpthu ]ke;tpNj //
tghN`hNk g;ut;Uj;Nj Jg;uhj]; ]tefhypNf /

jhJUj;juNtj;ahk; Jg;uhJ uh]P[; [ehh;j;je: //
G+jj;jho;thh; - ,uhz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp – 96Mk; ghRuq;fs;

mj;jpA+uhd; Gs;isA+h;thd;. mzpkzpapd;
Jj;jpNrh; ehfj;jpd;Nky; Japy;thd; - Kj;jP
kiwahthd; khfly; eQ;Rz;lhd; jdf;Fk;
,iwahthd; vq;fs; gpuhd;.
,uhkhDrEhw;we;jhjp - 31Mk; ghRuk;

Mz;Lfs; ehs; jpq;fsha;. epfo;fhynky;yhk; kdNk!
<z;Lgy;Nahdpfs; NjhWoy;Nthk;. ,d;Nwh nuz;zpd;wpNa.
fhz;lFNjhsz;zy; njd;dj;jpA+uh; foypizf;fPo;g;
G+z;ltd;ghsd;. ,uhkhDridg;nghUe;jpdNk
kq;fs ];Nyhfk; (jpahf kz;lgk;)
m];J =];je f];JhhP th]eh th]pNjhuN] /

=`];jpfphp ehjha Njtuh[h kq;fsk; //
c) jpUehuhazg;ngUkhs; - gq;Fdp
64
jdpad;
]ej;Fkhu u hh;j;jkhfjk; g;u`;kz: gjhj; /
aJiஶy ];jpjk; kPNe `];Nj ehuhazk; gN[ //
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
d) $uj;jho;thd; - ij
jdpad;
kfNu `];j e j;Nu ]h;g;gNej;uhk;ஶ ]k;gtk; /
=kj; $uFyhjPஶk; =tj;]hq;f Kgh];kN` //
=tj;]rp`;e kpஶ;Nug;Nah ek cf;jpk; mjPk`p /

aJf;ja]; j;uaPfz;Nl ahe;jp kq;fs ]{j;ujhk; //
mh;thQ;Nrh aj;gj]u]p[j;te;j;tk; Mr;hpj;t G+h;Nt

Kh;j;eh a];ahe;taKgfjh Njrpfh Kf;jpkhG:
N]hak; uhkhE[ Kepugp ];tPa Kf;jpk; fu];jhk;
aj;]k;ge;jhj;; mkEj fjk; th;zaNj $uehj:.
,tiu Nghw;Wk; ghRuk; - ,uhkhErEhw;we;jhjp - 7

ghRuk;
nkhopiaf;flf;Fk; ngUk; Gfhohd; . tQ;rKf;FWk;ghk;
Fopiaf;flf;Fk; ek;$uj;jho;thd; ruz; $bagpd;
gopiaf;flj;J kpuhkhErd; Gfo;ghbay;yh
topiaf;flj;jy;. vdf;fpdpahJk; tUj;jkd;Nw.
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPuhUe; jpUg;gjpfs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
njd;duq;fh; rPuUisr; NrUktd; thopNa
65
ghuhU nkjpuhrh; gjk; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
ghbaj;jpDl;nghUisg; gfUktd; thopNa
ehuazd; rkak; ehl;bdhd; thopNa
ehYuhd; jdf;F Kj;jp ey;fpdhd; thopNa
VuhUe; ijapyj;jj;J ,q;F cjpj;jhd; thopNa
vopy; $uj;jho;thd; jd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
nghUs;tphpf;Fk; vjpuhrd; nghd;dbNahd; thopNa
nghd;tl;by; jid vwpe;j GfOilNahd; thopNa
kUs;tphpf;Fk; Kf;FWk;ig khw;wte;Njhd; thopNa
kah;twNt nka;Q;Qhdk; tpsf;fpLNthd; thopNa
,Us;tphpf;Fk; rptkpul;L vOj;jpl;lhd; thopNa
Vjkw vt;Taph;f;Fk; ,jkspj;jhd; thopNa
mUs;tphpf;Fk; muq;fh;jhs; mbapizNahd; thopNa
mofhUk; $uj;jho;thd;jd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
kl;ltpOk; nghopy;#o; FUNfrh; kiwg;nghUs; tho;e;jpL ehs;
kz;Zyfpy; rPghbak; tpsq;fpl te;J gpwe;jth; ehs;
vl;L kpuz;Lk; ,ire;j RNyhf kpirj;jpl te;jth; ehs;
,y;iy vdr; rptnkd;W vjphpl;L vOj;jpl te;jth; ehs;
Jl;l Fjpl;bfs; khapfs; tho;it Jzpj;jpl te;jth; ehs;
#hpah; G+kpaph; Mhpah; vd;W cjpj;jpl te;jth; ehs;
ml;l jpirf;Fk; epiwe;j ngUk;Gfo; (me;jzh;tho;)
$uj;jho;thd; te;jUspa ehs; ijapy; tpsq;fpLk; mj;jkJ
ed;dhNs.
gl;lh; mUspa gftj;Fz jh;g;gzk; kq;fs ];Nyhfk;

(]`];uehk gh\;ak;)
te;Nj Nfhtpe;jjhnjs Kepkj keit y ;kzhh;ak; k`he;jk;

j;ahNaak; ahKehh;ak; kk `;Ujp jeit uhkNkthgpahahk;.
gj;kh k; g;Nu p\Pa g;ujkkgpKepk; ehjkPNl ஶlhhpk;
];njskp g;NuN a y ;kPk; ஶuzkஶuz: ஶ;hPjuk; ]k;ஶ;uNaak;.
e) jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhh; - gq;Fdp
jdpad;
66
;
kPNe `];j ]Kj;G+jk; =uq;fhk;Uj khஶ;uNa /
ftpk; g;uge;e fhaj;h;ah: $Nuஶgj ]k;ஶ;hpjk; //
=uq;Nf kPe`];Nj r [hjk; uq;fhh;a ee;jek; /

uq;fehj FUk; te;Nj uhkhE[ gjhஶ;hpjk; //
Ntjg;gpuhd; gl;lh; mUspaJ - ,uhkhEr E}w;we;jhjp jdpad;fs;
Kd;idtpidafy %q;fpw;FbaKjd;.
nghd;dq;fow;fkyg;Nghjpuz;Lk;. vd;Dila
nrd;dpf;fzpahfr;Nrh;j;jpNdd;. njd;Gyj;jhh;f;
nfd;Df; flTilNad; ahd;.
eae;jUNghpd;gnky;yhk; gOnjd;Wez;zpdh;ghy.;
rae;jUfPh;j;jp apuhkhErKdpjhspizNky;.
cah;e;jFzj;Jj; jpUtuq;fj;jKNjhq;Fk;. md;ghy;
,ak;Gk;fypj;Jiwae;jhjpNahjtpirneQ;rNk.
,dpnad;Fiwekf;F vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUehkj;jhy;.

Kdpje;j E}w;nwl;Lr; rhtpj;jphp nad;DEz;nghUisf;
fdpje;j nrQ;nrhy; fypj;Jiw ae;jhjp ghbj;je;jhd;.
Gdpjd; jpUtuq;fj; jKjhfpa Gz;zpaNd.
nrhy;ypd;njhifnfhz; Ldjbg;NghJf;Fj;njhz;Lnra;Ak;.
ey;yd;gNuj;JKd;ehknky;yh nkd;wd; ehtpDs;Ns.
my;Yk;gfYk;mkUk;gbey;F mWrkak;
nty;Yk;guk. ,uhkhEr ,njd;tpz;zg;gNk.
kzthskhKdpfs; mUspaJ - Mh;j;jpg;uge;jk; 49tJ ghRuk;
ee;jh eufj;jOe;jhik Ntz;bby; ehdpyj;jPh;

ve;jhijahd vjpuhrid ez;Zk;. vd;Wktd;
me;jhjp jd;id mD]e;jpAk; mtd; njhz;lUld;
rpe;jhFyk; nflr; Nrh;e;jpUk; Kj;jp gpd; rpj;jpf;FNk.
thopj;jpUehkk;
ve;jhij $Nur hpizabNahd; thopNa
vopy;%q;fpw; Fbtpsq;f tpq;Fte;Njhd; thopNa
67
ee;jhk nyjpuhrh; eyk;Gfo;Nthd; thopNa
ek; kJuftp epiyia ez;zpdhd; thopNa
ige;jhk tuq;fh;gjk; gw;wpdhd; thopNa
gq;Fdpap yj;jehs; ghUjpj;Njhd; thopNa
me;jhjp Ew;nwl;L kUspdhd; thopNa
mzpauq;fj; jKjdhh; mbapizfs; thopNa.
f) KLk;ig ek;gp - ij
jpUe j;jpu jdpad;
uhkhE[ KNe: rp\;ak; =tj;]hq;fpj ]{g;hpak; /

kfNu `];jhtjPh;zk; thj;];ak; tujkhr;uNa //
epj;a jdpad;fs;
=uhkhE[ ]k;akPe;j;uruzk; =tj;] rp`;e g;hpak;
N]Nt`k; tujhh;a ehkfkKk; ]{f;ja; h g;u]pj;jk; Kjh /
Mghy;ahj; ghpG+h;z Nghj rl[pj; fhjhEuhNfh[;tyk;

thj;];ak; G+h;zk; cjhuk; Mr;hpjepjpk; thj;]y;a uj;dhfuk; //
=uhkhE[ NahfPej
; ;u gjgq;f[ \l;gjk; /
KLk;ig G+h;zkefk; te;Nj tuj ]k;f;Qfk; //
=kj; uhkhErhh;a =ghjhg;[ kJt;ujk; /

=tj;]G+h;zkefk; te;Nj tuj]k;f;Qfk; / /
rPh;
thop KLk;ig tujhhpad;jd; kyubfs;
thopatd; jpUehkk; tha;nkhopfs; - thopNa
ve;ij vjpuhrKdp ,d;dUshy; vopy;khwd;
njd;jkpo;E}y; njspe;Jiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
vj;jpirAk; Gfo;KLk;igf;F ,iwtdhh; thopNa
68
vOgj;Jehypy; (ehd;fpdpy;) xUtuha; ,yq;Fktd; thopNa
cj;jkdhk; Mo;thDf;F cfg;GilNahd; thopNa
xsph;kfpo; khwd; kiwf;F cUFktd; thopNa
mj;jpfphp mUshsh;jk; mbgzpNthd; thopNa
mbath;f;F Moprq;fk; mspj;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
Rj;jKil ijapyj;jk; Njhd;wpdhd; thopNa
njhy;Gfo; tujhhpad; jd; Jizg;gjq;fs; thopNa.
tbtoF
vjpuhrd; mbgzpAk; vopy;Kb kpfthop
,dpanre;jpUKf kz;lyKk; thop
gjpthd ehkkzp ed;DjYk; thop
ghbaKk; jkpo;kiwAk; gfh;ehTk; thop
rjpuhd tisf;fOj;Jk; jpUkhh;Gk; thop
rhw;wpa ntz;GhpE}Yk; khiyfSk; thop
fjpahd KLk;igek;gp foy;fspuz;L KlNd
fUiz khNehf;Fk; fuKk; CopCop thopNa.
njhq;fy;
Njrpfh;fs; thoj; jpUg;gjpfs; jhk; tho
gh\paKld; jkpo; kiwAk; tho – khrpy;Gfo;
kd;D KLk;ig efh; te;j tujhhpaNd
=uhkE[ek;gp (=KLk;ig ek;gp jpUf;Fkhuh;) -

vk;ngUkhdhh; kUkhd; (Kjypahz;lhid Nghy)
jdpad;
gh\;af;Uj; ghfpNeNahn]s gtre;jhg rhe;jNa
tujhh;ahj;kN[h];khfk; G+ahj; uhkhE[h`;ta.
g) jpUkiy ey;yhd; - rpj;jiu;
Mrhh;a jdpad;fs;
69
n]sk;a[hkhj;U NahfPe;ju fUzh tUzhyak; /
Nfhtpe;jhh;a FNuh];]{Ekz;zhf;ahh;ak; m`k;gN[ /
mak;gl;lehNjh KePej ; ;uhf;ufz;Nah
GN[h j pNzhik`h rf;uth;j;jpd; /
]jhNee]hfk; KjhAf;j rpj;Njh
gzPe;j;uhrNy]hJ fhyk; ea];r /
k`Pej; ;uhtjhNuh`p uhkhE[];je;
kj];jhgpjh]e; t]h`Pe;j;ui]Ny /
]kPrPeFNuh: Gj;uk; ajpuh[ gjhr;hpjk; /
=iryFUk;te;Nj ]h;t Ntjhe;j ghufk; //
epj;a jdpad;
te;Nj tujuhN[e kkey;yhd; ,jp ]k;Ujk; /

guikfhe;jp ]k;];fhuhj; g;uf;ahjk; Nyhf Njrpfk; //
h) =fplhk;gpahr;rhd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;fs;
uhkhD[ gjhk;Ngh[ AfsPa];a jPkj: /

g;uhg;ak; r g;uhgfk; te;Nj g;uzjhh;j;jpùk; FUk; //
M];jpfhf;Nu]uk; te;Nj ghpt;uhl; FU ghrfk; /

ahrpjk; FUNfஶe g;uzjhh;j;jp ùk; FUk; //
70
,tiu Nghw;wp Ntjhe;j Njrpfd; mUspAs;s kpf
mofhd ghRuk; gukgjN]hghek;
mlw;Gs; shrpD ke;jzh; khl;bD kpd;dKjf;
flw;gs;sp jd;dpDq; fhtphp As;s Kfe;jgpuh
dpilg;gps;is ahfp Aiuj;j Jiuf;F nkjptudhh;
kilg;gs;sp te;j kznkq;fs; thh;j;ijAz; kd;dpaNj.
i) <r;rk;ghb Mr;rhd; - ij
jdpad;fs;
= gh\;afhu ajpty;yg jj;j gQ;r ]k;];fhu
gh\;a gftj; tp\ahjp fk;r
=]{e;jNur FUyg;j u`];a ke;j;uk;
= =epth] FUth;a k`k; g;ugj;Na.
=nfsz;be;a Fyhj;hp Nrfutu =]{e;jNurh j;k[k;

=uhkhE[ ghjgj;k afsP eph;Nty eph;Ntrdk;
jpf; je;jhts Fk;gkj;a tpy]e; Kf;jh ]uhlk; gu
g;nusNlhjhu ar];fuk; FUtuk; = =epth]k; gN[.
=]{e;jNur FUth;a ]Kj;gtha

j];khj thg;j rpjrpj;g;u tpNghjeha
nfsz;beatk;r fyNrhjjp nfs];Jgha
= =epth] FuNt fyNa g;uzhkhe;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
VuhUk; ijaj;jk; ,q;Fjpj;N;jhd; thopNa
Re;jNurd; jpUkfdha;j; Jyq;Fktd; thopNa
ghh;GfOk; ajpuh[d; gjk;gzpNthd; thopNa
rPuhUk; Ntq;flj;jpy; jpfOktd; thopNa
ghh;kfpOk; ghbaj;ijg; gfUktd; thopNa
cj;jkkhk; Fykjdpy; cjpj;jgpuhd; thopNa
njhz;lh;Fohk; fz;Lff;Fk; njhy;GfNohd; thopNa
ey; <r;rk;ghb tho; ek;khr;rhd; thopNa.
71
j) mg;ghr;rpauz;zh - Mtzp
jdpad;
=kj; thek`hiஶy uhkhE[ Kepg;hpak; /
thJ}y tujhrhh;ak; te;Nj thj;]y;a ]hfuk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
rpq;fj;jpyj;jdhs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rPuq;fe;jpUg;gjpapytjhpj;jhd; thopNa
Jq;fkjps; fr;rpefh; mkh;e;j nry;td; thopNa
J}a;ikAld; rPghbak; njhFj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
nghq;F Gfo; vjpuhrd; mUs; ngWNthd; thopNa
GfOila fe;jhilf;Fytpsf;Nfhd; thopNa
rq;Ftz;zk; khKdpjhs; mile;j nry;td; thopNa
re;jjK kz;zhtpd; jhspizfs; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
tlnkhopfs; tho kd;dpa nre;jkpo; kiwfs; tho
jplKlNd ehs;njhUQ; rPh;j;jpwk; tho - glh; Gfohy;
kd;dpaey; thJ}y tz;zhypdhhpaNd
jpUehs; ghl;L
re;jjKk; rlNfhgDiug;nghUs; Nrh;e;J nghype;jpL ehs;
Nrnujpuhrh;jk; ghbaKk; jpfo; tpQ;rp tpsq;fpLehs;
ke;jpu uj;jpdK KyfpYah;e;jplte;J gpwe;jth;ehs;
khjpiu kPjpdpy; gjpd;kh;kiyj;jplkhfte;J gpwe;jth;ehs;
me;jkjhfpa tj;jpfphpj;jye; NjR mkh;e;jpLehs;
mofpafr;rpap yhhpah;tho;T kpFe;jplte;J gpwe;jth;ehs;
me;jzh; Nghw;Wq; fe;jhilaz;zhtpd;gud; mtjhpj;jUspaehs;
mofhUQ; rpq;fj;jpy; rPh; mj;jk; njDehNs.
14) rpj;jpiu
72
a) kJuftpaho;thh; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
NkN\ rpj;jh ]Kj;G+jk; ghz;l;aNjNஶfzhk;ஶ; fk; /
=guhq;Fஶ ]j;gf;jk; kJuk; ftpkhஶ;uNa //
mtpjpjtp\ahe;juஶ;;ஶ
; lhNu:
Ugep\jhKgfhekhj;uNghf: /
mgprFztஶhj; jNjfNஶ\P
kJuftph;`;UjNa kkhtpu];J //
`];j];jjhs j;tpjak; g;ugj;Na

ஶlhhp thf; t;ah] Kjhu fPh;j;jpk; /
khJh;a ]k;ஶ;yp\;l ftpj;t Af;jk;
k`j;j;t ]k;ghtpj Gj;jp jj;tk; //
Ntnwhd;Wk; ehdwpNad; Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j

khwd; rlNfhgd; tz; $U$h; - VW vq;fs;
tho;thk; vd;Nwj;Jk; kJuftpahh; vk;ik
Ms;thh; mtNu muz;.
ehs; ghl;L
cgNjrj;jpdkhiy – 25, 26 ghRuq;fs;

Vuhh; kJuftp ,t;Tyfpy; te;Jjpj;j
rPuhUk; rpj;jpiuapy; rpj;jpiu ehs; - ghUyfpy;
kw;Ws;s tho;thh;fs; te;jjpj;j ehs;fspYk;
cw;wnjkf;nfd;W neQ;NrNahh;.
tha;j;jjpUke;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpkkhk; gjk;Nghy;

rPh;j;j kJuftp nra;fiyia - Mh;j;jGfo;
Mhpah;fs; jhq;fUspr;nray; eLNt
Nrh;tpj;jhh; jhw;ghpak; Njh;e;J.
thopj;jpUehkk;
73
rpj;jpiuapy; rpj;jpiu ehs; rpwf;fte;Njhd; thopNa
jpUf;NfhS utjhpj;j nry;tdhh; thopNa
cj;jpu fhq;fhjPuj; Jah; jtj;Njhd; thopNa
xspfjpNuhd; njw;Fjpf;f Tfe;J te;Njhd; thopNa
gf;jpnahLgjpndhd;Wk; ghbdhd; thopNa
guhq;FrNd gundd;W gw;wpdhd; thopNa
kj;jpkkhk; gjg;nghUis tho;tpj;jhd; thopNa
kJuftp jpUtbfs; thopthop thopNa.
b) mde;jho;thd; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
NkN\ rpj;jh ]Kj;G+jk; ajpehj gjhஶ;hpjk; /
=Ntq;fNlஶ ]j;gf;j kee;jhh;a k`k; gN[//
ajPej
; ;ughjhk;G[rQ;rhPfk; =kj;jahghyjiafghj;uk; /
=Ntq;fNlஶhq;f;hpAfhe;juq;fk; ekhk; aee;jhh;akee;jf;Uj;t: //
jpUNtq;flKilad; mee;jho;thidg;gw;wp mUspa jdpad;fs;
mfpyhj;k Fzhth]k; mQ;Qhejpkpuhg`k; /

Mஶ;hpjhehk; ]{ஶuzk; te;Njsee;jhh;a Njஶpfk; //
=kj; uhkhE[hrhh;a =ghj mk;NghU`j;tak; /

]Jj;jkhq;f ]e;jhh;ak; mee;jhh;ak`k; gN[//
thopj;jpUehkk;
kiyapy; Ntq;fltw;F khkdhh; thopNa
kzpr;Rlh;Nfhd; mde;jndd te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
cyFf;Nfhh; jQ;rnkd cjpj;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
cyFKz;lkhybia cfe;Ja;e;N;jhd; thopNa
,yF rpj;jpiu jd;dpy; rpj;jpiuNahd; thopNa
ve;ijnajpuhrh; ,izabNahd; thopNa
myh;Nky; kq;if jpUTf;F mg;gdhh; thopNa
mde;jho;thd; jpUtbfs; mdtujk; thopNa.
tpz;zth;fs; te;JnjhOk; Ntq;flkhy; mbapiziaj;

74
jpz;zkpJ ntd;W njspTw;W - ez;zpf;
fhykyh; gwpj;jpl;Lf; fz;Lff;Fk; mde;jho;thd;
Nfhykyh; mbapizNa $W.
mUkiwfs; Njlwpa mzpNtq; flkhy;

jpUtpUf;Fk; khh;gpy; jpUkhiy - xUikAld;
Njb mspj;jUSk; rPh;mde; jho;thidg;
ghb mbnjhONthk; ahk;.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=Ntq;flhj;hp fkpJ: ifq;fh;Na\{ e;aAq;f;j ak; /
uhkhE[hh;a]; j];ik ];ahj; mde;jhh;aha kq;fsk; //
d) elhJ}uk;khs; - rpj;jpiu (thj;];a tujhrhh;) –

vk;ngUkhdhUila kUkfd; elhJ}uho;thdpd;
jpUg;Ngudhh;
jdpad;
te;Njs`k; tujhh;ae; jk; tj;]hgp[d G+\zk; /
gh\;ahk;Uj g;ujhehj;a: ]Q;[Ptajp khkgp //
thopj;jpUehkk;
Rj;jFz tpl;Lrpj;jd; RlubNahd; thopNa
RUjg; gpufhrpifiar; nrhy;ypitj;Njhd; thopNa
jj;Jtg;uNkaj;jpd; jukwpe;Njhd; (rhukPe;Njhd;) thopNa
jFJ}g;gpy;gps;isf;Fj; jfTiug;Nghd; thopNa
Gj;jpkpFrhuhh;j;j rJ\;laj;Njhd; thopNa
Gfo;ghbag;nghUisg; Gjh;f;fspg;Nghd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapy; rpj;jpiuehs; fr;rpte;Njhd; thopNa
rPuhUk; mk;khs; jd;Nrtbfs; thopNa.
jpq;fs; Nghd;w jpUKfk; thopNa
jpUkz;fhg;Gj; jpfo; new;wp thopNa
njhq;F Kg;GhpE}y; khh;G thopNa
Njhd;wpyr;rpidj; Njhs; kpf thopNa
jq;F Nfhrk; tpsq;Fif thopNa
jhq;F rpd;Kj;jpiu tpuy; thopNa
nghq;F tj;]Fy tujhhpad;
75
nghd;kyh;g;gjk; thopa thopNa.
e) =kj; Mj;jhd; ];thkp (KLk;ig jpUtk;rk;) - Mtzp

(= tujhrhhpahh;)
jpUel;rj;jpu jdpad;
]pk;N` rpj;NuhL ]k;G+jk; tj;]tk;rhg;jp nfs];Jgk;
uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; tujh`;ta khr;uNa.
epj;aj;jdpad;
=uhkhE[ NahfPej
; ;u gjgq;f[ \l;gjk;
uhkhE[hh;a jeak; tujhh;a k`k; gN[.
Mj;jhepjP` tpjpNjh tujhh;a rh;kh

fhhPej
; ;u]{E f;Ujp ]hfu G+h;z re;j;u:
rPh;
thop Mj;jhd; fkytz; ruzk; thop KLk;ig
thopatd; mUs; $h; ths;tpopfs; (tha; nkhopfs;) - thopNa
,uhkhErk;gps;is ,d;dUshy; Mo;thh;
jpuhtplEhy; Njh;e;Jiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopvopy; Mj;jhd;jd; kyh;g;gjq;fs; thopatd;

jpUehkk; tha;nkhopfs; thopNa – ve;ij ,uhkhDrk;
gps;is ,d;dUshy; khwDiu
re;jjKk; jhDiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
jOT jpUkhh;gDld; jz;gJik NridKjy;
rlNfhgd; ehjKdp jhs;njhopNthd; thopNa
tOtpy; Gfo; Gz;lhPff;fz;zh; kzf;fhy; ek;gp
tho; Mste;jhiu thoj;Jktd; thopNa
moFila nghpaek;gp vjpuhrh; mtub6Nrh;
midj;jhhpah; jq;fs; mUSilNahd; thopNa
vOYila ,uhkhErk; gps;isf;fpdpa ike;jd;
vq;fs; tujhhpadhh; ,dpJhop thopaNt.
76
gq;faj; jpUj;jhspiz thopNa
ghd;kjp jpUthilAk; thopNa
mq;fkhh; jpUTe;jpAk; thopNa
MuEhy; kzpkhh;Gk; thopNa
rq;F rf;fuj;Njhspid thopNa
jhkiur; nre;jpUKfKk; thopNa
kq;fyj; jpUehkk; thopNa
tho;KLk;ig tujhhpad; thopNa.
,d;gKWk; FUifefh; ,ak;g te;Njhd; thopNa
vq;fsp uhkhD[k; gps;isf; fpdpa ike;jd; thopNa
jk;gukhaPL gh\;ak; je;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
jz;zuq;fdUshsh;jhs; njhONthd; thopNa
md;guhKyfhhpadUSilNahd; thopNa
Mtzpapy; rpj;jpiuehs; mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
vd;gudh nkjpuh[d; ,izabNahd; thopNa
vopy; KLk;ig ahj;jhd; jd; ,izkyh;fs; thopNa.
tho;tspf;ff; FUif efh; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa

tukq;if khKdpf;F tho; tspj;jhd; thopNa
Mo;thh;jk; Nfh\;bfis milT nra;jhd; thopNa
Mj;jhd; vDk; ehkk; milT ngw;whd; thopNa
jho;tjpyhr; rpj;jpiuapy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
jFk; mofg;ghhpaidj; jhdspj;Njhd; thopNa
Vo;ghUk; ca;a <l;Lg;gjk; ciuj;Njhd; thopNa
vopy; KLk;ig tujhhpad; ,idabfs; thopNa.
Mrhh;ahpd; cah;itj; njhptpf;Fk; ];Nyhfk;
FUNutguhtpj;ah FUNutgufjp: /
a];khj;jJgNj\;lhn]s j];khj; FUjNuh FU: //
15) ];thjp
a) mofpa rpq;fh; - Rf;y g rJh;j;jrp – Mdp
jdpad;
t;U\Ng ];thjp e j;Nu rJh;j;jஶ;ahk; ஶ{NgjpNe /
]e;j;ahfhNy epஶhAf;Nj ];jk;Nghj;G+jk; e;UNf]hpk; //
77
b) nghpaho;thh; - Mdp
jdpad;
kpJNe ];thjp[k; tp\;Nzh ujhk;ஶk; je;tpe: GNu
g;ugj;Na ஶt
; ஶ{uk;tp\;Nzhh; tp\;Zrpj;jk; Guஶ;;ஶpfk;.
nghpaho;thh; tp\akhf =ke; ehjKdpfs; mUspAs;s jdpad;
FUKfkejPj;a g;uh` NtjheNr\he;

eugjp ghpf;Yg;jk; Ry;fkhjhJfhk: /
r;tRukkute;j;ak; uq;fehj];a ]hr\hj;
j;tp[Fy jpyfk; jk; tp\;Zrpj;jk; ekhkp //
nghpaho;thh; tp\akhf ghz;ba gl;lh; mUspAs;s jdpad;fs;
kpd;dhh;jlkjps;#o; tpy;ypGj;Jhnud;nwhUfhy;
nrhd;dhh; fow;fkyQ; #bNdhk; - Kd;dhs;
fpopaWj;jh ndd;Wiuj;Njhk;. fPo;ikapdpw; NrUk;
topaWj;Njhk; neQ;rNkte;J.
ghz;bad; nfhz;lhlg; gl;lh;gpuhd; te;jhndd;W

<z;ba rq;fnkLj;Jhj - Ntz;ba
Ntjq;fNshjp tpiue;J fpopaWj;jhd;
ghjq;fs; ahKilagw;W.
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy - 16,17,18,19, 20
,d;iwg; ngUik mwpe;jpiyNah Vio neQ;Nr

,d;iwf;nfd;Ndw;wnkdp; Yiuf;Nfd;. - ed;wpGid
gy;yhz;Lghba ek; gl;lh;gpuhd; te;Jjpj;j
ey;yhdpapw; Nrhjp ehs;.
khepyj;jpy; Kd; ek;nghpaho;thh; te;Jjpj;j

Mdpjd;dpy; Nrhjp vd;why; Mjhpf;Fk; - Qhdpah;f;
nfhg;Nghhpy;iy apt;TyFjdpy; vd;W neQ;Nr
vg;NghJk; rpe;jpj;jpU.
kq;fshrhrej;jpy; kw;Ws;s Mo;thh;fs;.

78
jq;fs; Mh;tj;jsTjhd; md;wp. - nghq;Fk;
ghpthNy tpy;ypGj;Jhh;g; gl;lh;gpud; ngw;whd;
nghpaho;thh; vd;Dk; ngah;.
Nfhjpythk; Mo;thh;fs; $W fiyf;nfy;yhk;

Mjp jpUg;gy;yhz;L MdJTk; - Ntjj;Jf;F
xk; vd;Dk; mJ Nghy; cs;sJf;nfy;yhk; RUf;fha;.
jhd; kq;fyk; Mjyhy;.
cz;Nlh jpUgy;yhz;Lf; nfhg;gNjhh; fiyjhd; ?
cz;Nlh nghpaho;thh;f; nfhg;nghUth;. jz; jkpo; Ehy;
nra;jUSk; Mo;thh;fs; jk;kpy; mth; nra;fiyapy;
igjy; neQ;Nr ePAzh;e;J ghh;.
,uhkhEr E}w;we;jhjp - 15tJ ghRuk;
Nrhuhjfhjy; ngUQ;Ropg;ghy;. njhy;iykhiy nahd;Wk;

ghuhjtzg; gy;yhz;nld;W fhg;gpLk; . ghd;ikad;jhs;
NguhjTs;sj; jpuhkhErd;wd; gpwq;fparPh;
rhuh kdpriur; NrNud; . vdf;Fvd;d jho;tpdpNa?
thopj;jpUehkk;
ey;y jpUgy;yhz;L ehd; %d;Nwhd; thopNa
ehD}w;wW gj;njhd;Wk; ekf;Fiuj;jhd; thopNa
nrhy;yhpa thdpjdpy; Nrhjpte;jhd; thopNa
njhil #bf;nfhLj;jts; jd;njhOe;jkg;gd; thopNa
nry;tek;gp jd;idg;Nghy; rpwg;Gw;whd; thopNa
nrd;W fpopaWj;J khy; nja;tnkd;whd; thopNa
tpy;ypGj;Jhh; efuj;ij tpsf;fpdhd; thopNa
Ntjpah;Nfhd; gl;lh;gpuhd; Nkjpdpapy; thopNa.
c) nghpa jpUkiy ek;gp - itfhrp
jdpad;
=ky; y ;kz NahfPej; ;u =uhkhaz Njஶpfk; /
=iஶyG+h;zk; t;U\g ];thjp ]Q;[hj khஶ;uNa //
gpjhk`];ahgp gpjhk`ha g;uhNrj]hNj ஶgyg;ujha /
79
=gh\;afhNuhj;jk Njஶpfha =iஶyG+h;zha eNkh ek:];jhj; //
,th; mUspAs;s mkydhjpgpuhd; jdpad;
fhl;lNt fz;lghj fkyk; ey;yhil ce;jp

Njl;lUk; cjuge;jk; jpUkhh;T fz;lk; nrt;tha;
thl;lkpy; fz;fs; Nkdp Kdp Vwpj; jdpGFe;J
ghl;bdhy; fz;L thOk; ghzh; jhs; gutpNdhNk.
thopj;jpUehkk;
itfhrpr; Nrhjpehs; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
tz;jpUNtq;flKilahd; tuGj;jpud; thopNa
ma;ad; =Mste;jhh; mbnjhONthd; thopNa
mdtujk; kiyFdpah;f;F mbiknra;Nthd; thopNa
nka;adpukhD[rhhpad; tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
kpf;f jpUkiyahh;f;nfy;yhk; Nkyhthd; thopNa
nra;a jkpo; Ntjj;jpd; rpwg;gwpe;N;jhd; thopNa
jpUkiyek;gpfs; cga jpUtbfs; thopNa.
d) =mofg;guhd; (Re;juNjrpfd;) - Gul;lhrp
jdpad; / ];Nyhfk;
1. =kj; ]{e;ju uh[hf;a: =epth] GNuh`pj:
=epth]]{j: =khe; r;NuaN] Nk];J G+aN].
2. a];jhg ePNahgep\j; g;ujhehj; ajPr;th];ahgp FUh; gG+t

nfsz;b e;atk;rhg;jp fshepjpkjk; =]{e;jNurk; rpu]h g[hk:
3. ehu]pk;k kEjhd Njh\pNjh uhk N]hju Keph;e ee;jak;

jhj ]k;a Fgjp\;l kpj;aKk; ]{e;jNur FUth;a khr;uNa.
4. a: =epth]hya rk;gfhf;a g;uhfhu gh;ae;ju j pzhk;Nr

];tehkj: $gtuk; rfhu a];jk;FUk; ]{e;ju uh[kPNl.
5. =jhgepNah gep\j; u`];ak; NaNehgjp\;lk; akpehk; tuha

=Ntq;flhjPr GNuhj ]k;r gN[kjk; =fu ]{e;jNurk;.
6. =Ntq;fNlrhry rk;gfhf;a g;uhfhukj;Na ep[fh e$gk;

Muhj ehahq;fpj khj;k ehk;eh gN[kjk; =fu ]{e;jNurk;.
80
7. =kj;ahKe Nahfpe: gjAfk; g;uhg;jk; guk; ]hjek;
jj;fhUz;a flh yg;j ]fy j;uhae;j tpj;ah epjpk;
gj;Nk r];a GNuhf]k; G[fuhl; G+kp ju ];thkpe:
nfsz;be; ahe;ta G+\zk; FUtuk; =]{e;jNurk; gN[
8. = ]{e;juhrhh;a tNuhg jp\;l = jhgePNah gep\j; u`];ak;

=ke; jk];kj; FyNjrpfk; jk; = gh\;a fhuk; ajpuh[ kPNl.
thopj;jpUehkk;
Gul;lhrpr; Nrhjpjdpy; Gtpte;Njhd; thopNa
nghopykUk; Ntq;flth; GNuhfpjdhh; thopNa
Mste;jhh; jhspidaha; mkh;e;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
Ntq;flkhk; tpz;zfiu tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
nrz;gfj;jpy; nghw;$gk; nra;Jfe;jhd; thopNa
ajpuhrh;f;Fj; @jhgePak; <e;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
khjtid kiwajdhy; tho;j;Jktd; thopNa
jpUtofg;gpuhdhh; jk; jpUj;jhs;fs; thopNa.
@ jhgePNahgep\j; u`];aj;ij mUspdhh;
kq;fsk;
=kj; ]{e;ju uh[hf;a kq;fshrh] Nehj;jkk;
Nagle; j;ae;t`k; Njg;Nah NjrpNfg;Nahgp kq;fsk;.
e) tlf;Fj;jpUtPjpg;gps;is – KLk;ig jpUtk;rk; - Mdp

jdpad;
kpJNe ];thjp]k;G+jk; fypithpgjh=jk; /
cjf;g;uNjhsP epyak; f;U\;z ghjk`k; gN[ //
=f;U\;z ghjghjhg;N[ ekhkp ஶpu]h ]jh /

aj;g;u]hj g;ughNte ]h;t ]pj;juG+e;kk //
,tiu Nghw;wp ciuf;Fk; ghRuk; - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy –

39, 44, 48, 52Mk; ghRuq;fs;

81
kzthsNahfp jpUtha;nkhopiaf; fhj;j
njs;spajh ek;gps;is nrG;G newpjd;id.

ts;sy; tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; - gps;is. ,e;j
ehlwpa khwd; kiwg;nghUis ed;Fiuj;jJ.
<L Kg;gj;jhwhapuk;.
rPuhh;tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is. vO
Njuhh; jkpo; Ntjj;jL P jidj; - jhUnkd
thq;fp Kd; ek;gps;is aPAz;zp khjth;f;Fj;
gpd;id tlf;Fj;jpUtpjPg;gps;is. md;ghy;

md;d jpUehkj;ij ahjhpj;J. - kd;DGfo;
ike;jh;f;Fr; rhw;Wifahy; te;J gue;jJ. vq;Fk;
,e;jj; jpUehk kpq;F.
thopj;jpUehkk;
Mdpjdpy; Nrhjpeh stjhpj;jhd; thopNa
Mo;thh;fs; fiyg;nghUis Ma;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
jhd; cfe;j ek;gps;is jhs; njhONthd; thopNa
rlNfhgd; jkpo;f;F <L rhw;wpdhd; thopNa
ehdpyj;jpy; ghbaj;ij elj;jpdhd; thopNa
ey;y cyfhupaid ekf;F mspj;jhd; thopNa
<dkw ntikahSk; kpiwtdhh; thopNa
vq;fs; tltPjpg; gps;is apizabfs; thopNa.
f) thjpNfrhp mofpakzthsr;rPah; - Mdp

jdpad;
]{e;ju[hkhj;UKNe: g;ugj;Na ruzhk;G[k; /
]k;]huhh;zt ]k;kf;e [e;J ]e;jhuNghjfk; //
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy - 39Mk; ghRuk; kw;Wk; 45Mk; ghRuk;
gps;shd; eQ;rPah; nghpathr;rhd;gps;is
82
njs;shh; tlf;Fj;jpUtPjpg; - gps;is
Fzthsnud;W neQ;Nr $W.
md;NghL mofpa kzthsr;rPah;.

gpd;NghUk; fw;wwpe;J NgRiff;fh. - jk; nghpa
NghjKld; khwd; kiwapd; nghUs; ciuj;jJ.
Vjkpy; gd;dPuhapuk;.
g) nghpa ஶ{j;j]j;j;tk; mz;zd; - ஶ{j;j]j;j;tk;
njhl;lahrhh;ah; ];thkp jpUkhspiff; $l];jh; - khrp
jdpad;
fhe;Njh gae;jpU NahfPe;j;u fUzh ghpg;U`;kpjk; /
fyNa Ntq;flhrhh;ak; nfsrpfhd;ta G+\zk; //
j;uhtpl epfk #lh Njrpfj;thjp uh[;Na
];tFUgp : mgp\Pfj; : ]{j;j]j;thh;a th;a: /
[fjp tujuh[rhh;a[: ];&aNja:
FrpfFy JhPzk; Ntq;flhh;ak; gN[`k; //
thJ}y tujhrhh;a thpt];ah tprhujk; /

Rj;j]j;tk; Rghrhh;ak; te;Nj Ntq;fl Njrpfk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
khrpnaopy; Nrhjp jd;dpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
kzthskhKepia tho;j;Jktd; thopNa
Ngrhpa GfOila ngUe;jtj;Njhd; thopNa
Ngijik jPh;j;njidahSk; NgUilNahd; thopNa
fhrpdpNahh;f; fpjkpUSq; nfsrpfh;Nfhd; thopNa
fe;jhil az;zdb fUJktd; thopNa
thrpAil tue;jUthh; jpUkfdhh; thopNa
tz;zkzp Nkfepfh; mz;nzd;Wk; thopNa.
h) njhl;ilaq;fhug;ig - Nrhs]pk;kGuk; njhl;lhrhh;

jpUkhspiff;F %yGU\h; - ij
jdpad;
te;Nj Ntjhe;j fh;G+uth]pj ];the;j kd;t`k;
83
thJ}yFy [PthJk; =epth] k`h FUk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
jhuzpapy; Ntjhe;jk; jiof;f te;Njhd; thopNa
ijapy; tsh;r;Nrhjpjd;dpy; jyj;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
rPuzpAk; nrOkiwfs; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
rpde;JtUk; thjpaiur; rpijj;Jfe;jhd; thopNa
ghuzpAk; gy;Yaph;f;Fg; gjkspj;jhd; thopNa
gyfhYk; tuKdpapd; gjk;Jjpg;Nghd; thopNa
VuzpAk; fe;jhilf; Fyj;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
vopy; njhl;ilaq;fhug;ig ,izabfs; thopNa.
16) tprhfk;
a) ek;kho;thh; - itfhrp
jdpad;
t;U\NgJ tpஶhfhahk; FUfhGhp fhhp[k;
ghz;laNjNஶfNyuhnjs ஶlhhpk; i]e;agk; gN[.
yhNg fNyh;th]Nu Vt uhNj khN] tprhNf kèPajhNu

Rf;u];a thNu[ep tpr;tjpj;ahk; guhq;FNrhak; gfthe; FsPNu.
uhNj fypjpNe yhNg itrhNf fht;a th]Nu

yf;Ne fh;f;flNf]{j jeak; ehj ehapfh.
khjh gpjh Atja]; jeah tpG+jp];
]h;tk; aNjt epaNke kje;tahehk;
Mj;a];a e: FygNjh; tFshgpuhkk;
=kj; jjq;f;hpAfsk; g;uzkhkp %h;j;eh !
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy ghRuq;fs;

Vuhh; itfhrp tprhfj;jpd; Vw;wj;ijg;
ghNuhh; mwpag; gfh;fpd;Nwd;. – rPuhUk;
Ntje; jkpo; nra;j nka;ad; vopy; FUif
ehjd; mtjhpj;j ehs;. 14
cz;Nlh itfhrp tprhfj;Jf;nfhg;nghUehs;?
84
cz;Nlh rlNfhgh;f;nfhg;nghUth;? - cz;Nlh
jpUtha;nkhopf;nfhg;G. njd;FUiff;Fz;Nlh
xUghh; jdp nyhf;F%h;. 15
ek;ngUkhs; ek;kho;thh; eQ;rPah; ek;;gps;is
Vj;jjidr; nrhy;yp eP apd;W. 50 (Nghw;Wk; ghRuk;)
,uhkhEr Ew;we;jhjp – 18Mk; ghRuk;
va;jw;fhpa kiwfis. Mapukpd;jkpohw;
nra;jw; Fyfpy; tUk; rlNfhgidr;. rpe;ijAs;Ns
nga;jw; fpirAk; nghpath;rPiu Aaph;fnsy;yh
Ka;jw;FjTk;. ,uhkhEr ndk; KWJizNa.
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUf;FUifg;ngUkhs;jd; jpUj;jhs;fs; thopNa
jpUthd jpUKfj;Jr;nrt;tp vd;Wk; thopNa
,Uf;Fnkhop nad;ndQ;rpy; Njf;fpdhhd; thopNa
ve;ij najpuhrh;f; fpiwtdhh; thopNa
fUf;Fopapy; Gfhtz;zk; fhj;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
fhrpapdpyhhpadha;f; fhl;bdhd; thopNa
tUj;jkw te;njd;id tho;tpj;jhd; thopNa
kJuftp jk;gpuhd; thop thop thopNa.
Md jpUtpUj;jk; EhW kUspdhd; thopNa

Mrphpa NkOghl;lspj;jgpuhd; thopNa
<dkwte;jhjp naz;gNjoPe;jhd; thopNa
,yFjpUtha;nkhop ahapuj;njhUEhw;wpuz;Liuj;jhd; thopNa
thdzpAk; khkhlf; FUifkd;dd; thopNa
itfhrp tprhfj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
Nrizah;Nfh dtjhuQ; nra;jts;sy; thopNa
jpUf;FUifr; rlNfhgd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
Nkjpdpapy; itfhrp tprhfj;Njhd; thopNa

Ntjj;ijr; nre;jkpohy; tphpj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
Mjp FUtha;g; Gtpapy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
mdtujQ; Nridah; Nfhd; mb njhONthd; thopNa
ehjDf;F ehyhapuk; ciuj;jhd; thopNa
85
ed;kJuftp tzq;Fk; ehtPwd; thopNa
khjtd; nghw;ghJifaha; tsh;e;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
kfpo;khwd; rlNfhgd; itafj;jpy; thopNa.
ghLtnjy;yhk; guhq;Frid neQ;rj;jhy;
NjLtnjy;yhk; Gspf;fPo;j; Njrpfid Xbg;Ngha;f;
fhz;gnjy;yhk; eq;ifapU fz;kzpia ahd; tpUk;gpg;
G+z;gnjy;yhk; khwdbg; NghJ. (jdpg;ghly;)
ek;kho;thiug;gw;wpa jdpg;ghly;
Njdwhkyh;j; njhilaYk; kTypAk; jpUf;fpsh; Fiof; fhJk;
fhdwhkyh;j; jpUKfr; NrhjpAk; faputj; Jth; thAk;
Nkhdkhfpa tbtKk; khh;gKk; Kj;jpiuj; jpUf;ifAk;
QhdNjrpfd; ruz jhkiuAk; vd; eadk; tpl;lfyhNt.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=efh;ahk; k`hGh;ahk; jhk;ugh;z;Aj;jNu jNl /
=jpe;j;hpzP %yjhk;Ne ஶlNfhgha kq;fsk; //
b) FUiff;fhtyg;gd; - ij
jdpad;
k;UNf tpஶhf ]k;G+jk; ehjnksep gjh=jk; /
[;Qhe Nahfhjp ]k;ge;jk; FUfhj;a khஶ;uNa //
ehjnksep gjh]f;jk; [;QheNahfhjp ]k;gjk; /

FUfhjpg NahfPe;j;uk; ekhkp ஶpu]h ]jh //
thopj;jpUehkk;
kfukjpy; tprhfk; ehs; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
khwd;jhs; ehjKdp kyubNahd; thopNa
epfhpy;ed; QhdNahfk; ePzL
; nra;Nthd; thopNa
eph;zakhiae;JnghUs; epiyawpNthd; thopNa
mfkWf;F kpuhkh;gjk; MirAs;Nshd; thopNa
Mo;thh;fs; kiwajid Ma;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
nrfjyj;jpy; FU$hpy; nrdpj;j ts;sy; thopNa
nra;aFUiff; fhtyg;gd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
86
c) gps;is jpUkiy ek;gp – itfhrp (jpUkiy ek;gp
Fkhuh;)
jdpad;
t;UN\ tp]hf ]k;G+jk; uhkhD[ghjh=jk; /

=iஶyG+h;z ]j;Gj;uk; =iஶyhh;a kfk; gN[ //
=iஶyG+h;z ]j;Gj;uk; =y ;kzgjh];ujk; /

=iஶyhe;ta ]k;G+jk; =iஶyhh;ak`k; gN[ //
d) guhq;Fr ek;gp – itfhrp (vk;ghh; jk;gpapd; Fkhuh;)

jdpad;
Nfhtpe;j uh[he;taN[h keP\p guhq;FN]h ahKeitke];ak; /
mghrfhu g;u]gk; j;UjPak; tpuh[Nj t;Uj;jkzp g;ujPg: //
y ;kP fht;aj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ
Nfhtpe;juh[he;taN[h keP\P guhq;FN]h ahKeitk e];ak; /

mghrfhu g;u]gk; j;UjPak; tpuh[Nj t;Uj;jpkzp g;ujPg: //
thopj;jpUehkk;
kd;DGfo; itfhrp tprhfj;Njhd; thopNa
kjpsuq;fh; rPUiuf;Fk; kdKilNahd; thopNa
,d;Gfo; khwDiu epide;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
ePs;Gtpapy; vjpgjp jhs; epoy; Fyj;Njhd; thopNa
md;Gld; Mwhapug;nghUis Ma;e;Jiuj;Njhd; thopNa
Mste;jhh; FiwjPu mtdp te;Njhd; thopNa
ed;Gfo;Nrh; ghl;aj;ij ekf;Fiuj;Njhd; thopNa
eye;jpfOk; guhq;Frdhh; ehNlhWk; thopNa.
e) MRhpg;ngUkhs; - (Gz;lhPfh h;, ngk;khd;)

,uhkhE[Uila ,uz;lhtJ jpUf;Fkhuh; - Mdp
jdpad;
87
ஶ |
||
ஶ :
|
ஶ ||
f) jpUtha; nkhopg; gps;is - itfhrp
jdpad;
=iஶNyஶFUk; Nyhf Njஶpfhq;f;hp ]kh=jk; /
t;UN\ tpஶhf ]k;G+jk; te;Nj tuFzhfuk; //
ekஶ;=iஶy ehjha Fe;jPefu [e;kNe /

g;u]hjyg;j gukg;uhg;a ifq;fh;a ஶhypNe //
,tiu Gfo;e;J kzthskhKdpfs; mUsr; nra;j ghRrq;fs;
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy Kjy; ghRuk;
ve;ij jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is ,d;dUshy;.

te;j cgNjrkhh;f;fj;ijr; - rpe;ij nra;J.
gpd;dtUk; fw;f. cgNjrkha;g; Ngrpfpd;Nwd;
kd;dpa rPh; ntz;ghtpy; itj;J.
Mh;j;jpg;uge;jk; 12,21,22,46,57,58; ghRuq;fs;
Njre;jpfOk; jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is
khrpy; jpUkiyaho;thh; - vd;id Nerj;jhy;
vg;gbNa vz;zp epd;ghy; Nrh;j;jhh; vjpuhrh!
mg;gbNa eP nra;jUs;.
jpUkiyaho;thh; jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is rPuUshy;

jUkjp nfhz;lth; jk;ik Aj;jhufuhf ntz;zp
apUkdNk. mth;f;fh najpuhr nuk;ikf; fLfg;
gukgje;jd;dp Nyw;wth;. vd;d gak; ekf;Nf.
88
jPjw;w Qhdj; jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is rPuUshy;
Vjj;ij khw;W nkjpuhrh; jk;kgpkhd nkd;Dk;
Nghjj;ij Nawpg; gtkhk; Gzhpjidf; fle;J
Nfhjw;w khjtd; ghjf; fiuiaf; FWFtNd.
jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is jPtpidNahe; jk;ikf;

FUthfp te;Ja;af; nfhz;L – nghUtpy;
kjpjh dspj;jUSk; tho;td;Nwh neQ;Nr!
vjpuhrh;f; fhshNdhk;ahk;.
Njrpfh;fs; Nghw;Wk; jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is

thrkyh;j; jhsile;j tj;J ntDk; - Nerj;jhy;
vd; gpiofs; fhzh ntjpuhrNu! mbNad;
Gd; gfh;itf; NfSk; nghWj;J.
ve;ij jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is apd;dUshy;

cd;jDWit Azh;j;jpagpd; - ,e;jTaph;f;
nfy;yh TwTk; eP nad;Nw najpuhrh!
epy;yhj Jz;Nlhntd; neQ;R.
thopj;jpUehkk;
itafnkz; rlNfhgd; kiw tsh;j;Njhd; thopNa
itfhrp tprhfj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
Iad; mUs;khhp fiy Ma;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
mofhUk; vjpuhrh; mbgzpNthd; thopNa
Ja;a cyfhhpad; jd; Jizg; gjj;Njhd; thopNa
njhy; FUfhGhp mjidj; Jyf;fpdhd; thopNa
nja;t efh; Fe;jp jd;dpy; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
jpUtha;nkhopg; gps;is jpUtbfs; thopNa.
17) mD\k;
a) =ke; ehjKdpfs; - Mdp
jdpad;
[;Na\;lhkhN] j;tEhuhNj [hjk; ehjKepk; gN[/

a: =ஶlhNu: ஶ;Ujthe; g;uge;j kfpyk; FNuh: //
89
eNkhsrpe;j;ahj; Gjhf;yp\;l [;Qhe ituhf;a uhஶNa /
ehjha KeNasfhj gftj; gf;jp ]pe;jNt //
=guhrugl;lh; mUspAs;s =uq;fuh];jtk; - 5Mk;

];Nyhfk;
neskp ehjKepk; ehk [PKjk; gf;j;af;tf;uN` /

ituhf;a gftj; jj;t[;Qhegf;j;agpth;\{fk; //
,tiu Nghw;wpAiuf;Fk; ,uhkE[Ehw;we;jhjp - 20Mk;
ghRuk;
Mug;nghopy; njd;FUifg;gpuhd;. mKjj;jpUtha;

<uj; jkpopd; ,irAzh;e;Njhh;fl;F. ,dpath;jk;
rPiug; gapd;Wa;Ak; rPyq;nfhs; ehjKdpia neQ;rhy;
thhpg;gUFk;. ,uhkhDr ndd;wd; khepjpNa.
ehs; ghl;L – cgNjruj;jpdkhiy – 36Mk; ghRuk;

(,e;j ghRuj;ij ehs; ghl;L ,y;yhj Mrhh;ah;fSf;F
mEre;jpf;fyhk;;)
njUSw;w Mo;thh;fs; rPh;ik mwpthuhh;.
mUspr; nraiy mwpthuhh;. - mUs; ngw;w
ehjKdp Kjyhk; (Kjyhd) ek; Njrpfiu my;yhy;
Ngij kdNk cz;Nlh NgR.
thopj;jpUehkk;
Mdpjdpy; mDlj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
Mste;jhh;f;F cgNjrk; mUsp itj;jhd; thopNa
ghD njw;fpy; fz;ltd; nrhy;gy ciuj;jhd; thopNa
guhq;Frdhh; nrhy; gpuge;jk; ghpe;J fw;whd; thopNa
fhdKwj; jhsj;jpy; fz;birj;jhd; thopNa
fUizapdhy; cgNjrf; fjpaspj;jhd; thopNa
ehdpyj;jpy; FUtiuia ehl;bdhd; thopNa
eyk; jpfOk; ehjKdp ew;gjq;fs; thopNa.
b) nghpa gl;lh; (guhRu gl;lh;) - itfhrp
90
jdpad;
khjNt kh];aEhuhjh [hjk; gl;lhh;a Njஶpfk; /
Nfhtpe;j FUghjhg;[g;Uq;fuh[ k`k;gN[ //
=guhஶugl;lhh;a: =uq;NfஶGNuh`pj: /
=tj;]hq;f]{j: =khe; ஶ;NuaN] Nks];J G+aN] //
,tiu Nghw;Wk; ghRuq;fs;
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 42Mk; ghRuk;

jQ;rPiu Qhdpah;fs; jhk;GfOk; Ntjhe;jp
eQ;rPah; jhk; gl;lh; ey;yUshy; - vQ;rhj
Mh;tKld; khwd; kiwg; nghUis Mae;Jiuj;jJ
Vh; xd;gjpdhapuk;.
Mh;j;jpgpue;jk; - 35tJ ghRuk;

mUshNyabNaid agpkhdpj;jUsp
metuj kbiknfhs;s epidj;J ePapUf;f
kUshNy Gyd; NghfthQ;irnrA nkd;jd;
ty;tpidia khw;wp Ad;ghy; kdk;itf;fg; gz;zha;
njUshUk; $uj;jho;thD kth; nry;tj;
jpUkfdhh; jhK kUspr;nra;j. jPikj;
jpushd jpj;jidAk; NruTs ntd;idj;
jpUj;jp Aaf;nfhs;Sk; tif NjU nkjpuhrh!.
thopj;jpUehkk;
njd;duq;fh; ike;jd; vdr; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
jpUneLe;jhz;lfg; nghUisr; nrg;Gktd; thopNa
md;dtay; G+Juhd; mb gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
metujk; vk;ghUf;F Ml;nra;Nthd; thopNa
kd;D jpUf;$udhh; tsKiug;Nghd; thopNa
itfhrp mDlj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
gd;Dfiy ehy;Ntjg; gad; njhpe;Njhd; thopNa
guhrudhk; rPh; gl;lh; ghh; cyfpy; thopNa.
91
,th; Mo;thh;fs; tp\akhf mUspa jdpad;
G+jk; ]uஶ;a k`jh`;ta gl;lehj:

=gf;jp]hu FyNஶfu Nahfpth`he; /
gf;jhq;f;hpNuZ gufhy ajPej
; ;ukpஶ;uhe;
=kj;guhq;FஶKepk; g;uzNjhs];kp epj;ak; //
c) =uhkgps;is - itfhrp
jdpad;
$Nuஶ ee;jek; te;Nj t;ah]hk;ஶk; uq;fth]pek; /
mE}uhNj JitஶhNf [hjk; =uhkNjஶpfk; //
=Ntjt;ah] gl;lhh;ak; =uq;f ];jyth]pek; /

=tj;]rp`;e]j;Gj;uk; te;Nj =uhkNjஶpfk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
njz;biu#o; jpUtuq;fk; nropf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
njd;duq;fh; ike;jd; vdr; rpwf;f te;Njhd; thopNa
gz;bjuhk; vjpuhrh; gjk; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
ghbaj;jpd; cl;nghUisg; gfh;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
kz;LGfo;f; $udhh; kfpo;e;j nry;td; thopNa
itfhrp mDlj;jpy; ghUjpj;jhd; thopNa
vz;birAk; rPnuk;ghh; gjk; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
vopy; rPuhkg;gps;is ,izabfs; thopNa.
18) Nfl;il
a) njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; - khh;fop
jdpad;fs;
Nfhjz;Nl [;Na\;l e j;Nu kz;lq;Fb GNuhj;gtk; /
NrhNshh;t;ahk; tekhyhk;;ஶk; gf;jgj;NuZkhஶ;uNa //
jNkt kj;th guth]{ Njtk; uq;Nfஶak; uh[tjh;`zPak;
92
g;uhNghjfPk; Nahf;Uj ]{f;jpkhyhk; gf;jhq;f;hpNuZk; gfte;jkPNl
jj;NuhjG+j; ghftjhj; j;tpN[e;j;uhj; khNè;j;uNg kh]p r
khh;f;fஶPh;N\ =tpg;uehuhaz ehkNja:KuhhptN htekhypfhk;;ஶ:
Nrhsh pnjs jE\p kh]p kNè;j;ujhNu
a: g;uhJuh] Ku[pj;tekhypfhk;;ஶ: /
uq;N;fஶNfsp]f%h;j;tஶpfk; j;tpN[e;j;uk;
gf;jhq;f;hpNuZkefhj;kFzk; g;ugj;Na //
,tiu Nghw;Wk; ,uhkhEr E}w;we;jhjp – 13Mk; ghRuk;

nra;Ak; gRe;Jstj;njhopy; khiyAk;. nre;jkpopy;
nga;Ak; kiwj;jkpo; khiyAk;. Nguhj rPuuq;fj;
ja;ad; fow;fzpAk; gud;jhsd;wp Mjhpah
nka;ad;. ,uhkhDrd; ruNz fjpNtnwdf;Nf.
ehs; ghl;L - cgNjruj;jpdkhiy – 11Mk; ghRuk;

kd;dparPh; khh;fopapy; Nfl;ilapd;W khepyj;jPh;
vd;dpjDf; Nfw;wnkdp Yiuf;Nfd; - Jd;DGfo;
khkiwNahd; njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; gpwg;ghy;
ehd;kiwNahh; nfhz;lhLk;ehs;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
kz;lq; Fbajid tho;tpj;jhd; thopNa
khh;fopapy; Nfl;iljdpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
njz;biu#ouq;fiuNa nja;tnkd;whd; thopNa
jpUkhiy nahd;tjQ;RQ; nrg;gpdhd; thopNa
gz;L jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp gj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
ghitah;fs; fytpjidg; gopj;j nry;td; thopNa
njhz;L nra;J Jsgj;jhy; Jyq;fpdhd; thopNa
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; Jidg;gjq;fs; thopNa.
b) nghpa ek;gp - khh;fop

jdpad;
jEh;[;Na\;lh]Kj;G+jk; ahKehq;f;hp ]kh=jk; /
kh`hG+h;zk; ajPej
; ;uha ke;j;u uj;eg;ujk; gN[ //
93
fkyhgjp fy;ahzFzhk;Uj epN\tah /
G+h;z fhkha ]jjk; G+h;zha kN`Nj ek: //
jahepf;ek; ajPe;j;u];a Njஶpfk; G+h;zkhஶ;uNa /

Nae tpஶ;t];UN[h tp\;NzhuG+h;aj kNehuj: //
thopj;jpUehkk;
mk;Gtpapy; gjpd;kh;fiy aha;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
Mste;jhh; jhspizia aile;Ja;e;Njhd; thopNa
ck;gh;njhO kuq;Nfrh;f; Ffg;GilNahd; thopNa
Xq;F jDf;Nfl;il jdpYjpj;j gpuhd; thopNa
tk;gtpo;jhh; tujUiu thop nra;jhd; thopNa
khwNdhp ek;gpf;F tho;tspj;jhd; thopNa
vk;ngUkhdhh; Kdpth;f; fpjKiuj;jhd; thopNa
vopy; nghpa ek;gp ruzpdpJhop thopNa.
c) jpUtuq;fg; ngUkhs; miuah; - itfhrp
jdpad;
=uhkkpஶ;ugjgq;f; [ rQ;rhPfk;
=ahKehh;a tuGj;uk`k; Fzhl;ak; /
=uq;fuh[fUzhghpzhk jj;jk;
=gh\;afhu ruzk; tuuq;fkPNl //
thopj;jpUehkk;
ehjKdp Fye;jpfo ed;Fjpj;Njhd; thopNa
ew;wkpopd; kiwf;fpiria etpd;Wiug;Nghd; thopNa
fhjyuq;NfrhpUfoy; gzpNthd; thopNa
fhdtu eatpirahy; fspg;gpg;Nghd; thopNa
Vjkpy; tz;fr;rpapid Vj;jpirg;Nghd; thopNa
vjpgjpiag; ghprhfNtw;W te;Njhd; thopNa
jPjpy; aKidj;Jiwtd; NrtbNahd; thopNa
jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah; jpUtbfs; thopNa
94
d) nfhq;fpyhr;rhd; - Mtzp
jdpad;
।
।।
,tUila jh;kgj;dpahd = nfhq;F gpuhl;bahhpd; epj;a jdpad;

ahuq;f];jy thrpdk; ajpgjpk; khJ fuhh;j;jq;fjk; jj;uj;jpia
mtpte;jpjk; ]tpeak; j;U\;l;th gpuzk; %h;j;jp jhk;.
=uhkhD[ ghJfhh;r;rpjk; gjpk; gr;rhj; eurpk; khh;r;rpjhk;
jhk; Njtpk; g[jhk; mgP\;lgyjhk; = nfhq;fpy; gpuhl;bk; gN[.
nfhq;fpyhr;rhd; thopj;jpUehkk;
Mtzpapy; Nfl;iljdpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
mofhUk; nfhq;Fjdpy; mkh;e;j nry;td; thopNa
NjtpnaDk; kw;wwpNad; vd;Wiuj;jhd; thopNa
NjtpnaDk; kidahshy; njspAw;whd; thopNa
ghtzpe;j khwDiu ghpe;Jfj;jhd; thopNa
ghftjhuhjdj;jhy; gUfpdhd; thopNa
Nfhapy; ek;ngUkhdhh;f;F kUfdhh; thopNa
nfhq;fpyz;zd; jk;Kila Fiufoy;fs; thopNa.
Nfhapy; ek;ngUkhdhh;f;F kUfdhh; - nfhq;Fg;gpuhl;bahh; G+kp gpuhl;bahf
Mz;lhisg; NghNy jpUttjhpj;jhh;. ,jdhNyNa vk;ngUkhdhh; ,e;j
gpuhl;bf;F rNfhjuh; Mfpwhh;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt Nky; cs;s
thopj;jpUehkj;jpy; nfhq;fpyhr;rhid vk;ngUkhdhhpd; kUkfdhh;
(khg;gps;is) vd;W $wpg;gpl;L cs;sdh;.
e) $uehuhaz [Pah; - khh;fop

jdpad;
=guh]ugl;lhh;a rp\;ak; =uq;fghyfk; /

ehuhazKepk; te;Nj [;Qhehjp Fz]hfuk; //
uq;Nfஶ tp[;Qhg;jpf uhka];a rfhu rf;NuஶEjpk; ept;Uj;jNa /

]kh];uNaak; tuG+uzPk;a: jk; $uehuhaz ehkfk; Kepk; //
95
thopj;jpUehkk;
;
khh;ifopapy; Nfl;iljdpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
khyuq;fh; rPuUis kd;Dktd; thopNa
ghUyfpy; Rjh;rdj;jpd; GfOiug;Nghd; thopNa
gh\z;baidtiuAk; gwf;fbj;jhd; thopNa
rPnujpuhrh; gjj;jpy; tPw;wpUg;Nghd; thopNa
vg;NghJk; gjpd;kh;fiy ,dp Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
Vuhh;e;j Mo;thd;jd; gjk; gzpNthd; thopNa
vopy; $uehuaz Kdptd; thopNa.
f) ehY}h; Mr;rhd; gps;is (Njtuh[h;) - khh;fop
jdpad;
jEh;[;Na\;lh ]Kj;G+jk; ajpuh[hq;f;hp ]k;=jk; /

Ntjhe;j j;ta jj;t[;Qk; Njtuh[ FUk;gN[ //
cgNjr uj;jpdkhiy – 48tJ, 49tJ ghRuq;fs;

thq;fpKd;ek;gps;is aPAz;zp khjth;f;Fj;
Mq;fth; ghy; ngw;w rpwpaho;thdg;gps;is

jhk;nfhLj;jhh; jk;kfdhh; jk;ifapy; - ghq;FlNd
ehYhh;gps;isf;fth;jhk; ey;y kfdhh;f;fth;jhk;
NkNyhh;f;fPej
; h utNukpf;F.
g) mz;zhtpyg;gd; - khrp
(Ntq;flhrhh;ahh; ];thkp - mg;ghr;rpahuz;zhtpd;
jpUf;Fkhuhh;)
jdpad;
thJ}y tujhrhh;a f;UghG+h;z kNehujk; /
=Ntq;fl FUk; te;Nj ஶPyhjp Fz]hfuk; //
96
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUkhrpr;Nfl;ilehs; mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
nre;jkpOk; tlfiyAk; jpfo;e;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
jpUf;fr;rpkhefuk; nropf;fte;Njhd; thopNa
rPuhUk;nkl;nlOj;ijj; njhFj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
ghpTlNd az;zhtpd; gjk;gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
ghUyfpybath;f;Fg; gjkspg;Nghd; thopNa
jpUTila ntjpuhrh; nry;tk; Kw;Wk; thopNa
Nrh;e;jGfo; mz;zhtpyg;gd; mbapizfs; thopNa.
19) %yk;
kzths khKdpfs;
a) =iஶNyr jdpad; mtjhpj;j ehs; - Mdp – jpU%yk;
(mtjhpj;j ehs;: 09.07.1433 – g;ukhjPr tU\k; Mdpj;
jpU%yk;)
=NஶNyஶjahghj;uk; jPgf;j;ahjp Fzhh;ztk; /
ajPej
; ;u g;utzk; te;Nj uk;a[hkhjuk; Kepk; //
Mdpkhjj; jpU%yj;jd;W Nrtpf;f Ntz;ba ghRuq;fs;

mg;gps;shh; mUspr; nra;J cs;s rk;gpujha re;jphpif
MjpapNy mutuir mioj;J muq;fh;
mtdpapNy ,UE}whz;L ,Uk;ehP ; vd;d
ghjpapNy cilatuha; te;J Njhd;wpg;
gukgjk; ehb mth; NghNtd; vd;d,
ePjpaha; Kd;Nghy epw;f ehb
epYitjid epiwNtw;wp thUk; vd;d,
rhjhuznkDk; khtUle; jd;dpy;
jdpj;Jyh %yehs; jhd; te;jhNu. 1.
ew;FNuhjdtUlk; kfu khjk;

eykhff; fd;dpifia kzk; Gzh;e;J,
tpf;fpuk tw;ruj;jpy; tPl;bUe;J
Ntjhe;j kiwg;nghUisr; rpe;ij nra;J
Gf;ffj;jpy; ngz;gps;is NghNy nrd;W
GtdpAs;s jyq;fnsy;yhk; tzq;fpte;J
97
Jf;fk; mw itzth;fs; njhz;L nra;aj;
Jhpaepiy ngw;W (c)yif c(a;)af;nfhz;lhNu. 2.
nraehk khdjpU Mz;L jd;dpy;

rPuq;f uhrUilaj; jpUehs; jd;dpy;
nrakhfj; jpUtPjp thuh epw;fj;
njd;dhl;L itztnud;W xUth; te;J
jiaAila kzthsg; ngUkhs; iedhh;
jk;Kd;Ng Xh; mUj;jk; ,ak;gr; nrhy;yp
radk;nra;J vOe;jpUe;J rpe;jpj;J Mq;Nf
re;jpj;Jf; Nfhapy;fhj;J mUspdhNu. 3.
tjhpahr; rpukj;jpy; ,Unka;j; njhz;lh;

tifahf ehuzid mb tzq;fp,
fjpahf Xh;nghUis mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
fz;zNd! mbNahq;fs; Njw vd;d
rjpuhfr; rPh;iry ke;jpuj;jpd;
rakhd ghjpia Mq;F mUspr;nra;J
gjpahd NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;kpd; ePtPh;
ghjpiaAk; nrhy;YJk; ahk; Njw vd;whh;. 4.
nrd;wth;fs; ,UtUNk Nru te;J

jpUtuq;fd; jpdrhpia Nfsh epw;g
re;epjpKd; fUlho;thh; kz;lgj;jpy;
jhk; <L rhj;Jfpd;w rkak; jd;dpy;
nghd;dpjdpy; ePuhbg; Gfo;e;J te;J
Gfouq;fh; re;epjpKd; tzq;fpepw;g
re;epjpapy; epd;Wmuq;fh; jhNk me;jj;
jdpad; ciu nra;J jiyf;fl;bdhNu. 5.
ey;yNjhh; ghpjhgp tUlk; jd;dpy;

eykhd Mtzpapd; Kg;gj;njhd;wpy;
nrhy;yhpa NrhjpAld; tpsq;F nts;spj;
njhy;fpoik tsh;gf;fk; ehyhk; ehspy;
nry;tk;kpF nghpajpU kz;lgj;jpy;
nrOe;jpUtha; nkhopnghUisr; nrg;Gk; vd;W
ty;ypAiw kzthshh; muq;fh; eq;fs;
kzths khKdpf;F toq;fpdhNu. 6.
98
Mde;j tUlj;jpd; fPo;ik Mz;by;
mofhd Mdpjdpd; %yehspy;
ghDthuk; nfhz;l gfypy; nra;a
ngsuizapd; ehspl;Lg; nghUe;jp itj;Nj
Mde;j kakhd kz;lgj;jpy;
mofhf kzthsh; <L rhj;jp
thdtUk; ePh;,l;l tof;Nf vd;d
kzths khKdpfs; fspj;jpl;lhNu. 7.
Njtpah;fs; ,UtUld; rPuq;Nfrh;

jpfo; jpUkhkzpkz;lgj;jpy; te;J
jhtpjkha; ,e;j cyNfhh;fs; tho
jkpo;kiwia tuKdptd; ciuf;ff; Nfl;Nl
Mtzpkhrk; njhlq;fp elf;Fk; ehspy;
mj;jpaadj; jpUehs; muq;f ehjh;,
jhtkw tPw;wpUe;J jUtha; vd;W
jhk; Nehf;fpr; rPah;jkf;F mUspdhNu. 8.
mUspdNj Kjyhf muq;fUf;Fk;

md;WKjy; mUe;jkpio mikj;Jf;nfhz;L
njUSila tpahf;fpia Ie;JlNd $l;bj;
jpfo; jpUkhkzpkz;lgj;jpy; te;J
nghUSiuf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; ngUkhSf;Fg;
Gd;rphpg;Gk; ghtidAk; kfpo;Tk; nfhs;s
mUSila rlNfhgh; ciuj;j Ntjk;
mJNfl;Lr; rhw;wpaJ ,j; jdpad;jhNd. 9.
thkhh; ngUQ;rPh;nfhs; kz;lgj;J ek;ngUkhs;

jhkhf te;J jdpj;J mioj;J - eP khwd;
nre;jkpo; Ntjj;jpd; nrOk;nghUis ehNlhWk;
te;Jiuaha; vd;Diuahy; tha;e;J. 10.
Nrw;Wf; fkytay; #o; muq;fh;jk; rPh;jiog;gg;

Nghw;wpj; njhOk; ey;y me;jzh; tho ,g;G+jyj;Nj
khw;ww;w nrk;nghd; kzthskhKdp te;jpyNdy;
Mw;wpy; fiuj;j Gspay;yNth jkpohuzNk. 11.
guthjp Nfrhpahh; mUspa =iry itgtk;

99
$WNfd; cyfPNu Fq;Fkj;Njhs; muq;Nfrh;
khwd;kiwg; nghUs;Nfl;f kzths khKdpia
VWkiz jdpy; ,Uj;jp ,Uepyj;jpy; jhk; ,Ue;J
tPWlNd nrtprhj;jp tpiuab G+rid Mw;wp 1.
MW ,uz;L GwKk; #o; muq;fk;Kjy; E}w;nwl;Lk;

$wpa rPh;rapyj;ijf; nfhz;lhb ciuf;f vdh
Cwpa Njd;ngUf;nfd;d cd;dp mij cfe;Jiuj;jhd;
NrWtsh; fkiyike;jd; rpe;ijkfpe;J xUg;gl;Nl. 2.
(1, 2 Fsfk;)
gl;lh;gpuhd; Kjyha gjpd;kh;fiyg; gopr;rypYk;
rpl;lh;fshj; jpde;NjhWk; jpUkz;,L NtisapYk;,
,l;lKw c(z;)Zk; nghOjj;J xz;fuk; ePh; Vw;ifapYk;
ml;ljpf;Fk; tpsq;F(fc)iuj;jhh; Mhpah;fs; midtUNk. 3.
Mhpah;fs; nfhz;lhb Mrhpj;j jdpaidj; jhd;

Nghh;,aYk; njhz;lh;Fohk; ngUk;Ngwhf; nfhz;lduhy;
rPhpauha; thovz;zpy; nrfjyj;jhP ; fw;Wzh;kpd;
jhh;,aYk; muq;fUf;Fk; jkpo;kiwf;Fk; kzkhNk. 4.
kzths khKdpia tOj;J(c)wNthh; gad;ngWth;

Fzkhff; nfhz;kpd; ,ijf; nfhLk;gpwtpg; gpzpmfy;tPh;
gzths;muh ,tuhk; gifj;jhNuy; ca;jy; ,yh;
kzKila ke;jpukh(f) kjpf;nfhs;sPh; jdpaidNa. 5.
jdpandd;W Ngh;rhw;wpj; jz;zuq;fh; Kd;dh;

,dpa jpUg;gtsj;jhNy - Kdptudhh;
khwd;kiw Kg;gj;jh whapuj;jpd; khz;nghUisf;
$w cgNjrpj;jhh; nfhz;L. 6.
Njrnkq;Fk; <J jpUg;gjpfs; NjhW ciuf;f

NerKw muq;fh; Nekpj;jhh;, VRkth;
ghjfuha; vhptha;g; gho;eufpy; Ja;g;gh; ,d;dy;
Ntjdhh; cs;s kl;Lk; va;j;J. 7.
va;aj; Jzpa ,uhtzpiaf; nfhd;wtd;fhz;

nra;a newptpsq;Fk; Nrld; mtd;, - itak;
jidtsh;f;F khW tuNahfp jhdha;,
tpidaWj;J tPLmUSk; Nte;J. 8.
100
Nte;juha; kz;zhz;L tpz;Nzwyhk; vspjha;,
Njha;e;j cwthapUf;fpy; njhy;YyfPh;, - Xh;e;Jca;a
Vjpnfh((z;)L fhyd; ,ope;J mkh;Nkthd;, tpz;Nzhh;
ehjDk; te;Nj tzq;Fk; ed;F. 9.
tzq;fpdhh; rPh;ngw;whh; tud;Kiwahy; tPlzh;Nghy;

,zq;fpdhh; XnuhUth; ,Uepyj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;whh;
gpzq;fpdhh; Nga;gpwtpg; Ngijahh;fs; jikf;fz;Nl
czq;fpdhh; jhkjuha; cs;rpde;jhh; njd;wtNu. 10.
njd;fiyahk; jkpo;Ntjr; rPh;iryj; jdpandDk;
ed;fiyia cs;frpe;J etpw;W ngUe;jif khe;jh;
kpd;fiyAk; GhpE}Yk; Nky;Nehf;F Gz;luKk;
njd;fiyAk; tlfiyAk; jpfo;ehth; MFtNu. 11.
MFfvd; ,dp vdf;F Xh; MuhtKjha;, vd;

Nrhfk; mw c(s;)sj;jlj;Jj; Jyq;F tutuNahfp,
NrFmW nrk;kyh;j;jhSk; rPh;iriyj; jdpaDk; ,d;W
Xifcwg; ngw;wndd; My; xypfly; jhuzpaPNu. 12.
jhuzpNahh; thovz;zpj; jhNd jpUtde;jd;

Ngh;mzpAk; FUifefh; gpwq;f edpg;NguUshy;
rPh;mzpAk; kzths khKdpaha;r; nrdpj;jdd; My;
jhh;mzpAk; muq;fUf;Fj; jkpo;kiwj;Njrpfd; vdNt. 13.
jkpo;kiwNahh; XJtNuy; jdpad;,J kw;wpy;iy

jpkpuk; mw nka;Q;Qhdr; nrOk;Rlh;Nrh; kdKilaPh;!
mkpohky; rKrhuj;J Mo;fliyf; flj;jp, xU
epkplj;jpy; epj;jpauha; epWj;Jk; Nghpd;gj;Nj. 14.
gj;Jj; jpirfspYk; gzkzpfs; Rlh;vwpg;g

Kj;jpjUk; muq;fUf;F %tizaha;r; #o;e;J ,yq;Fk;
vj;jpirAk; gzpe;J Vj;Jk; vk;nghpa KdpMFk;,
mj;jd;vopy; tuNahfp Maputha; mutuNr. 15.
muNtW Nktp mwpJapy; nfhs;Sk; muq;fh; ciu

tuNahfp rPh;iryj;jpd; ngUew;Gfo; itgtj;ij
tpufhy; ,irkiwNahh; jpyfd; jkpo;tPWila
guthjp Nfrhp ghg; gjpide;J gzpj;jdNd. 16.
101
b) kzthskhKdpfs; - Ig;grp - %yk; - jpUttjhu
jpdk;
jdpad;
Jyhah kJNy %Ny ghz;l;Na Fe;jG P hPtNu /
=Nஶ\hk;Nஶhj;gtk; te;Nj uk;a[khjuk; Kepk; //
=NஶNyஶ jahghj;uk; jPgf;j;ahjp Fzhh;ztk; /
ajPej
thopj;jpUehkk;
,g;Gtpap yuq;Nfrh;f; fPlspj;jhd; thopNa
vopy; jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is apizabNahd; thopNa
Ig;grpapy; jpU%yj; jtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
muturg; ngUQ;Nrhjp aee;jndd;Wk; thopNa
vg;GtpAk; =iry Nkj;jte;Njhd; thopNa
VuhU nkjpuhr nudTjpj;jhd; thopNa
Kg;GhpEhy; kzptlk; Kf;Nfhy; jhpj;jhd; thopNa
%jwpAk; (%jwptd;) kzths khKdptd; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
nre;jkpo; Ntjpah; rpe;ij njspe;J rpwe;J kfpo;e;jpLehs;
rPUy fhhpah; nra;jUs; ew;fiy NjR nghype;jpLehs;
ke;j kjpg;Gtp khdplh; jq;fis thdp Yah;j;jpLehs;
khrW Qhdpah; Nrnujp uhrh;jk; tho;T Kisj;jpLehs;
fe;j kyh;g;nghopy;#o; FUfhjpgd; fiyfs; tpsq;fpLehs;
fhukh; Nkdpauq;f efh;f;fpiw fz;fs; fspj;jpLehs;
me;jkpy; rPh; kzthsKdpg;gu dtjhuk; nra;jpLehs;
moF jpfo;e;jpL ikg;grpapy; jpU%yknjDehNs.
kzthskhKdpfs; jk;Kila ngUikia jhNk ntspapl;Lf;

nfhz;l Mh;j;jpg; gpuge;jk; 55tJ ghRuk;. - ehKk; ,e;j
ghRuj;ij epj;jpak; rpe;jid nra;J ca;Nthkhf.
njd;duq;fh; rPuUSf; fpyf;fhfg; ngw;Nwhk;

102
jpUtuq;fk; jpUg;gjpNa apUg;ghfg; ngw;Nwhk;
kd;dparPh; khwd;fiy Azthfg; ngw;Nwhk;
kJuftp nrhw;gbNa epiyahfg; ngw;Nwhk;
Kd;dtuhk; eq;Futh; nkhopfSs;sg; ngw;Nwhk;
KOJk; ekf;fit nghOJ Nghf;fhfg; ngw;Nwhk;
gpd;id nahd;Wjdpy; neQ;R Nguhky; ngw;Nwhk;
gpwh; kpDf;fk; nghwhik apy;yhg; ngUikAk; ngw;NwhNk.
(,e;j ghRuj;ij fhQ;rp = c.Nt.g;ujpthjp gaq;fuk;

mz;zq;fuhrhhpahh; ];thkp epj;jaNk mEre;jpj;J te;jhh;)
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=kNj uk;a [hkhj;U KePe;j;uha k`hj;kNe /

=uq;fth]pNe G+ahj; epj;a=h; epj;akq;fsk; //
Jyh %yhtjPh;zha Njh\pjhfpy ]_uNa /

n]sk;a[hkhj;U KeNa Nஶ\hk; ஶhah];J kq;fsk; //
c) kzthskhKdpfs; jpUtj;aadk; (jPh;j;jk;) – khrp

f;U\;z g j;thjrp – N]tpf;f Ntz;ba ghRuq;fs;
Fk;gk;gh];tjp ahjp jj;]{jjpNe gN tsh;N jNu

j;thjஶa ; hk; ஶ;utzh; gh[p UjpNuhj;fhh;ahf;a ]k;tj;];tNu /
jPgf;j;ahjpFzhh;zNth ajptuhjPe; mfpyhj;k ];j;jpjp:
=itFz;lkFz;l itgtkfhj; fhe;Njhgae;jh Kep: //
Mrpyhj kzthskhKdpaz;zy; G+kpAW Ig;grpapy; jpU%yk;

NjrehsJ te;J mUs;nra;j ek; jpUtha;nkhopg; gps;is jhd;
<rdhfp vOgj;J %thz;L vt;Taph;fisAk; ca;tpj;Jtho;e;jdd;
khrp khy;gf;fj; Jthjrp khkzpkz;lgj;J va;jpdd; thopNa.
20) G+uhlk;
a) Nrid Kjypahh; - Ig;grp

103
jdpad;
JyhfNj jpefNu G+h;th\hl ]Kj;gtk; /
gj;khgjhk;G[h]f;jk; N]ehjpgk`k; gN[ //
=uq;f re;j;uk]kpe;jpuah tp`h;j;Jk;

tpe;a];a tpஶ;trpjrpe; eaehjpfhuk; /
Nah eph;t`j;aepஶ kq;Fsp Kj;uiat
N]ehe;ake;atpKfh];jkஶp=ahk //
thopj;jpUehkk;
Xq;F Jyhg; G+uhlj; Jjpj;jnry;td; thopNa
Xz;nlhbahs; #j;jputjp Aiwkhh;gd; thopNa
<q;Fyfpy; rlNfhgw; fpjKiuj;jhd; thopNa
vopw;gpuk;gpd; nrq;Nfhiy Nae;Jktd; thopNa
ghq;Fld; Kg;gj;J%th; gzpAktd; thopNa
gq;faj;jhs; jpUtbiag; gw;wpdhd; thopNa
Njq;FGfo; muq;fiuNa rpe;ijnra;Nthd; thopNa
Nridah;Nfhd; nrq;fkyj; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
b) jpUehuhazG+uj;J Ma; ([ee;ahrhhpah;) - Ig;grp

;
jdpad;
Mrhh;a `;Uja];ahh;j;jh: ]fyhNjh;]{jh: /

=]hEjh]kkyk; Njtuh[k; jkh];uNa //
,th; khKdpfis Nghw;wp mUspa ghRuk;

G+J}hpy; te;Jjpj;j Gz;zpaNdh? G+q;fkOk;
jhjhUkfpo;khh;gd; jhdptNdh, J}J}u
te;j neLkhNyh? kzthskhKdptd;
ve;ijapth; %thpYk; ahh;?
khKdpfs; mUspAs;s Ma; me;jhjp Kjy; ghRuk;
104
khjtj;Njhd; khwd; kdk; $Wk; kzthsd;;
Njhjtj;ijj;Ja;a kiwNahuhd ngw;whh;fs;;
ePjpadhuhq;fth;fs; jhs; rPh; ngw;whh;, Map mth;
Nghjk; G+q;fky kyh;j;jhs;fs; neQ;Nr Nghw;wpU.
thopj;jpUehkk;
Xq;F Jyh G+uhlj; Jjpj;j nry;td; thopNa
xz;kjpNahd; vjpuhrd; xz; ruNzhd; thopNa
ghq;FlNd Qhdg;gpuhd; gzpAktd; thopNa
gQ;rkj;jpd; nghUs; jd;idg; ghpe;Jiuj;Njhd; thopNa
Njq;FGfo; Njtuhrh; jpUtUNshd; thopNa
njd;kiwapd; kdg;nghUisj; njsptpj;jhd; thopNa
jhq;F jpUf;if jphpjz;lk; jhpj;j ts;sy; thopNa
jpUj;jho;tiu jhjh; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
tp\{Jiyapy; G+uhlk; te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa

tpz;Nridehjd; moif tbtk; nfhz;ltd; thopNa
vJfphp ehafpahh;jd; Njuhdhd; thopNa
vJfphp ehuzDf;Fj; jhahdhd; thopNa
ehy;Ntjk; fw;Wiuj;j tphpGfNohd; thopNa
ehyhapukiwNahL fw;Witg;Nghd; thopNa
ehY}h;td;Njtuhrd; mbnjhONthd; thopNa
ey;NfhytuhìdNa Muhjpg;Nghd; thopNa
Mrhh;a,jak;jhd; ngw;Wiuj;jhd; thopNa
M]{hp y ;kzhhpad; jiykfdhh; thopNa
kzthskhKdpf;F Mrhpadhdhd; thopNa
kzthskhKdpapy; re;arpj;jhd; thopNa
jpUg;ghit %d;Wiufs; mUspdhd; thopNa
jpUkhiynaLj;Jiuj;j jpUkhytd; thopNa
=treG+\zj;jpd; nghUSiuj;jhd; thopNa
=]hEjhrKdptd; ek; Mrhhpad; thopNa
kq;fs ];Nyhfk; ([Pah; ehadhh; mUspaJ)
=ஶ-NjtP-ujhk;]ha ஶpfhf; uhQ;[ypjhhpNz

=]hEjh]KeNa epj;a=: epj;akq;fsk;.
21) cj;jpuhlk;
105
a) Mste;jhh; - Mb
jdpad;
ஶ{nrs kh];Aj;juh\hlh[hjk; ahKeNjஶpfk;

=uhkkpஶ;uruz ]Nuh[h=j khஶ;uNa.
aj;gjhk;NghU`j;ahe tpj;t];jhNஶ\fy;k\:
t];JjhKgahNjhs`k; ahKNeak; ehkp jk;.
=uq;fuh];jtk; - 4Mk; ];Nyhfk;
tpjha itjpfk; khh;f;fk; mnfsj];Fjfz;lfk; /
Nejhuk; gftj; gf;Njh; ahKek; kethki` //
=Ntjhe;jNj]pfh; mUspAs;s ajpuh[ ]g;jjp – 8

tpfhN` ahKek; jPh;j;jk; ]hJ g;Ue;jhtNe ];jpjk; /
epu];j[p`;kf];gh;Nஶ aj;u f;U\;z: f;Ujhju: //
,uhkhE[Ehw;we;jhjp - 21Mk; ghRuk;

epjpiag; nghopAk; Kfpnyd;W. ePrh;jk; thry;gw;wpj;
Jjpfw;Wyfpy; Jts;fpd;wpNyd;. ,dpj; Jha;newpNrh;
vjpfl;fpiwtd; aKidj;Jiwtd; ,izabahk;
fjpngw;Wila. ,uhkhDrndd;idf; fhj;jdNd.
=guhq;F] gQ;rtpk;]jp - Nfhapy; mz;zd; mUspaJ

=uq;fuh[ gjgq;f[ ]q;ஶPyk;
ஶ;Nua: guk; kJu G+h;tfNtu G+h;tk;
ehjhh;a ahKe ajPஶ;tu ghfNjak;
ehjk; Fy];a kk neskp guhq;Fஶhh;ak;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
kr;rzpAk; kjpsuq;fk; tho;tpj;jhd; thopNa
kiwehd;F NkhUUtpy; kfpo;e;Jfw;whd; thopNa
106
gr;irapl;l uhkh;gjk; gfUktd; thopNa
ghbaj;Njh dPNlwg; ghh;it nra;Njhd; thopNa
fr;rpefh; kha dpUfoy; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
flf Tj;jpuhlj;Jf; fhYjpj;jhd; thopNa
mr;rkw kdkfpo;r;rp aize;jpl;lhd; thopNa
Mste;jhh; jhspizf sdtujk; thopNa.
ahKehh;a]{jhk;Nghjp ktfh`;a ajhkjp

Mjha gf;jpNahfhf;ak; uj;ek; ]e;jh;ஶahk;a`k;.
eNkh eNkh ahKeha ahKeha eNkh ek:

eNkh eNkh ahKeha ahKeha eNkh ek:
b) Gz;lhPfh h; (nghpa ek;gp jpUf;Fkhuh;) - Mb
jdpad;
ஶ{nrs kh]; Aj;juh\hlh [hjk; G+h;z FNuh]; ]{jk; /
ajpuh[hq;f;hp ]j;gf;jk; Gz;lhPfh khஶ;uNa //
te;Nj =Gz;lhPfh\k; k`hG+h;z FNuh]; ]{jk; /

ghuhj;th[FNyhj;G+jk; ajpehjgjh];hpjk; //
c) Nfhtpy; fe;jhil rz;lkhUjk; njhl;ilahrhh;ah; -

(nghpa ];thkp njhl;ilahrhh;) - khrp
jdpad;
]h;t]pj;jp j;uNahj];ahk; yf;Nd Ntjg;ujh`;tNa
[hjk; Fk;Nghj;juh\hNl k`hFUk; gN[.
thJ}y =epth]hh;a jdak; tpdahjpfk;
g;u[;Qhepjk; g;ugj;Na`k; =epth] kh`FUk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;, ehs; ghl;L

khrp cj;jpuhlj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
khrpy; Gfo; nghpag;gd; kfpo;e;j ike;jd; thopNa
Njrnkq;Fk; guthjprak; gilj;jhd; thopNa
jhprdj;ij cj;jhpj;Jj; njsptpj;jhd; thopNa
Mrpnyjpuhrh; epfuhd FU thopNa
107
Ie;J tpraq;fS kUspdhd; thopNa
J}rpy; thJ}y Fyk; Jyq;f te;Njhd; thopNa
J}akfh Njrpfdhh; Jizg; gjq;fs; thopNa.
mq;fkyj; jadhjp kjg; guthjpah; kq;fpLehs;
Mo;fly; #O;jU G+kpA shhpah; Nghfk; kfpo;jpLehs;
nghq;fpa G+j Ghpf;furhkth; nrQ;nrhy; rpwe;jpLehs;
nghw;ghuhrhpa tpraj;Jld; Gfo;kiwtho;jpLehs;
mq;fKghq;fKke;jkpo; NtjKNkh jpLehs; (jpAzh;e;jpLehs;)
Itifahk; tpraq;fswpe;jth; rpe;ij njspe;jpLehs;
nrq;fkythtpAs; rpq;fGue;jdpy; nry;tk; rpwe;jpLehs;
rPh;njhl;ilahhpah; te;jUs; ehs; jpUcj;jpuhl ehNs.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
[Pahj;thJ}y tk;N]e;J: fyhG+h;Nzhk`hFU:
t;ahFh;td; epfkhe;jhh;jhd; ch;t;ahk; Mkhre;j;ujhufk;
thJ}y =epth]hh;ajda: =k`hFU:
th;j;jjhk;]hj;tpif: ]hh;j;jk; th;jad;ajpuhz;gjk;
thJ}y =epth]hh;a ]{jha Fz]hypNd

k`NjFuNt G+ahd; kq;fsk; ]hr;tjP ]kh:
rz;l khUjNtjhe;j tp[ahjp ];t]{f;jpgp:
Ntjhe;j ur\fhah];J k`hrhh;aha kq;fsk;
22) jpUNthzk;
a) jpUNtq;flKilahd; - Gul;lhrp
jdpad;
fe;ah ஶ;utz ]Q;[hjk; Nஶ\hry epth]pek; /
]h;Nt\hk; g;uj khrhh;ak; =epth]k`k; gN[ //
ஶ;utNz jpt;ae j;Nu f;Ujhtjuzk; tpGk; /
tp\;ZkhjpFUk; y ;k;ah: ke;j;uuj;eg;ujk; gN[ //
=Ntq;fNlr g;ugj;jp - Kjy; ];Nyhfk;
108
<ஶhehk; [fNjhs];a Ntq;flgNjh; tp\;Nzh: guhk; g;Nua]Pk;
jj;t ] ];jy epj;ath] u]pfhk; jj; he;jp ]k;th;j;jpePk;/
gj;khyq;f;Uj ghzp gy;ytAfhk; gj;kh]e];jhk; ஶ;hpak;
thj;ay;ahjp FNdh[;[;tyhk; gftjPk; te;Nj [fe;khjuk; //
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=a: fhe;jha fy;ahz epjNa epjNash;j;jp ehk;
=Ntq;fl epth]ha =epth]ha kq;fsk;.
=itFz;l tpuf;jha ];thkp G\;fhpzPjNl
ukah ukkhzha Ntq;fNlஶha kq;fsk;.
=kj; ]{e;ju [hkhj;U Kepkhe] th]pNe

]h;tNyhf epth]ha =epth]ha kq;fsk;.
b) jpUnts;siw Gz;lhPfh g; ngUkhs; - gq;Fdp
thopj;jpUehkk;
ghuhSk; rpgpNte;jd; gq;fpy; te;jhd; thopNa
gj;kjsgjj;ijg; ghtpj;Njhd; thopNa
rPuhh; nts;siwg; gQ;r jPh;j;jKs;shd; thopNa
vopy; gpUF khh;f;fz;Nlah;ff ; puq;fpdhd; thopNa
Njhuhj gJkkyh;f; fspj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
RNtjuhfj;JUtha;j; Njhd;wpdhd; thopNa
rPuhUk; gq;far; nry;tpf;fpdpahd; thopNa
vopy; nre;jhkiuf;fz;zd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
jpUnts;siw gq;far; nry;tp ehr;rpahh; - gq;Fdp

G+q;fplq;fpy; jtk; nra;Ak; nghw;nfhbahs; thopNa
nghU ePyptdj;jpy; te;j G+kfshh; thopNa
Njq;F Rid #o;e;j jpUnts;siwahs; thopNa
nry;tj;jpy; tsh;fpd;w jpUkfshh; thopNa
ghq;Fld; %thapuj;J vOE}w;whs; thopNa
gj;kjs (gh;tjj;jpd;) Nkykh;e;j gq;faj;jhs; thopNa
Vq;Fk; ek;ik <Nlw;w ,dpjkh;e;jhs; thopNa
vopy; gq;far;nry;tp ,izabfs; thopNa.
c) =cufnky;yizahd; - Ig;grp
109
(jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; vk;ngUkhd; - jpt;ag;uge;jj;jpy; Kjypy;
kq;fshrhrdk; ngw;w vk;ngUkhd;)
thopj;jpUehkk;
G+kfSk; kz;kfSk; Nghw;wte;Njhd; thopNa
Gfo;fjk;g Kdpjtj;jpy; Nghe;j ts;sy; thopNa
MnkdNtNfhl;befh; mkh;e;jgpuhd; thopNa
ml;lhq;ftpkhdj;jpyha; tsh;Nthd; thopNa
fhkdhuhjid nra; fz;zdhh; thopNa
fjpNuW jpUNthzk; fhl;rp je;Njhd; thopNa
*VkDlyple;jpq;F te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
vopYufnky;yidahd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
*Vkd; - `puz;ad;
jpUkhkfs; ehr;rpahh; - jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; - gq;Fdp -

cj;jpuk;
nrq;fkyj;NjAjpj;j Nrapioahs; thopNa
njd;Nfhl;bkhy;khh;gpy; NrUkts; thopNa
ntq;fypia tPwlf;Fk; nky;ypayhs; thopNa
kPdutp cj;jpuj;jpy; Nktpdhs; thopNa
nghq;FGfo; Nridah;Nfhd; Nghw;Wkts; thopNa
GtpapYs;Nshh; tho ,UnghUSiuj;jhs; thopNa
,q;Fyfpy; kq;ifah;fl;Nfw;w Ks;shs; thopNa
vq;fs; jpUkhkfshh; ,izabfs; thopNa.
d) ngha;ifaho;thh; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyhahk; ஶ;utNz [hjk; fhQ;r;ahk; fhQ;r ethhp[hj; /
j;thgNu ghQ;r[e;ahk;ஶk; ]NuhNahfpe khஶ;uNa //
fhQ;r;ahk; ]u]p N`khg;N[ [hjk; fh]huNahfpek; /

fyNa a: =a: gj;A+ utpk; jPg kfy;gaj; //
110
Kjy; jpUte;jhjp jdpad; - Kjypahz;lhd; mUspaJ
ifijNrh; G+k;nkhopy;#o; fr;rpefh;te;Jjpj;j

ngha;ifg;gpuhd; ftpQh;NghNuW - itaj;
jbath;fs; tho tUe;jkpo; E}w;we;jhjp
gbtpsq;fr; nra;jhd; ghpe;J.
,uhkhE[ E}w;we;jhjp - 8Mk; ghRuk;
tUj;Jk; GwtpUs; khw;w vk;ngha;ifg;gpuhd; kiwapd;

FUj;jpd; nghUisAk; nre;jkpo; jd;idAk; $l;b. xd;wj;
jphpj;jpd;nwhpj;j jpUtpsf;ifj; jd; jpUTs;sj;Nj
,Uj;Jk; gukd;. ,uhkhDrd; vk; ,iwatNd.
ehs;ghl;L – cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 6, 7 ghRuq;fs;

Ig;grpapNyhz ktpl;lk;rjakpit
Xg;gpyth ehs;fSyfj;jhP ; - vg;GtpAk;
NgRGfo;g; ngha;ifahh; G+jj;jhh; Ngaho;thh;
NjRlNd Njhd;Wrpwg;ghy;.
kw;Ws;stho;thh;fSf;F Kd;Nd te;Jjpj;J
ew;wkpohy; Ehy; nra;J ehl;ilAa;j;j - ngw;wpikNah
nud;W Kjyho;thh;fnsd;Dk; ngahpth;f;F
epd;w Jyfj;Nj epfo;e;J.
thopj;jpUehkk;
nra;aJyh Nthzj;jpw; nrfj;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
jpUf;fr;rp khefuQ; nropf;fte;Njhd; thopNa
itae; jfspEhWk; tFj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
terkyh;f; fUtjdpy; te;jike;jhd; thopNa
nta;a fjpNuhd; jd;id tpsf;fpl;lhd; thopNa
Ntq;flth; jpUkiyia tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
ngha;ifKdp tbtoFk; nghw;gjKk; thopNa
nghd; KbAe; jpUKfKk; G+jyj;jpy; thopNa.
e) njw;fho;thd; (jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp jpUf;Fkhuh;)- Mb
111
jdpad;
fh;fNl ஶ;utNz [hjk; uhkhD[ gjhr;hpjk; /
fhஶ;aghe;ta ]k;G+jk; ehuhaz FUk; gN[ //
=Nfh\;BG+h;z ]j;Gj;uk; ajpuh[ gjh];hpjk; /

fh];aghe;ta]k;G+jk; ehuhazFUk;gN[//
f) jpUf;fz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; - Mdp
thopj;jpUehkk;
md;GlNd ehjKdp mbgzpe;Njhd; thopNa
Mdpjdpy; jpUNthzj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
,d;gKld; fz;zkq;if te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
vOYlNd ehjehf Ml;rp nra;jhd; thopNa
Jd;gnkd jd;Kaw;rp ePj;jnry;td; thopNa
J}kzptz;zd; jhs; fjp vd;whd; thopNa
md;ghy; cyfhhpadhh; Nghw;w epd;whd; thopNa
mofhUk; jpUfz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; thopNa.
,th; mUspa ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopj; jdpad;
my;ypehl; lhkiuNk yhuzq;fp dpd;Jiztp

ky;ypehlhz;l klkapy; - nky;ypayhs;
Ntah; gae;j tpsf;F.
g) <r;rk;ghb [Pah; - Mdp

jdpad;
cghj;j rukhr;ukk; ajpGue;jhuh jpe;jpuh
epth] FU G+h;t[k; ajptuk; ]jh]k; r;uNa
mrk;ry j;UfQ;ry j;Ubj ]h;t Jh;th]eh
fjhq;Fu tpf];tuk; ep[Fyh gp[hj t;u[k;
G+Nahgp g;uzkhkpjk; rkjk g;uf;Qhjp uj;ehfuk;
=uhkhE[ Nahfpth;a fUzh tpr;uhzp jhe;j;ahஶ;ukk;
Fh;thzk; ep[ghj gf;j [ejhk; eph;thz ]k;gj; fhPk;
<r;rk;ghb Kepk; k`he;jk efk; g;uhg;iaf ghuhgzk;
112
thopj;jpUehkk;
Mdpjdpy; Xzj;jpy; mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
Ntq;flj;ijg; gjpahf tpUk;Gktd; thopNa
G+thh;e;j foy;fisNa Nghw;Wktd; thopNa
gjpd;kh;fiy cl;nghUis gfUktd; thopNa
mdtujk; mhpAUtd; mbnjhONthd; thopNa
vg;nghOJk; ajpgjpia Vj;Jktd; thopNa
Kj;jpjUk; Ke;EhYk; Kf;NfhYk; thopNa
vopy; <r;rk;ghb ciw [Pah;jhs; thopNa.
h) jpUf;NfhtY}h; Mo;thd; - vk;ngUkhdhh; [Pah; -Mtzp

jdpad;
=thke[ae;j;ahk; J [hjk; NfhgGNur;tuk;
te;Nj tuFzhth]k; ajpuh[ gjhr;hpjk;.
i) muzg;Guj;jho;thd; - gPlhjpgjp - fh;ehlfk; ,Ug;gplk;
- gq;Fdp
jdpad;
kPNd r;utz e j;Nu [hjk; ajptuhr;hpjk;
muzg;Guehjhh;ak; te;Nj =gh\;a ie\;bfk;.
j) xd;whd jpUf;FWq;Fb =NguUshs uhkhE[ [Pah;

];thkp - rpj;jpiu
epj;ajdpad;
y ;kP ehjhjp G+h;zhh;a ajPe;j;uhtjp ]k;];uak; /
jjPa fUzh ghj;uk; uhkhD[ Kepk; gN[: //
jpUe j;jpu jdpad;

irj;uhf;f;akh]p kJ]{jejhu[hjk;
uhkhE[h`;t ajpth;a flh ghj;uk; /
];Uj;ae;jAf;k tp]jPfuzg;utPzk;
= G+h;zehkKepth;ak`k; g[hkp //
113
irj;Nu ];utz ]Q;[hjk; uhkhE[gjhஶ;hpjk; /
k`hf;Ughte;ehkhek; FUq;fKepkhஶ;uNa //
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPuhUk; nrq;fkyr; Nrtbfs; thop
jpUtiuapw; rhj;jpa nre;Jtuhil thop
VuhUk; jpUkhh;gpy; Ke;E}Yk; thop
vjpuhruUspa rPh; Kf;NfhYk; thop
jhuhUQ; rq;fhopj; jle;Njhs;fs; thop
jlkyh;f;fz;zpid nahspUk; Kfr;Nrhjp thop
Muhh;tj;joF rpq;fh; mbnjhONthd; thop
mUs; GhpAk; FWq;if Kdp mdtujk; thopNa.
Muhkk; #o; FWq;if Mste;Njhd; thopNa

mofhh; rpj;jpiu Nahzj;jtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
ghuhUk; gjpd;kh; gjk; gzpe;Ja;e;Njhd; thopNa
ghbaj;jpDl;nghUisg; gfh;e;jspg;Nghd; thopNa
rPuhUq; FWq;ifek;gp jpUtUNshd; thopNa
nry;t ehuzd; Nrit nra;Jfg;Nghd; thopNa
VuhUk; vjpuhrh; ,izabNahd; thopNa
ve;ij NguUshskhKdptd;(NguUshsKdp),izabfs; thopNa.
ehs; ghl;L
ePuhh; nrQ;rilahndhL gq;fad; epd;W gzpe;jpL ehs;
epjKoy; ghkuh; ghftNjhj;jkh; ePh;ik nghUe;jpL ehs;
ghuhh; nre;jkpo; khkiwgapy;Nthh; ghpjpnadj;jpfo; ehs;
gukjFQ;ru gQ;rhddkha;g; ghhpy; tpsq;fpL ehs;
rPuhh;FWq;Fb khefh;ek;gpAk; NjRnghype;jpL ehs;
rpwe;j ngUk;G+J}h;Kdp td;Gfo; Nrh;e;Jtpsq;fpL ehs;
NguUshs uhkhE[ [Pahpd; ngUiktpsq;fpL ehs;
gpwq;fpaNkle; jpfo;jpUNthzg; Ngh;ngW jpUehNs.
k) jpUkiy jpUg;gjp nghpa Nfs;tp mg;gd; guk`k;]

jpUNtq;fl uhkhE[ [Pah; ];thkp - Gul;lhrp
jdpad;
114
Nfhtpe;j y ;kz KePej ; ;u f;Ugh g;ujj;j
=Ntq;fNlr tufpq;fu t;Uj;jp ep\;lk; /
=ke;ejhh;j;jpù ghj]Nuh[g;Uq;fk;
=Ntq;fNlr Kepth;ak`k; g;ugj;Na //
thopj; jpUehkk;, njhq;fy;, kq;fsk;

fd;dpj; jpUNthzj;jpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
fd;khkiy Ntq;fltw;Fmbik nra;Nthd; thopNa
vjpuhrh; ghbaj;ij vLj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
<LKg;gj;jhwhapuk; ,ak;Gtd; thopNa
kzthskhKdptd; kyubNahd; thopNa
khjh;fs; fytpjid kWj;j nry;td; thopNa
jpUkiyapd; nry;tj;Jf;F mjpgjpNahd; thopNa
jpUNtq;fl khKdptd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
Mo;thh;fs; tho mUspr;nray; tho

jho;tpyh Kd;Nzhh;fs;jhk; tho - tho;thf jpUkiyapy;
kd;Dk; jpUNtq;fl ,uhkhEr KdpNa
=kNj G+h;zfhkha =iriyf th]pNe /

=Ntq;fl ajPej
; ;uha epj;a=h; epj;akq;fsk; //
l) jpUkiy tpQ;rp%h; jhjhrhhpah; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
=iryG+h;znjs`pj;uk; Ntq;flhh;a FNuh];]{jk;
jj;jahg;uhg;j gh\;ahh;j;jk; jhjhrhh;ak; m`k;gN[
=iryG+h;z FUzhg;uhg;j[; Qhdhjp]k;gjk;

jhjhrhh;ak;gN[epj;ak; nfsrpfhe;ta G+\zk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPh;kypAQ; rpj;jpiuapy; rputzj;Njhd; thopNa
115
jpUNtq;flhhpad;jd; nry;tike;jd; thopNa
jhh;kypAk; mtd; ruzk; jhdile;Njhd; thopNa
jkpo;kiwrPh; ghbaE}y; jkh;f;Fiug;Nghd; thopNa
Ngh;kypAk; vjpuhrd; ngUikngw;Nwhd; thopNa
nghpajpUkiy ek;gp Ngudhh; thopNa
Vh;kypAk; mUshs ajpFyj;Njhd; thopNa
vopy; jhjhrhhpad;jhs; ,dpJ}op thopNa.
m) gps;is Nyhfhrhh;ah; - KLk;ig jpUtk;rk; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyhahk; ஶ;utNz [hjk; Nyhfhh;a k`khஶ;uNa /

=fpU\;zghj jeak; jj;gjhk;G[ ]k;=jk; //
Nyhfhrhh;aha FuNt f;U\;z ghj];a ]{eNt /

]k;]huNghfp ]e;j\;l [Pt[PthjNt ek: //
ehs;ghl;L -cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 53 Kjy; 59; ghRuk; tiu

md;dGfo; KLk;ig az;zYyfhrphpad;
,d;dUshy; nra;jfiy ahitapYk; - cd;dpy;
jpfo; trdG+lzj;jpd; rPh;ik nahd;Wf;fpy;iy
Gfoytpt;thh;ij nkapg;NghJ.
Kd;dk;FuNthh; nkhope;j trdq;fs; jd;id

kpff;nfhz;L fw;Nwhh; jk;Kaph;f;F - kpd;dzpahr;
Nrur;rikj;jtNu rPh;trdG+lznkd;
Ngh;. ,f;fiyf;fpl;lhh; gpd;.
Mh;trdG+lzj;jp dho;nghUnsy;ykwpthh;
MuJnrhd;NdhpyEl;bg;ghh; - XnuhUt
Uz;lhfp yj;jidfhZs;sNk
vy;yhh;f;Fk; mz;lhj jd;NwhtJ.
ca;aepidTilaP Uq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;Yfpd;Nwd;

itaFUKd;dk; tha;nkhope;j - nra;afiy
ahk; trdG+lzj;jpdho; nghUisf;
116
fw;wjDf;fhk; epiyapy; epy;Ykwpe;J.
Njrpfh;ghw; Nfl;l nrOk;nghUisr; . rpe;ijjd;dpy;

khrwNta+d;w keeQ;nra;J - Mrhpf;f
ty;yhh;fs; jhk; trdG+lzj;jpd; thd;nghUisf;
fy;yhj njd;Ndh fth;e;J.
rr;rk;gpujhak; jhKilNahh; Nfl;lf;fhy;

nkr;Rk;tpahf;fpia jhDz;lhfpy; - er;rp
mjpfhpAk; ePh; trdG+lzj;Jf;fw;w
kjpAilaPh;. kj;jpaj;juha;.
rPh;trd G+lzj;jd; nrk;nghUisr;. rpe;ijjd;dhy;

NjhpYkhk; tha;nfhz;L nrg;gpYkhk; - Mhpah;fhs;
vd;jdf;F ehS kpdpjhfepd;wijNah
ce;jkf;nft;tpd;g Ksjhk;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
mj;jpfphp aUshs uDkjpNahd; thopNa
Ig;grpapy; jpUNthzj; jtjhpj;jhd; thopNa
Kj;jpnewp kiwj;jkpohy; nkhope;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
%jhpa kzthsd; Kd;Gjpj;jhd; thopNa
epj;jpak; ek;gps;is gjk; neQ;rpy; itg;Nghd; thopNa
ePs;trd G+lzj;jhy; epakpj;jhd; thopNa
cj;jkkhk; KLk;igef Ujpj;jts;sy; thopNa
cyfhhpad; gjq;fs; CopnjhWk; thopNa.
jdpg;ghly; - khKdpfs; mUspaJ

thop cyfhrphpad; thopatd; kd;DFyk;
thop KLk;ig nad;D khefuk; - thop
kdk;#o;e;j Nghpd;g ky;FkpF ey;yhh;
,dk; #o;e;jpUf;Fk; ,Ug;G.
n) Ntjhe;jhrhhpah; - Gul;lhrp
jdpad;
fe;ahஶ;utz ]k;G+jk; fz;lhk;ஶk; Ntq;fNlஶpJ: /
=kj; Ntq;flehjhh;ak; te;Nj Ntjhe;j Njஶpfk; //
117
=khe; Ntq;flehjhh;a: ftpjhh;f;fpfNf]hP /
Ntjhe;jhrhh;ath;Nah Nk ]e;epjj;jhk; ]jh `;Ujp: //
rPnuhd;W J}g;Gy; jpUNtq;flKilahd;

ghnuhd;wr; nrhd;d gonkhopAs; - Xnuhd;W
jhNd aikahNjh jhuzpapy; tho;thh;f;F
thNdwg; NghksTk; tho;T.
,th; Mo;thh;fs; tp\akhf mUspAs;s xU ghRuk;.

ngha;ifKdp G+jj;jhh; Ngaho;thh;jz; nghUey;tUq; FUNfrd;
tpl;Lrpj;jd; Ja;a FyNrfud; ek;ghzehjd; njhz;lubg;nghb
kopirte;jNrhjp itankyhk; kiwtpsq;f ths;NtNye;Jk;
kq;ifah;Nfh ndd;wpth;fs; kfpo;e;JghLk; nra;ajkpo; khiyfs;
ehk; njspa Nthjpj; njspahj kiwepyq;fs; njspfpd;NwhNk.
o) gps;isNyhfk; [Pah; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;Nu kh]p r;utzNg fhh;f;a tk;rhk;GNjh; tpJk;
mtjPh;zk; Nyhf Fuk; rlhhp ]{jkhr;uNa.
=rlhhp FNuhh;jpt;a =ghjhg;[ kJt;ujk;
=kj; ajPe;ju g;utzk; =Nyhfhh;a Kepk; gN[.
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPuhUk;fr;rpefh; rpwf;fte;Njhd; thopNa
rpj;jpiuapNyhzj;jp Yjpj;j nry;tdhh; thopNa
VuhUk; Foy;klthhpd; gWj;Njhd; thopNa
ajPej; pug;gputzg; gpughtk; vLj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
ePuhUtuq;fj;jpy; epiuNtw;wpdhd; thopNa
ePNuNyhfhhpa ndd;W epakdk; ngw;Nwhd; thopNa
jhuhUkh wdb jpdk;njhONthd; thopNa
jhuzpapy; Nyhfkzp jhs;fnsd;Wk; thopNa.
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
=kj;ajPej; ;ug;utz g;ught g;ujpjhj;kNe |
=fhh;f;atk;r;a Nyhfhh;a KeNa epj;akq;fsk; ||
118
p) Qhd jpU\;b mofg;gq;fhh; ];thkp - KLk;ig
jpUtk;rk; - (xd;whd Mj;jhd; ];thkp jpUf;Fkhuh;) -
rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;Nuஶ;utz e j;Nu =kj;tj;] FNyhj;gtk; /
tujhh;a FNuh: ஶp\;ak; ]{e;juhh;ak; ]khஶ;uNa //
tujhh;a FNuh: Gj;uk; jj;gjhg;i[f jhufk; /

[;Qhegf;jpahjp [yjpk; te;Nj ]{e;juNjrpfk; //

j];a jh]uNj: ghnjs ]pu]h jhuahk;a`k; //
= theiry Kepuh[ gjhg;[ ]q;fhj; /

uhkhE[hh;a jea]; ]{juhk;gghN] //
rPh;
thop mofg;gdUs; tha;j;j jpUtbfs;
thop tujhrhhpad; tho;ike;jd; - thopNa
rlNfhgd; jz;lkpioj; jhuzp Nahh;f;nfy;yhk;
jplkhfNt ciuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopaofg;ghhpad;jd; khkyh;j;jhs; thopatd;

kpF Qhdf; fz;zpizfs; thopNa - je;ijnaopy;
Mj;jhd; jd;dpd;dUshy; kiwg;nghUisr;
re;jjKk; jhDiuf;Fk; rPh;.
thopj;jpUehkk;
rPuhUk; nrq;fkyj;jpUj;jhspiz thopNa
jpUKoe;jhSk; Fwq;Fk; jpUtiuAk; thopNa
ghuhUe; jpUTe;jpg; gl;lhil thopNa
gq;faj;jhh; ciwkhh;Gk; gizg;GaKk; thopNa
fhuhUk; jpUf;FoYk; fOj;joFk; thopNa
fUiznghop tpopAk; fhjpuz;Lk; thopNa
119
VuhUe; jpUehrp ,yq;F Kb thopNa
vq;fs; mofg;igaq;fhh; ,dp Jhop thopNa.
fhuhUk; nghopy; #o;e;j FUif te;Njhd;; thopNa

fhhp khwd; foypiziaf; fUJktd; thopNa
ghuhUk; <Lgh\;ak; ghpe;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
ghpTlNd Mj;jhd;jd; gjk; gzpNthd; thopNa
rPuhUk; QhdKil Nej;jpuj;Njhd; thopNa
jpfo; rpj;jpiu jpUNthzj;jpy; rfj;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
VuhUk; Mj;jhDf; fpdpaike;jd; thopNa
vopy; mofg;ghhpad;jd; ,izabfs; thopNa.
kl;LyTnghopy; FU$h; kfpote;Njhd; thopNa

kiwehd; NfhBLgh\;ak; kdKiwe;Njhd; thopNa
vl;nlOj;Njhlhop rq;F kpak;Gktd; thopNa
vopYila Nrhiykiy aPrdhh; thopNa.
kl;LkpF kfpikahj;jhd; kyubNahd; thopNa
Nklkhk; jpq;fNshzk; [dpj;jts;sy; thopNa
fl;Lila kd;dh; Nghw;Wk; foYilNahd; thopNa
Qhdkyh; Re;juhhpd; ehs;NjhWk; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
khybahh; tho kjps; FU$h; jhd; tho
rPykpF ek;kho;thh; rPh;tho – rhyNt
ve;epyKk; Nghw;Wk; vopy; mofg;ghhpaNd
,d;DnkhU Ehw;whz;bUk;.
23) mtpl;lk;
a) G+jj;jho;thh; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyh jep\;lh ]k;G+jk; G+jk; fy;Nyhy khype: /

jPNu Gy;Nyhj;gNy ky;yhGh;ah kPNl fjhk;ஶ[k; //
ky;yhGu tuhjPஶk; khjtP F]{Nkhj;gtk; /

G+jk; ekhkp Nah tp\;Nzhh; [;Qhe jPg kfy;gaj; //
120
te;Nj G+jhf;a NahfPej
; ;uk; tNuz;a Fz]k;gjk;
y ;kP ]`ha fUzhg;uhg;j g;ukpjp itgtk;.
khN] jj];kpe; t]{Ngs[ep\;l

ghNu ]Kj;uk; Ghp ky;yehk;e;ahk;
yjhf;Uhè;jhj; GtpG+jehkh
nfsNkhj fPஶf;jpkNah KePej ; ;u:.
,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp jdpad; - jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd;

gps;is mUspaJ
vd;gpwtpjPu ,iwQ;rpNdd; ,d;dKjh
md;Ng jfsp mspj;jhid - ed;Gfo;Nrh;
rPjj;jhh; Kj;Jf;fs; NrUk; fly;ky;iyg;
G+jj;jhh; nghd;dq; foy;.
,uhkhE[E}w;we;jhjp - 9Mk; ghRuk;

,iwtidf; fhZk; ,jaj; jpUs;nfl. Qhdnkd;Dk;
epiwtpsf; Nfw;wpa G+jj; jpUtb jhs;fs; - neQ;rj;
Jiwaitj; jhSk; ,uhkhDrd;Gfo; XJk; ey;Nyhh;
kiwapidf; fhj;J. ,e;j kz;zfj;Nj kd;d itg;gtNu.

Ig;grpapNyhz ktpl;lk; rjakpit
Xg;gpyth ehs;f Syfj;jhP ; - vg;GtpAk;
kw;Ws;s tho;thh;fSf;F Kd;Nd te;Jjpj;J
thopj;jpUehkk;
md;Ng jfspEhW kUspdhd; thopNa
Ig;grpap ytpl;lj;jp ytjhpj;jhd; thopNa
121
ed;Gfo;Nrh; FUf;fj;jp ehz;kyNuhd; thopNa
ey;yjpUf; fld;ky;iy ehjdhh; thopNa
,d;GUF rpe;ijjphp apl;lgpuhd; thopNa
vopy;Qhdr; Rlh;tpsf;if Naw;wpdhd; thopNa
nghd;GiuAe; jpUtuq;fh; GfOiug;Nghd; thopNa
G+jj;jhh; jhspizapg; G+jyj;jpy; thopNa.
b) mofpa kzthsg; ngUkhs; ehadhh; - KLk;ig

jpUtk;rk; - khh;fop
jdpad;
jEh; jep\;lh ]k;G+jk; (]Kj;G+jk;) =Nyhfhh;a gjh=jk; /
te;Nj tuFzhth]k; tu[hkhj;UNjஶpfk; //
j;uhtplhk;eha `;Ujak; FUgh;t f;ukhfjk; /

uk;a[hkhj;UNjNte jh;ஶpjk; f;U\;z]{Eeh //
Mrhh;a ];the;j tf;jhuk; mgpuhk tuhgpjk; /

=fpU\;z jeak; te;Nj FUgh;tf;uhkfjk; //
ehs; ghl;L cgNjruj;jpdkhiy - 47 ghRuk;

eQ;rPah; nra;j tpahf;fpiafs; ehypuz;Lf;F
vQ;rhikahitf;F kpy;iyNa - jk;rPuhy;
itaFUtpd; jk;gp kd;DkzthsKdp
nra;Akit jhKk; rpy.
,q;F itaFUtpd; jk;gp vd;wJ gps;is Nyhfhrhhpahpd;

jpUj;jk;gpahh; mofpakzthsg; ngUkhs; ehadhiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
(kd;D kzthsKdp vd;wJ thjpNfrhp mofpa kzthsr;
rPaiu Fwpf;Fk;).
thopj;jpUehkk;
kd;dparPh; kjpsuq;fk; kfpote;Njhd; thopNa
khh;fopapy; mtpl;lj;jpy; te;j ts;sy; thopNa
kpd;DGfo; Mhpakdk; nkhope;jUs;Nthd; thopNa
Nkd;idkpF jpUg;ghit tphpj;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
njd;Diuapy; cyfhhpad; jpUtbNahd; thopNa
122
rPfpU\;zghjFU nry;tike;jd; thopNa
md;dGfo; KLk;ig ek;gpf; fd;GilNahd; thopNa
mofpakzthsd;jd; mbapizfs; thopNa.
Mhpakdk; - Mrhh;a`;Ujak; (,e;j k`hf;ue;jk;; ek;kho;thh;

mUspAs;s jkpo; kiwahd jpUtha;nkhopapd; ngUikfisg;
Ngrp, mtUila jpUTs;s fUj;Jf;fis njspthf nrhy;fpwJ)
Mrhh;a `;Ujak; jdpad;fs;

gzthsutizg; gs;spgapy;th;f;nft;TapUk;
FzNghfnkd;W FUiff;fjpgDiuj;jJa;a
czh;ghtpDl; nghUnshd;W kwpahTyfwpa
kzthsd; khwd;kdKiuj;jhd; tz;KLk;ig te;Nj.
khjtj;Njhd; khwd;kdk; $Wk; kzthsd;

Njhjtj;jpj; J}a;kiwNahuhd ngw;whh; - ePjpapdhy;
Mq;fth;jhs; Nrh;ngw;whuhap kzthsKdp
G+q;fkyj;jhs;fs; neQ;Nr Nghw;W.
je;jUsNtZk; jtj;Njhh; jtg;gadha;

te;jKLg;ig kzths - rpe;ijapdhy;
ePAiuj;j khwd; epidtpd; nghUsidj;njd;
thAiuj;J thOk; tif.
c) eLtpy; jpU tPjpgps;is gl;lh; - Ig;grp

jdpad;
Jyh jep\;lh ]k;G+jk; =Nyhfhh;a gjh=jk; /
gl;lehj FNuh: Gj;uk; tPjp gl;lhh;a khஶ;uNa //
d) tue;jUk; ngUkhs; mg;ig – ,isaty;ypahr;rhd;

jpUtk;]j;jth;, kzths khKdpfs; rp\;ah; - Mtzp
jdpad;
123
NahfpNeh tutu];a ]j;jah thhpjpk;Frpftk;r G+\zk; /
te;jp\Pa thzPa tuq;kak; tj;]yk; tujuh[Njrpfk; //
thopj;jpUehkk;
vj;jpirAk; ghbaj;ij vLj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
vq;fspistpy;yp nad;Nwj;Jktd; thopNa
Kj;jpjUkhwd; nkhopKad;Wiug;Nghd; thopNa
%Jfhtzpatpl;lk; Kd;Gjpj;jhd; thopNa
gf;jpAld; tuNahfp gjk;gzpNthd; thopNa
gjpd;kh;fiyAl;nghUisg; gfUktd; thopNa
mj;jpfhp thOkz;z mUSilNahd; thopNa
md;GlNd tue;jUth ubapizfs; thopNa.
24) rjak;
a) Ngaho;thh; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyh ஶjgp\f; [hjk; kA+uGhp ifuthj; /
k`he;jk; k`jhf;ahjk; te;Nj =ee;jfhk;ஶ[k; //
j;U\;l;th J\;lht Nah tp\;Zk; ukah kapyhjpgk; /
$Ng uf;Njhj;gNy [hjk; k`jh`;takhஶ;uNa //
je;kh]p [hjk; rjjhufhahk;

kA+u Gh;ahk; kzpifuthe;jhj;
gf;ja
; h khè;jk; k`jh`;tak; jk;
=ee;jfhk;rk; r;hpj gf;jp&gk;.
gj;kh ukz ghjhg;[ g;Nukg;uhe;j;ah kNeh[;Qah

g;uhe;jNahfPjp tpf;ahjk; Kepk;te;Nj Fzhk;Gjpk;.
je;kh] VthtpuG+j; tpgr;rpj;

g;uhNrj ]h;N j kA+uGh;ahk;
k`hgp jhNeh kzpifuthe;jhj;
=ee;jfhj;kh r;hpj gf;jp&gh.
124
Kd;whk; jpUte;jhjp jdpad; - FUif fhtyg;gd;
mUspaJ
rPuhUk; khlj;jpUf;NfhtY}h; mjDs;

fhuhh; fUKfpiyf; fhzg;Gf;F - Xuhhj;
jpUf;fz;Nld; vd;Wiuj;j rPuhd; foNy
ciuf;fz;lha; neQ;Nr cfe;J.
,uhkhE[E}w;we;jhjp - 10Mk; ghRuk;

kd;dpa NghpUs; khz;lgpd;. NfhtYs; khkyuhs;
jd;ndhL khaidf; fz;lik fhl;Lk;. jkpo;j;jiytd;
nghd;db Nghw;Wk; ,uhkhDrw;fd;G G+z;lth; jhs;
nrd;dpapw; #Lk;. jpUTil ahnud;Wk; rPhpaNu.

Ig;grpapNyhz ktpl;lk; rjakpit
Xg;gpyth ehs;f Syfj;jhP ; - vg;GtpAk;
kw;Ws;stho;thh;fSf;F Kd;Nd te;Jjpj;J
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUfz;NlndD E}WQ; nrg;gpdhd; thopNa
rpwe;j itg;grpapw; rjak; nrdpj;j ts;sy; thopNa
kUf;fkOk; kapiyefh; thote;Njhd; thopNa
kyh;f;fhpa nea;jy;jdpy; te;Jjpj;jhd; thopNa
neUf;fplNt apilfopapy; epd;wnry;td; thopNa
Nekprq;fd; tbtoif neQ;rpy;itg;Nghd; thopNa
ngUf;fKld; jpUkopirg; gpuhd; njhONthd; thopNa
Ngaho;thh; jhspiz apg;ngUepyj;jpy; thopNa.
Kjyho;thh;fs; - ngha;ifaho;thh;, G+jj;jho;th;, Ngaho;thh;-

- kw;w Mo;thh;fSf;F Kd;Nd te;J mtjhpj;J mth;fSf;Fk;
125
topfhl;bahf jpt;ag;uge;jq;fis Kjd;Kjypy; mUspa
ngUikapdhy; ,th;fs; Kjyho;thh;fs; vd;W Ngh;ngw;whh;fs;.
b) gpd;gofpa ngUkhs; [Pah; - Ig;grp

jdpad;
Jyh ஶjgp\f; [hjk; =Nyhfhh;a gjh=jk; /
[;Qhehjp G+\zk; te;Nj gஶ;rhj; ]{e;ju Njஶpfk; //
ehs;ghl;L – cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 66Mk; ghRuk;

gpd;gofuhk;ngUkhs; rPah;. ngUe;jptj;jpy;
md;gJTkw;W kpf;fthirapdhy; - ek;gps;isf;
fhdtbikfs;nra; ae;epiyia ed;ndQ;Nr
Cdkw ntg;nghOJNkhh;.
,th; jk; Mrhh;auhd ek;gps;isaplk;, kw;w rp\;ah;fisf;
fhl;bYk;, nfhz;L ,Ue;j g;Nukk; xg;Gah;tw;wJ. ,tiug;Nghy;
ek;khy; ,Uf;f Kbahtpl;lhYk;, ,tUila ep\;iliar;
rpe;jid nra;jhy; mJNt ehk; c[;[Ptpf;fg; NghJ khdJ vd;W
,g;ghRuj;jpy; fhl;bdhh; khKdpfs;.
25) G+ul;lhjp
a) nrhl;il ek;gp – Mste;jhh; jpUf;Fkhuh; - ij
jdpad;
kfNu irfghj;Na r ahKehrhh;a ee;jek;
uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; G+h;z Njஶpf khஶ;uNa.
,th; mUspr;nra;Js;s jpUtha;nkhopj; jdpad;
kdj;jhYk; thahYk; tz;FU$h; NgZk;

,dj;jhiuay;yh jpiwQ;Nrd; - jdj;jhYk;
VJk;FiwtpNyd;. ve;ijrlNfhgd;
ghjq;fs; ahKilaw;W.
b) ehY}uhd; - ij
126
jdpad;
kfNu irfghj;Na r rJh;f;uhk epth]pek;
$uehj FNuh: ஶp\;ak; N]Nt ஶ{g Fzhh;ztk;.
c) Nfhapy; fe;jhilaz;zd; - Gul;lhrp

epj;a jdpad;fs;
=uk;atunksePej
; ;u =ghjhg;[kJt;ujk; /
t;U\Ng ikj;uNg [hjk; tujhh;ak`k; gN[//
]fy Ntjhe;j]huhh;j;j G+h;zhஶak;
tpGythJhyNfhj;Nuhj;gthehk; tuk;
Urpu[hkhj;UNahfPej
; ;u ghjhஶ;uak;
tujehuhazk; kj;FUk; ]k;ஶ;uNa.
jpUe j; jdpad;
fy;ag;Nj ahjpghNg tpy]jpr rfhg;Njr jhghyNag;Nj
Rf;yhgpf;Na eg];Na tpy]jp jgNe ngsh;zpkhgpf;a jpj;ahk;
jhuhahk; g;Nuh\;l gj;ahk; ]{uFUjptN] =tJ}yhf;a tk;Nr
[hjk; ehuhazhf;ak; tujFUtuk; jpf;f[hf;hpak; ekhkp.
,th; mUspr; nra;Js;s cgNjruj;jpdkhiyapd; jdpad;

Kd;de;jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is jhKgNjrpj;j. Neh;
jd;dpd;gbiaj; jzthj nrhy; kzthsKdp
jd;dd;Gld; nra; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy jd;id
jd;neQ;Rjd;dpy; jhpg;gth; jhs;fs; ruz; ekf;Nf.
rPh; kw;Wk; thopj;jpUehkk;

thop kzths khKdptd; khjfthy;
thOk; tuj ehuhazdhh; - thopatd;
me;jkpy; rPh; Mothh;fs; jhk; mUspr; nra;J tsh;
nre;jkpior; Nrh;e;Jiuf;Fk; rPh;.
NjdkUkyh; Kshpj; jpUj;jhs;fs; thopNa
jpUr;Nriy apilthop jpUehgp thopNa
jhdkU kyh;f;fz;fs; jdpAjuk; khh;gk;
127
jq;Fnjhq;F KgtPjk; jle;Njhs;fs; thopNa
khdgud; kzths khKdprPh;NgRk;
kyh;g;gtstha;thop kzpKWty; thopNa
MddKe;jpUehkkzp EjYk; thopNa
mUs; tbtd; fe;jhilaz;zndd;Wk; thopNa.
Nguhj ek; gpwg;igg; Ngh;f;f ty;Nyhd; thopNa
nghpa ngUkhsUshw; ngUik ngw;Nwhd; thopNa
VuhUk; ed; kjpapNdw;wKs;Nshd; thopNa
vjpuhrd; jhprdj;ij naLj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
ghuhu ed;Gfiog; gilf;f ty;Nyhd; thopNa
gfh;trdG+lzj;jpd; gbAilNahd; thopNa
MuhkQ;#o; Nfhap ytjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
mtdp njhOq;fe;jhil az;zndd;Wk; thopNa.
ve;ijkz thsKdp apizabNahd; thopNa

vopw;fe;jh ilag;gDf; fpjKiuj;Njhd; thopNa
me;jkpy; rPh;j; jpUtuq;fj; jkh;e;jnry;td; thopNa
Mh;e;jGfo;r; rlNfhgd; mUs;ngWNthd; thopNa
fe;jhilf; Fyk; tpsq;Fk; fUizts;sy; thopNa
fd;dpapw;G+ul;lhjp fdpe;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
ge;jkW nkjpuhrd; gjk;gzpNthd; thopNa
ghuhs;fe;jhilaz;zd; gjapuz;Lk; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
Gz;zpa ew; Gul;lhrpg; G+ul;lhjp
kz;zpYjpj;j kiwNahNd - vz;zpjpahk;
fd;dp kjps; #o; Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zNd
26) cj;jpul;lhjp
a)tpshQ;Nrhiyg; gps;is (eyk; jpfo; ehuhaz jh]h;) -

Ig;grp
jdpad;
128
Jyhs`ph;Gj;e;a ]k;G+jk; =Nyhfhh;a gjh=jk; /
];g;jfhjh g;utf;jhuk; ehuhazk`k; gN[ //
=Nyhfhh;a gjhutpe;j kfpyk; ஶ;Uj;ah;j;j Nfhஶhk;];jjh

Nfh\;BQ;rhgp jNjfyPeke]h ]Q;rpe;jae;jk; Kjh /
=ehuhaz jh]khh;akkyk; N]Nt ]jhk; Nஶtjpk;
=thf;G+\z $lghttpt;Ujpk; a];]g;jfhjhk; t;ajhj; //
,th; mUspr; nra;Js;s ]g;jfhijapd; jdpad;
thopeye;jpfO ehuz jhjdUs;

thop mtdKj tha;nkhopfs; - thopNa
VW jpUTilah nde;ij Ayfhhpad; nrhy;
NjW jpUTilahd; rPh.
b) Vl;^h; rpq;fuhrhh;ah; -jpUkiy ek;gp tk;]j;jth; -Mb

jdpad;
n]k;a[hkhj;UNahfPej
; ;u ghjgq;NfU`hஶ;uak;
=iஶyeu]pk;`hh;ak; te;Nj ]j;Fz]hfuk;.
c) fe;jhilehad; -Nfhapy; mz;zd; jpUf;Fkhuh;-khh;fop

jdpad;
=kj;thJ}y tuj ehuhaz FNuh];]{jk; /

]h;t[;Qk; ]h;t]{ygk; =epth]FUk;gN[ //
thopj;jpUehkk;
nrd;wile;Njhh; gpwg;gWf;Fk; rPh; gjq;fs; thopNa
rpwe;j cilaoFk; nkopw;rPh;khh;Gk; thopNa
Fd;wida jpuNlhSk; GhpE}Yk; thopNa
FykiwapDl; nghUspidf; Fwpj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
md;wyh;e;j kyh; fkyj; jzpKWty; thopNa
mioj;J tho;tpj;jhh;jk; mUSilNahd; thopNa
ed;wp Gidfe;jhil ehandd;Wk; thopNa
eyKil fUid tpop ehNlhWk; thopNa.
129
njhq;fy;
kz;zpd;Nkd; khh;fopapy; cj;jpuhl;lhjp jdpy;
ed;dptsh; fe;jhil ehaNd - vz;zhpa
kpd;D jkpo;Ntj Kah; Ntjhe;jpK Kiuj;Nj
,d;DnkhU Ew;whz;bUk;.
d) =khd; Nfhapy; fe;jhil thJ}y Njrpf mg;gd;

uh[FU Jiu =uq;fhr;rhhpahh; ];thkp
tU\j;jpUel;rj;jpuk; - fhh;j;jpif (thJ}y Njrpfh;)
jdpad;
=uq;Nfஶf;Ughghj;uk; =uq;fhh;aj E}j;gtk; /
thJ}yhe;tathh;jPeJ
; k; =uq;fhh;aFUk;gN[ / /
thopj;jpUehkk;
fhh;j;jpif *g;Nuh\;l;lgjk; ehSjpj;jhd; thopNa
fhrpdpapy; ahth;f;Fk; fUizAs;Nshd; thopNa
thJ}y tk;rj;jpy; te;Jjpj;Njhd; thopNa
kfj;jhd gh\;aj;ij tFj;Jiug;Nghd; thopNa
=uq;frhh;ahpd; jpUkfdhh; thopNa
njd;FU$h; rlNfhgd; rPh;Jjpg;Nghd; thopNa
jpUkhNy ruzndd;W rpe;ij nra;Nthd; thopNa
=uq;fhrhh;ahpd; jpUtbfs; thopNa.
njhq;fy;
Mhpah;fs; tho midj;JyFk; jhd; tho
fhhpRjdhjpNahh; fiy tho - ghUyfpy;
nghd;duq;fd; nghw;jhis Nghw;wpauq;fhhpaNd
,d;dnkhU E}w;whz;L ,Uk;.
ehs; ghl;L
mofpa kzthsKdp Mh;tkile;jpLehs;
mUnshOF jkpo;kiwfs; Mnydtsh;e;jpLehs;
vjptudhh; kjNkhq;fp vq;Fkpirj;jpLehs;
vjph; thjpah; tho;tpoe;J Vq;fp kaq;fpLehs;
gps;isAyfhrhhpah; ngUik Aah;e;jpLehs;
130
njd;dhhpa rpd;dk; jpwk;gl tpsq;fpLehs;
thJ}y nuq;fhrhhpad; te;J mtjhpj;jpLehs;
fhrpdpNahh; ca;a fhh;j;jpifapy; cj;jpul;lhjpehNs.
* g;Nuh\;l;lgjk; -nghUs; tpsf;fk; - G+ul;lhjpAk; cj;jpul;lhjpAk;

$ba jpdk;. ,e;j thh;j;ijiag; gw;wp kfhghujj;jpy;
cj;Nahfgu;tj;jpy; tphpthf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
27) Nutjp
a) ek;ngUkhs; - rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
irj;Nu Nutjp ]Q;[hjk; n]sk;a [hkhjuk; g;uGk; /
te;Nj thj;]y;a epyak; fy;ahzFz]hfuk; //
y ;kP fy;gyNjhj;Jq;f ];je];jgfrQ;ry: /

=uq;fuh[ g;Uq;Nfh Nk ukjhk; khe]hk;GN[ //
ek;ngUkhs; khKdpfs; tp\akhf mUspr;nra;jJ

=iஶNyஶ jahghj;uk; jPgf;ahjp Fzhh;ztk; /
ajPej
; ug;utzk; te;Nj uk;a[hkhjuk; Kepk; //
=uq;f kh`hj;kpak; (j]hj;ahaP 1.7) ];Nyhfk;
=uq;f kJyk; Nr\j;uk; =ah [{\;lk; ]{gh];gjk;

aj;fj;th e eNuh ahjp eufk; rhg;aNjhfjpk;.
(nry;tk; epiwe;jjha; kq;fsq;fSf;F ,Ug;gplkhd =uq;fj;ij

mile;j kdpjd; eufj;ijAk; jho;e;j fjpfisAk;
miltjpy;iy)
=uq;fehj];Njhj;uk; (=guhrugl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ)
]g;jg;uhfhu kj;Na ]u]p[ KFNshj; gh]khNe tpkhNe

fhNthP kj;aNjNஶ k;UJju gzpuhl;Nghfgh;aq;f ghNf /
epj;uhKj;uhgpuhkk; fbepflஶpu: ghh;ஶ;ttpe;a];j`];jk;
131
gj;khjhj;hPfuhg;ahk; ghprpj ruzk; uq;fuh[k; gN[s`k; //
ehs; ghl;L – cgNjruj;jpudkhiy 38, 50 ghRuq;fs;

vk;ngUkhdhh; jhprdnkd;Nwapjw;F
ek;ngUkhs; Nghpl;L ehl;bitj;jhh; - mk;GtpNahh;
,e;jjj;jhprdj;ij nak;ngUkhdhh; tsh;j;j
me;jr;nraywpiff;fh.
ek;ngUkhs; ek;kho;thh;. eQ;rPah; ek;gps;is

Vj;jjidr; nrhy;yp eP apd;W.
thopj;jpUehkk;
,UtpRk;gpy; tPw;wpUf;F kpikath; Nfhd; thopNa
mhpa jaujd; kfdhatjhpj;jhd; thopNa
ngUfp tUk; nghd;dp eLg; gpd;Japd;whd; thopNa
(nghpa ngUkhSf;Fk; ek;ngUkhSf;Fk; xNu thopj;jpUehkk;.
cj;jpuk; nghpa gpuhl;bahhpd; jpUel;rj;ukhdhYk; nghpangUkhs;
thopj;jpUehkj;Jld; Nrh;j;J mEre;jpg;gNj tof;fkhFk;.)
nghpa gpuhl;bahh;
132
kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
b) Qhdg;gpuhd; -(tuh`g; ngUkhs;) - fpU\;z rJh;jrp–

rpj;jpiu
jdpad;
Nk\irj;Nu f;U\;zgN fhykhj;u – rJh;jஶP
ngs\;z – e j;u – Af;jh r g;uhj]; ]e;j;ah - ]ke;tpjh.
tuh`];a [ae;jP ]h ஶ;Ntjthuh` fy;gfh
`Puz;ah – tjhh;j;jha juz;Aj;juzha r.
= tuh` rukஶ;Nyhfk; (= tuh` Guhzk;)
];jpNj ke]p ]{];t];Nj ஶhPNu ]jp Nah eu: /
jhJ]hk;Na ];jpNj ];kh;j;jh tpஶ;t&gk; r khk[k; /
jj];jk; k;hpakhzk; J fh\;l gh\hz ]e;epgk; /
m`k; ];kuhkp kj;gf;jk; eahkp gukhk; fjpk; //
,e;j ];Nyhfj;jpd; nghUs;: ‘ve;j kdpjd; cly; Neha; VJk;
,d;wp, ey;y epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ vd;id epidf;fpwhNdh,
mtd; kuzkilAk; jWthapy; vd;id epizf;f Kbahky;
,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy;, mtid ehd; epidf;fpd;Nwd;;. mtid
cah;e;j gukgjj;jpw;F ehNd mioj;Jr; nry;fpNwd;’. ,e;j
];Nyhfk; tuhfg; ngUkhs; G+kpg; gpuhl;bf;F mUspr; nra;jJ.
,J tuh` rukr;Nyjfk; vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. G+kpg;
gpuhl;bahdts; jhNd Mz;lhshf mtjhpj;j NghJ, tuhfg;
ngUkhs; mUspr; nra;j ,e;j vspjhd cghaj;ij ehr;rpahh;
jpUnkhop gjpndhd;whk; jpUnkhop vl;lhk; ghRuj;jpy; kpfTk;
nfhz;lhbg; NgrpapUf;fpwhs;. fPNo me;jg; ghRuj;ij fhz;Nghk;.
ghrpJ}h;j;Jf; fple;j ghh;kfl;Fg; gz;nlhUehs;

khRlk;gpy; ePh;thuh khdkpyhg; gd;wpahk;
NjRila Njth; jpUtuq;fr;nry;tdhh;
NgrpapUg;gdfs; Ngh;f;fTk; NguhNt.
133
c) vWk;gpag;gh – KLk;ig jpUtk;rk; - Ig;grp
jdpad;
Jyh Nutjp ]k;G+jk; tuNahfpgjhr;hpjk; /

]h;t Ntjhe;j ]k;G+h;zk; mg;ghrhh;a k`k; gN[ //
n]k;a[hkhj;U NahfPej
; u ruzhk; G[\l;gjk;
Njtuh[FUk; te;Nj jpt;a[;Qheg;ujk; ]{gk;.
,th; mUspAs;s cgNjruj;jpd khiyapd; rhw;Wg;ghl;L

kd;Daph;fhspq;Nf kzthskhKdptd;
nghd;dbahQ; nrq;fkyg; NghJfis – cd;dpr;
rpuj;jhNy jPz;by; mkhdtDk; ek;ikf;
fuj;jhNy jPz;ly; fld;. 74
thopj;jpUehkk;
re;jjKk; tutuKdp jhs; njhONthd; thopNa
jhuzapy; vWk;gp efh; jiof;f te;Njhd; thopNa
me;jKld; jpdrh;ia mUspdhd; thopNa
Ig;grpapy; Nutjp ehs; mtjhpj;Njhd; thopNa
ke;jkjpah;f;nfy;yhk; tho;tspj;jhd; thopNa
tutuKdp rjfk; tha;e;Jiuj;jhd; thopNa
nre;jkpOk; tlfiyAk; NjRilNahd; thopNa
Njtuh[d; mbapizfs; nrfj;jyj;jpy; thopNa.
vWk;gpag;gh khKdpfs; tp\akhf mUspAs;sitfs;

nghd;dpjdpy; Fspj;J muq;fe; jdpw; GFjg; ngw;Nwhk;
nghUtUk; rPh; ek;ngUkhs; gjk; Gfog; ngw;Nwhk;
kd;dparPh; kzths khKdptd; vd; Iad;
tho;jpUf;Fk; kle;jdpy; te;jpUf;fg; ngw;Nwhk;
nrd;dpjdpy; mtdbahh; gjk; #lg; ngw;Nwhk;
jpUkiyaho;thhpy; vd;Wk; rpwe;jpUf;fg; ngw;Nwhk;
gpd;idath;f;fe;juq;fg; nghUSk; ngw;Nwhk;
ngUe;jptj;jpypd;gk; ,q;Nf ngUfTk; ngw;NwhNk.
kz;zhL thote;Njhd; kzthskhKdptd; tz;ik
134
fz;zhh; mUSf;fpyf;fhf ey;tho;Tk; fz;ltd;jd;
jpz;zhubfspy; Fw;Nwty; nra;J jphpATk; ehd; vz;zhjpUf;f
eLNt ekf;F te;J va;jpaNj.
tutuKepth;aghJuj;ek; tujFUk; FUkhஶ;uNa F&zhk;
cgep\JgfPj kh;j;jjj;jt
; k; jjp` ajPa tஶk;tjk; ]kpe;Nj..
FzkzpepjNa eNkh ek];Nj FUFyJh;a! eNkh eNkh ek];Nj
tutuKeNa eNkh ek];Nj ajptujj;jttpNj eNkh ek];Nj.
=kj; uq;fk; [aJ gukk; jhk NjN[h epjhhek;
G+kh j];kpe; gtJ FஶyP Nfhgp G+kh]`ha:
jpt;ak; j];ik jpஶJ tpgtk; NjஶpNfh Njஶpfhehk;
fhNy fhNy tutuKep: fy;gae; kq;fhshep.
mgfj kj khie: me;jpNkhghg ep\;il:
mjpfj gukhh;j;ij: mh;j;jfhkhe Ngi :
epfpy [e]{`;Uj;gp: eph;[pj f;NuhjNyhig:
tutuKep g;Uj;ia: m];J Nk epj;aNahf:
[aJ aஶ]h Jq;fk; uq;fk; [fj;j;ua kq;fsk;

[aJ ]{rpuk; j];kpe; G+khukhkzpG+\zk;
tujFUzh ]hh;j;jk; j];ik ஶ{ghe;a gpth;j;jae;
tutuKep: =khe; uhkhEN[h [aJ pnjs.
gljp ஶjfNkjj; g;uj;a`k; a];]{[hee;

] `p gtjp epjhek; ]k;gjhkPg] ; pjhehk;
g;uஶkajp tpghfk; ghjfhehk; F&zhk;
g;ujajpr epjhek; ghukhg;Jk; gthg;Nj:
nghJ thopj;jpUehkk;
mg;gps;is jpUtha;kyh;e;jUspaJ
jdpad;
mk;Gtpap yho;thh;f shz;lhs; kJuftp

jk;gjpehs; khje; jkpo;j;njhifia – ek;Gtpf;Nf
nrg;Gsh kpd;wdkha;r; Nrh;e;jngU thopnra;j
mg;Gshd; jhNs auz;.
thopj;jpUehkq;fis mEre;jpg;gjd; gad;
135
kz;Zyfj; Js;Nshh;fs; kfpo;e;J tho
kzths khKdpf sUs;jd;dhNy
gz;zUspr; nray;tpsf;fk; thop ehkk;
gj;jpAl dpt;Tyfpw; gapy;thh; Nfl;ghh;
tpz;Zyfj; Njhh;fspDq; fPh;j;jp Aw;W
tpsq;fpapl nka;Q;Qhd tho;T ngw;Nw
fz;zdb ahh;fSld; fye;J ehSk;
fhrpdpapy; rjpuhf tho;th; jhNk.
Ntjj;jp Dz;nghUisj; jkpohy; ehSk;

tpsq;fpaplg; gd;dpUth; te;JNjhd;Wk;
khjj;ij atuth;f Sjpj;j ehis
tho;gjpiaf; fiyj;njhifia kdj;jpy; itj;Jg;
Nghjj;ijj; jUe;jkpohy; thop ehkk;
G+jyj;jpy; NgRfpd;Nw dpjidf; fw;ghh;
ghjj;ij nad;KbNk yzpaha;g; G+z;L
gd;dhSq; if$g;gpg; gzpNtd; ahNd.
Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUthpd; thopj;jpUehkk;

NghjkpFk; ngha;ifahh; G+jj;jhh; thopNa
Gfo;Ngahh; kopirah;Nfhd; Gj;J}ud; thopNa
ehjKdp njhOq;FUif ehtPwd; thopNa
ew;ghzd; nfhy;ypefh; ehjdhh; thopNa
Mjhpf;Fe; njhz;lubg; nghbjhs;fs; thopNa
mUl;fypad; kJuftp ahz;lhSk; thopNa
Vjkw;w ehyhap ug;gDty; thopNa
,tUjpj;j ehs;khj nkopw;gjpAk; thopNa.
jpUe j;jpu jdpad;fs;, thopj;jpUehkq;fs; Kw;wpw;W.

thf;a FUguk;giu, ];Nyhf FUguk;giu, jpUke;ju,
j;ta, rukr;Nyhfq;fs;, Xuhz;top FUguk;giu
jdpad;fs; - epj;ak; mD]e;jpf;f Ntz;bait.
jpde;NjhWk; ePuhbd gpwF jpUkz;fhg;G rhj;jpf;nfhz;l gpd;
fPNo nfhLj;Js;s thf;a FU guk;giu, ];Nyhf FU guk;giu,
u`];aj;uak;, Xuhz;top FUguk;giu jdpad;fis
vk;ngUkhd;fisj; jz;ldpl;L, iffisf; $g;gpf; nfhz;Nl
136
mD]e;jpf;fTk;. (gQ;r]k;];fhuk; ngw;wth;fs; kl;LNk nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;)
mguhj ]`];u gh[ek; gjpjk; gPkgthh;zNthjNu l

mfjpk; ஶuzhfjk; `Nu f;Ugah Nftykhj;k]hj; FU. l l
1. thf;a FUguk;giu
m];kj; FUg;Nah ek:
m];kj; guk FUg;Nah ek:
m];kj; ]h;t FUg;Nah ek:
=kNj uhkhD[ha ek:
= guhq;Fஶjh]ha ek:
=kj; ahKe KeNa ek:
= uhkkpஶ;uha ek:
= Gz;lhPfh ha ek:
=ke; ehjKeNa ek:
=kNj ஶlNfhgha ek:
=kNj tp;\;tf;N]eha ek:
ஶ;hpia ek:
=juha ek:
2.];Nyhf FUguk;giu
m];kj;Njஶpfk];kjPa gukhrhh;aheNஶ\he;FUe; /
=ky;y ;kzNahfp Gq;ft k`hG+h;nzs Kepk; ahKek; //
uhkk; gj;ktpNyhrdk; Kdptuk; ehjk; ஶlj;Nt\pzk; /

N]Neஶk;; ஶ;hpakpe;jpuh ]`ruk; ehuhazk; ]k;ஶ;uNa //
3. jpUke;jpuk;, j;tak;, rukஶ;Nyhfq;fs;

jpUke;jpuk; (jpU m\;lh u ke;jpuk;)
;
Xk; eNkh ehuhazha
j;tak; (mjhtJ ,ul;il thf;fpak;)
137
=ke; ehuhaz runzs ruzk; g;ugj;Na
=kNj ehuhazha ek:
rukஶ;Nyhfq;fs;
=fpU\;z rukஶ;Nyhfk; (=gftj;fPij)
]h;tjh;khe; ghpj;a[;a khNkfk; ஶuzk; t;u[ /

m`k;j;th ]h;t ghNgg;Nah Nkh ap\;ahkp khஶ{r: //
= tuh` rukஶ;Nyhfk; (= tuh` Guhzk;)
];jpNj ke]p ]{];t];Nj ஶhPNu ]jpNah eu: /

jhJ]hk;Na ];jpNj ];kh;j;jh tpஶ;t&gk; r khk[k; /
jj];jk; k;hpakhzk; J fh\;l gh\hz ]e;epgk; /
m`k; ];kuhkp kj;gf;jk; eahkp gukhk; fjpk; //
=uhk rukஶ;Nyhfk; (=uhkhazk;)
]f;UNjt g;uge;eha jth];kPjp r ahrNj /
mgak; ]h;t G+ijg;Nah jjhk;Najj; t;ujk; kk //
4. Xuhz;top FUguk;giuj; jdpad;fs;

(nghpa ngUkhs; njhlq;fp jdJ Mrhhpad; tiuapy; cs;s
jdpad;fis mE]e;jpg;gJ nghpNahh;fspd; Kiw)
nghpa ngUkhs;
=];jehguzk; Nj[: =uq;Nfஶa khஶ;uNa
rpe;jhkzp kpNthj; ghe;jk; cj;]q;Nfsee;jNghfpe:
nghpa gpuhl;bahh;
ekஶ; =uq;fehaf;ia aj;g;& tpg;ukNgjj: /

<Nஶ ஶpjt;a it\k;a epk;Nehe;ej kpjk; [fj; //
Nrid Kjypahh;
=uq;f re;j;uk]kpe;jpuah tp`h;j;Jk;
138
tpe;a];a tpஶ;trpjrpe; eaehjpfhuk; /
Nah eph;t`j;aepஶ kq;Fsp Kj;uiat
N]ehe;ake;atpKfh];jkஶp ஶ;hpahk: / /
ek;kho;thh;
khjh gpjh Atja]; jeaeh tpG+jp:

]h;tk; aNjt epaNke kje;tahehk; /
=kj; jjq;f;hpAfsk; g;uzkhkp %h;j;eh //
=ke; ehjKdpfs;
eNkhsrpe;j;ahj; Gjhf;yp\;l [;Qhe ituhf;auhஶNa /

ehjha KeNasfhj gftj; gf;jp ]pe;jNt //
ca;af;nfhz;lhh;
ek: gq;f[ Nej;uha ehj =ghjgq;fN[ /

e;a];j ]h;t guhah];kj; Fyehjha jPkNj //
kzf;fhy; ek;gp
maj;eNjh ahKekhj;kjh]
ksh;f;f gj;uhh;g;gz ep\;f;uNaz /
Nah f;hPjtheh];jpj nastuh[;ak;
ekhkp jk; uhk kNka ]j;;tk;. //
Mste;jhh;
aj;gjhk;NghU`j;ahe tpj;t];jhNஶ\ fy;k\: /
t];JjhKgahNjhs`k; ahKNeak; ehkp jk; //
nghpa ek;gp
fkyhgjp fy;ahzFzhk;Uj epN\tah /

G+h;z fhkha ]jjk; G+h;zha kN`Nj ek: //
139
vk;ngUkhdhh;
Nahepj;akr;Aj gjhk;G[ Af;k Uf;k
m];kj;FNuhh; gftNjh];a jiaf]pe;Njh:
$uj;jho;thd;
=tj;]rp`;e kpஶ;Nug;Nah ek cf;jpk; mjPk`p /
aJf;ja]; j;uaPfz;Nl ahe;jp kq;fs ]{j;ujhk; //
Kjypahz;lhhd;
j];a jhஶuNj: ghnjs ஶpu]h jhuahk;a`k; //
vk;ghh;
uhkhE[ gjr;rhah Nfhtpe;jh`;theghapeP /

jjhaj;j ];t&gh ]h [Pahe; kj;tpஶ;uk];jyP //
=guhru gl;lh;
=guhஶugl;lhh;a: =uq;NfஶGNuh`pj: /
=tj;]hq;f]{j: =khe; ஶ;NuaN] Nks];J G+aN] //
eQ;[Pah;
eNkh Ntjhe;j Ntj;aha [fe; kq;fsN`jNt /
a];a thfk;Ujh]hu G+hpjk; Gt ej;uak; //
ek;gps;is
Ntjhe;j Ntj;ahk;Uj thhp uhNஶh;

Ntjhh;j;j ]huhk;Uj G+ukf;h;ak; /
Mjha th;\e;j k`k; g;ugj;Na
fhUz;aG+u;zk; fypithp jh]k; //
140
tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; gps;is
=f;U\;z ghjghjhg;N[ ekhkp ஶpu]h ]jh /
aj;g;u]hj g;ughNte ]h;t]pj;juG+e;kk //
gps;is Nyhfhrhhpah;
Nyhfhrhh;aha FuNt f;U\;z ghj];a ]{eNt /

]k;]huNghfp ]e;j\;l [Pt[PthjNt ek: //
jpUtha;nkhopg; gps;is
ekஶ;=iஶy ehjha Fe;jPefu [e;kNe /
g;u]hjyg;j gukg;uhg;a ifq;fh;a ஶhypNe //
kzths khKdpfs;
ajPej
; ;ug;utzk; te;Nj uk;a[hkhjuk; Kepk; //
Nkw;nfhz;L jq;fSila Mrhhpad; jdpad;fis

mDre;jpf;fTk;. gpwF ]e;j;ahte;jdk; nra;J Kbj;J
vk;ngUkhDf;F jpUthuhjdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
thf;a FUguk;giu, ];Nyhf FUguk;giu, jpUke;jpuk;, j;tak;,

rukஶ;Nyhfq;fs;, Xuhz;top FUguk;giu jdpad;fs; Kw;wpw;W.
nghJj;jdpad;fs; kw;Wk; ehyhapu jpt;a g;uge;j

jdpad;fs;
nghJj;jdpad;fs;
jpt;ag;uge;j Nrthfhy Muk;gj;jpy; mE]e;jpf;Fk;
jdpad;fs;
kzthskhKdpfs; jdpad; - mofpakzthsd;
mUspr;nra;jJ
141
ajPej
; ;ug;utzk; te;Nj uk;a[hkhjuk; Kepk; // 1
FUguk;giuapd; jdpad; - $uj;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;jJ

y ;kPehj]khuk;gk; ehjahKekj;akhk; /
m];kjhrhh;a gh;ae;jhk; te;Nj FUguk;guhk; // 2
vk;ngUkhdhh; jdpad; - $uj;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;jJ
Nah epj;akr;Aj gjhk;G[Af;kUf;k-

t;ahNkh`j];jjpjuhzp j;Uzha NkNe /
m];kj;FNuhh; gftNjh];a jiaf]pe;Njh:
uhkhE[];a runzs ஶuzk; g;ugj;Na // 3
ek;kho;thh; jdpad; - =Mste;jhh; mUspr;nra;jJ

khjh gpjh Atja]; jeah tpG+jp];
]h;tk; aNjt epaNke kje;tahehk;
=kj; jjq;f;hpAfsk; g;uzkhkp %h;j;eh ! 4
Mo;thh;fs; tp\akhd jdpad; - =guhRugl;lh; mUspaJ

G+jk; ]u];a k`jh`;ta gl;lehj:
=gf;jp]hu FyN]fu Nahfpth`he; /
gf;jhq;f;hpNuZ gufhy ajPej
; ;ukp];uhe;
=kj;guhq;F]Kepk; g;uzNjh];kp epj;ak; // 5
ehyhapu jpt;a g;uge;j jdpad;fs;

(mej;aae fhyj;jpy; mE]e;jf;fg;gLfpwJ)
Kjyhapuk;
nghpaho;thh;
mUspr;nra;j jpUg;gy;yhz;L, nghpaho;thh;
jpUnkhopfspd; jdpad;fs;
=ke; ehjKdpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
142
FUKfkejPj;a g;uh` NtjheNஶ\he;
eugjp ghpf;Yg;jk; ஶ{y;fkhjhJfhk: /
ஶt; ஶ{ukkute;j;ak; uq;fehj];a ]h hj;
j;tp[Fy jpyfk; jk; tp\;Zrpj;jk; ekhkp // 6
ghz;ba gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
kpd;dhh;jlkjps;#o; tpy;ypGj;Jhnud;nwhUfhy;
topaWj;Njhk; neQ;rNkte;J. 7
ghjq;fs; ahKilagw;W. 8
=Mz;lhs; mUspr;nra;j jpUg;ghit jdpad;fs;

=guhru gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
ePshJq;f];jefphpjB]{g;jKj;Nghj;a f;U\;zk;
ghuhh;j;ak; ];tk; ];Ujp]j]pu];]pj;jkj;ah gae;jP /
];Nthr;rp\;lhahk; ];u[p epfspjk; ah gyhj;fU
; j;a Gq;f;Nj
Nfhjh j];;ia ek ,jkpjk; G+a Vths];J G+a: // 9
ca;af;nfhz;lhh; mUspr;nra;jJ
gd;D jpUg;ghit gy;gjpak; - ,d;dpirahy;
#bf; nfhLj;jhisr; nrhy;Y. 10
#bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhbNa!. njhy;ghit

Ntq;fltw; nfd;id tpjpnad;w tpk;khw;wk;
ehk; flth tz;zNk ey;F. 11
=Mz;lhs; mUspr;nra;j ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop jdpad;fs;
jpUf;fz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
143
my;ypehl; lhkiuNk yhuzq;fpdpd; Jiztp
ky;ypehlhz;l klkapy; - nky;ypayhs;
Ntah; gae;;j tpsf;F. 12
xd;whd thdkhkiy uhkhE[ [pPaP h; ];thkp (nghd;dbf;fhy;

[Pah; ];thkp) mUspr;nra;jJ
*Nfhyr;Rhprq;ifkhad; nrt;thapd; Fzk; tpdTk;

rPyj;jds;. njd; jpUky;ypehb. nrOq;Foy;Nky;
khiyj; njhil njd;duq;fUf;fPAk; kjpg;Gila
Nrhiyf;fpsp. mts; Jhaew;ghjk; Jidekf;Nf. 13
*,e;jj; jdpad; njd;jpt;aNjrg;uhe;jpaq;fspy;

mEre;jpf;fg;gLfpwJ..
FyNrfuho;thh; mUspr;nra;j ngUkhs;; jpUnkhop jdpad;fs;
cilath; mUspr;nra;jJ
,d;dKj%l;L;Nf dpq;Nfth igq;fpspNa !

njd;duq;fk; ghlty;y rPh;g;ngUkhs; - nghd;dQ;
rpiyNrh; Ejypah;Nts; Nruyh;Nfhd;. vq;fs;
FyNrfu ndd;Nw$W. 14
kzf;fhy; ek;gp mUspr;nra;jJ

Muk;nflg; gudd;gh; nfhs;snud;W. mth;fSf;Nf
thuq;nfhL Flg;ghk;gpy; ifapl;ltd;. khw;wyiu
tPuq;nfLj;j nrq;Nfhy; nfhy;ypfhtyd; tpy;yth;Nfhd;
Nrud; FyNrfud; KbNte;jh; rpfhkzpNa. 15
jpUkopiraho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUr;re;.j tpUj;jk;

jdpad;fs;
jpUfr;rp ek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
jUr;re;jg; nghopy; jOT jhuzpapd; Jah;jPu.
jpUr;re;jtpUj;jk; nra; jpUkopirg; gud;tU%h.;
fUr;re;Jk; fhufpYk; fko;Nfhq;F kzehWk;.
144
jpUr;re;jj;Jld; kUT jpUkopir tsgk;gjpNa. 16
cyF kopirA Ks;Szh;e;J. jk;kpy;
Gyth; Gfo;f;Nfhyhy; J}f;f - cyFjd;id
itj;njLj;j gf;fj;Jk;. khePh; kopirNa
itj;njLj;j gf;fk; typJ. 17
njhz;lug;nghbaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUkhiy jdpad;

jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah; mUspr;nra;jJ
kw;nwhd;Wk; Ntz;lh kdNk!. kjpsuq;fh;
fw;wpdk; Nka;j;j foypizf;fPo; - cw;w
jpUkhiy ghLk; rPh;j;njhz;lubg;nghb nak;
ngUkhid. vg;nghOJk; NgR. 18
njhz;lug;nghbaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp

jdpad;fs;
jpUkhiyahz;lhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
jNkt kj;th guth]{Njtk;
uq;Nfஶak; uh[tjh;`zPak;
g;uhNghjfPk; Nahsf;Uj ]{f;jpkhyhk;
gf;jhq;f;hpNuZk; gfte;jkPNl 19
kz;lq;Fb nad;gh; khkiwNahh; kd;dparPh;
njhz;lubg;nghb njhd;dfuk; - tz;L
jpzh;j;jtay; njd;duq;fj; jk;khid. gs;sp
Azh;j;Jk; gpuhDjpj;jT+h;. 20
jpUg;ghzho;thh; mUspr;nra;j mkydhjpgpuhd; jdpad;fs;

nghpaek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
Mghj#lk; mEG+a `hpk; ]ahek;
Nah ep];rpfha keit Kepthèk; jk; // 21
145
jpUkiyek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
fhl;lNt fz;lghj fkyk; ey;yhil ce;jp
Njl;lUk; cju ge;jk; jpUkhh;G fz;lk; nrt;tha;
thl;lkpy; fz;fs; Nkdp Kdp Vwpj; jdp GFe;J
ghl;bdhy; fz;L thOk; ghzh; jhs; gutpNdhNk. 22
,uz;lhkhapk;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j nghpa jpUnkhopj; jdpad;fs;
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp mUspnra;jJ
fypahkp fypj;tk;]k; ftpk; Nyhfjpthfuk; /

a];a Nfhgp: g;ufh]hgp: uhtpj;ak; ep`jk; jk: // 23
thop gufhyd; thop fypfd;wp

thop FiwaYhh; tho;Nte;jd; - thopaNuh
khNahid ths; typahy; ke;jpuq;nfhs;. kq;ifah;Nfhd;
JhNahd; Rlh; khdNty;. 24
$uj;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;jJ
neQ;Rf;fpUs;fbjPgk; mlq;fhneLk;;gpwtp
eQ;Rf;F ey;ytKjk;. jkpo;ed;Dhy; Jiwfs;
mQ;Rf;fpyf;fpak; Muzrhuk;. gurkag;
gQ;Rf;fdypd; nghwp. gufhyd; gDty;fNs. 25
vk;ghh; mUspr;nra;jJ
vq;fs; fjpNa ,uhkhErKdpNa

rq;ifnfLj;jhz;l jtuhrh ! - nghq;FGfo;
kq;ifah;NfhdPe;j kiw ahapukidj;Jk;
jq;F kdk; eP vdf;Fj; jh. 26
kzthskhKdpfs; my;yJ Nrhkhrpahz;lhd; mUspr;nra;jJ

(,e;j jdpad; rpy jpt;aNjrq;fspy; mEre;jpg;gjpy;iy)
146
khiyj;jdpNatopgwpf;fNtZnkd;W
Nfhypg;gjptpUe;jnfhw;wtNd ! - Ntiy
mizj;jUSq;ifahybNad;tpidia
Jzpj;jUsNtZk;Jzpe;J. 27
%d;whkhapuk;
ngha;ifaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j Kjy; jpUte;jhjp jdpad;
Kjypahz;lhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
ifijNrh; G+k;nkhopy;#o; fr;rpefh;te;Jjpj;j

ngha;ifg;gpuhd; ftpQh;NghNuW - itaj;
jbath;fs; tho tUe;jkpo; E}w;we;jhjp
gbtpsq;fr; nra;jhd; ghpe;J. 28
G+jj;jho;thh; mUspr;nra;j ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp jdpad;

jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd; gps;shd; mUspr;nra;jJ
vd;gpwtpjPu ,iwQ;rpNdd; ,d;dKjh

md;Ng jfsp mspj;jhid - ed;Gfo;Nrh;
rPjj;jhh; Kj;Jf;fs; NrUk; fly;ky;iyg;
G+jj;jhh; nghd;dq; foy;. 29
Ngaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp jdpad;

FUif fhtyg;gd; mUspr;nra;jJ
rPuhUk; khlj;jpUf; NfhtY}h; mjDs;

fhuhh; fUKfpiyf; fhzg;Gf;F - Xuhhj;
jpUf;fz;Nld; vd;Wiuj;j rPuhd; foNy
ciuf;fz;lha; neQ;Nr cfe;J. 30
jpUkopiraho;thh; mUspr;nra;j ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp

jdpad;
rPuhkg;gps;is mUspr;nra;jJ
ehuhazd; gilj;jhd; ehd;Kfid. ehd;KfDf;F
147
Vuhh; rptd; gpwe;;jh ndd;Dk;nrhy; - rPuhh;
nkhop nrg;gp thoyhk; neQ;rNk. nkha;G+
kopirg; gudbNa tho;j;J. 31
ek;kho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUtpUj;jk; jdpad;
*fplhk;gpahr;rhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
fUtpUj;jf; FopePj;jgpd; fhkf;fLq;Fop tPo;e;J

xUtpUj;jk; Gf;FoYWtPh;! caphpd; nghUs;fl;F
xUtpUj;jk; GFjhky; FUifah;NfhDiuj;j
jpUtpUj;jj;J Xub fw;wphPh; jpUehl;lfj;Nj. 32
* rPuhkg;gps;is; my;yJ Mste;jhh; ,e;jj; jdpaid

mUspdhh; vd;W $WthUk; csh;.
ek;kho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUthrphpak; jdpad;

mUshsg;ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhh; mUspr;nra;jJ
fhrpdpNahh; jhk;thof; fypAfj;Nj te;Jjpj;J
Mrphpag;gh tjdhy; mUkiwE}y; tphpj;jhid
Njrpfidg; guhq;Fridj; jpfo;tFsj; jhuhid
khrilah kdj;Jitj;J kwthky; tho;j;JJNk. 33
ek;kho;thh; mUspr;nra;j nghpa jpUte;jhjp jdpad;

Ke;Jw;w neQ;Nr Kaw;wp jhpj;Jiuj;J
te;jpj;J thahu tho;j;jp(Na) - re;j
KU$Uk; Nrhiy#o; nkha;G+k; nghUey;
FU$ud; khwd;Ngh; $W. 34
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUntO$w;wpUf;if

jdpad;fs;
thop gufhyd; thop fypfd;wp

thop FiwaYhh; tho;Nte;jd; - thopaNuh
148
khNahid ths; typahy; ke;jpuq;nfhs;. kq;ifah;Nfhd;
JhNahd; Rlh; khdNty;. 35
* rPuhh;jpUntO$w;wpUf;ifnad;Dk; nre;jkpohy;
MuhtKjd;Fle;ijg;gpuhd;jdbapizf;fPo;
Vuhh;kiwg;nghUnsy;yhnkLj;jpt;TyFa;aNt
Nrhuhky;nrhd;d mUz;khhpghjk;Jizekf;Nf. 36
* ,e;j jdpad; rpy jpt;aNjrq;fspy; mEre;jpg;gjpy;iy.
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j rpwpa jpUkly; jdpad;

gps;is jpUeiwA+h; miuah; mUspr;nra;jJ
Ks;spr; nrOkyNuh (nrOkyNuhd;/h;) jhuhd; Kiskjpak;

nfhs;spf;F vd;Ds;sk; nfhjpahNk - ts;sy;
jpUthsd; rPh;f;fypad; fhh;f;fypia ntl;b
kUthsd; je;jhd; kly;. 37
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j nghpa jpUkly; jdpad;
gps;is jpUeiwA+h; miuah; mUspr;nra;jJ
nghd;Dyfpy; thdtUk; G+kfSk; Nghw;wpnra;Ak; (nra;a)
ed;DjyPh; ek;gp eiwA+uh; - kd;Dyfpy;
vd;dpiyik fz;Lk; ,uq;fhNu ahkhfpy;
kd;D klY}h;td; te;J. 38
kJuftpaho;thh; mUspr;nra;j fz;zp;Ez;rpWj;jhk;G

jdpad;fs;
mtpjpjtp\ahe;juஶஶ
;; lhNu
Ugep\jhKgfhekhj;uNghf: /
mgp r Fztஶhj;jNjfNஶ\P
kJuftph;`;UjNa kkhtpu];J// 39
Ntnwhd;Wk; ehd; mwpNad; Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j

khwd; rlNfhgd; tz;FU$h;. - VW vq;fs;
tho;thk; vd;Nwj;Jk; kJuftpahh;. vk;ik
Ms;thh; mtNu muz;. 40
149
ehd;fhkhapuk;
ek;kho;thh; mUspr;nra;j jpUtha;nkhop jdpad;fs;
gf;jhk;Ujk; tpஶ;t[ehENkhjek;
]h;thh;j;jjk; =ஶlNfhgthq;kak; /
]`];uஶhNfhgep\j;]khfkk;
ekhk;a`k; j;uhtpl Ntj]hfuk; // 41
<r;tuKdpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
jpUtOjp ehnld;Wk; njd;FU$nud;Wk;
kUtpdpa tz;nghUenyd;Wk; - mUkiwfs;
me;jhjp nra;jhdbapizNa vg;nghOJk;
rpe;jpaha; neQ;Nr! njspe;J. 42
nrhl;ilek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
kdj;jhYk; thahYk; tz;FU$h;NgZk;

,dj;jhiuay;yh jpiwQ;Nrd; - jdj;jhYk;
VJk;FiwtpNyd;. ve;ijrlNfhgd;
ghjq;fs; ahKilaw;W. 43
mde;jho;thd; mUspr;nra;jJ
Va;e;j ngUq;fPh;j;jp apuhkhEr Kdpjd;

tha;e;j kyh;g;ghjk; tzq;Ffpd;Nwd; - Ma;e;jngUQ;
rPuhh; rlNfhgd; nre;jkpo; Ntjk; jhpf;Fk;
Nguhj Ts;sk; ngw. 44
gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
thd;jpfOk; Nrhiy kjpsuq;fh; tz;Gfo;Nky;

Md;w jkpo;kiwfshapuKk; - <d;w
Kjy;jha; rlNfhkd; nkha;k;ghy; tsh;j;j
,jj;jh apuhkhDrd;. 45
kpf;f tpiw epiyAk; nka;ahKaph;epiyAk;

jf;f newpAk; jilahfpj; - njhf;fpaYk;
150
Co;tpidAk; tho;tpidA NkhJk; FUifah;Nfhd;
ahopdpir Ntjj; jpay;. 46
jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhh; mUspr;nra;j ,uhkhDrE}w;we;jhjp

jdpad;fs;
Ntjg;gpuhd; gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
Kd;id tpid afy %q;fpw; FbaKjd;
nghd;dq; fow; fkyg;Ngh jpuz;Lk; - vd;Dila
nrd;dpf; fzpahfr; Nrh;j;jpNdd;. njd;Gyj;jhh;f;F
vd;Df; flTilNad; ahd;. 47
eae;jU Nghpd;g nky;yhk; gOnjd;W ez;z;pdh;ghy;

rae;jU fPh;j;jp apuhkhErKdp jhspizNky;
cah;e;j Fzj;Jj; jpUtuq;fj; jKNjhq;Fk;;. md;ghy;
,ak;Gk; fypj;Jiw ae;jhjp Nahj tpir neQ;rNk. 48
*,dp nad; Fiw ekf;F vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUehkj;jhy;

Kdp je;j E}w;nwl;L rhtpj;jphpnad;D Ez;nghUisf;
fdp je;j nrQ;nrhy; fypj;Jiwae;jhjp ghbj;je;jhd;
Gdpjd; jpUtuq;fj; jKjhfpa Gz;zpaNd. 49
*,e;j jdpad; rpy jpt;aNjrq;fspy; mEre;jpg;gjpy;iy.
nrhy;ypd; njhifnfhz; Ldjbg;NghJf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Ak;

ey;ydgNuj;JKd; ehknky;yhk; vd;jd; ehtpDs;Ns
my;Yk; gfYk; mkUk;gbey;F. mWrkak;
nty;Yk; guk! ,uhkhEr! ,njd; tpz;zg;gNk. 50
nghJj;jdpad;fs; kw;Wk; ehyhapu jpt;a g;uge;j

jdpad;fs; Kw;wpw;W.
kzthskhKdpfs; mUspr;nra;j cgNjruj;jpdkhiyapd;

jdpad;
Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zd; mUspr;nra;jJ
151
jd;neQ;Rjd;dpy; jhpg;gth; jhs;fs; ruz; ekf;Nf.
kzthskhKdpfs; mUspr;nra;j
jpUtha;nkhop E}w;we;jhjp - jdpad;fs;
my;Yk; gfYk; mDgtpg;ghh; jq;fSf;Fr;
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; njhFj;Jiuj;jhd;. - ey;y
kzths khKdptd; khwd; kiwf;Fj;
jzth E}w;we;jhjp jhd;.
kd;D Gfo;Nrh; kzths khKdptd;
jd;dUshYl;nghUs;fs; jd;DlNd - nrhd;d
jpUtha;nkhopE}w;we;jhjpahe; Njid
xUth jUe;J neQ;Nr! cw;W.
epj;jpak; Nrtpf;Fk; ghRuq;fs; Kd;db gpd;db f;ukj;jpy;

jpdKk; ehk; jpUthuhjdk; nra;Ak; NghJ jpUg;gy;yhz;L,
jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp, jpUg;ghit, mkydhjpgpuhd;, fz;zpEz;
rpWj;jhk;G, ,uhkhErE}w;we;jhjp ,itfis mE]e;jpf;fNtZk;.
khj, tUl jpU%y jpUe j;jd;Wk;, mej;aae fhyj;jpYk;
ehk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy kw;Wk; jpUtha;nkhop E}w;we;jhjpia
mE]e;jpf;fNtZk;. mtfhrk; ,y;yhjth;fs; jpdKk;
mE]e;jpf;Fk; ghRuq;fis Kd;db gpd;dbahf Nrtpf;fyhk;.
mth;fSf;F nrsfh;akhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; rpy jpt;a Njr
jpUf;Nfhtpy;fspy; jpdKk; Nrtpg;gjw;Fk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
jpt;a g;uge;jq;fs; Kd;db gpd;dbahf ,q;Nf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rhw;Kiw ghRuq;fisahtJ KOtJkhf
Nrtpj;jhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
jpUg;gy;yhz;L
jdpad;fs;
152
FUKfkejPj;a g;uh` NtjheNr\he;
eugjp ghpf;Yg;jk; Ry;fkhjhJfhk: /
r;tRukkute;j;ak; uq;fehj];a ]h hj;
j;tp[Fy jpyfk; jk; tp\;Zrpj;jk; ekhkp //
ghz;ba gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
kpd;dhh; jlkjps;#o; tpy;ypGj;Jh nud;nwhUfhy;

topaWj;Njhk; neQ;rNkte;J.

ghjq;fs; ahKilagw;W.
ghRuk; Kd;db ;gpd;db

vz;
1 *gy;yhz;L gy;yhz;L mbNahNkhLk; epd;NdhLk;
2 thohl;gl;L epd;wPh; cs;sPNuy; Vohl;fhYk; gopg;gpNyhk; ehq;fs;
3 VLepyj;jpypLtjd;Kd;dk; ehLefuKk; ed;fwpa
4 mz;lf;Fyj;Jf; fjpgjpahfp njhz;lf;Fyj;jpYs;sPh;
5 ve;ij je;ijje;ij jpUNthzj;jpUtpotpy;
6 jPapw; nghypfpd;w khag;nghUgilthzid
7 nea;apil ey;yNjhh; nka;apl ey;yNjhh;
8 cLj;Jf;fise;j tpLj;j jpirf;fUkk;jpUj;jp
9 ve;ehs; vk;ngUkhd; nre;ehs; Njhw;wpj;
10 *my;tof;nfhd;Wkpy;yh ey;tifahy; eNkhehuhazhntd;W
11 *gy;yhz;nld;Wgtpj;jpuid ey;yhz;nld;W etpd;Wiug;ghh;
gy;yhz;Lk; gukhj;kidr; #o;e;jpUe;Njj;Jth; gy;yhz;Nl.
jpUg;gs;sp naOr;rp
jdpad;fs;
jpUkhiyahz;lhd; mUspr;nra;jJ
jNkt kj;th guth]{Njtk;
153
uq;Nf]ak; uh[tjh;`zPak; /
g;uhNghjfPk; Nahf;Uj ]{f;jpkhyhk;
gf;jhq;f;hpNuZk; gfte;jkPNl //
kz;lq;Fbnad;gh; khkiwNahh; kd;dparPh;
njhz;lubg;nghb njhd;dfuk; - tz;L
jpzh;j;jtay; njd;duq;fj; jk;khidg;. gs;sp
Azh;j;Jk; gpuhDjpj;jT+h;.
vz;
1 *fjputd; vjph;jpir
2 nfhOq;nfhb tpOq;fpa
3 Rlnuhsp klypilf;
4 Nkl;bs thl;ba
5 Gyk;gpd myq;fye;
6 ,utpah; GutpNahL
7 me;juj;J Re;juh;
8 tk;gtpo; Jk;GU
9 *Vjkpy; khjth;
10 *fbkyh;f; njhilnahj;j
Ml;gLj;jha; gs;spnaOe;jUshNa.
jpUg;ghit
jdpad;fs;
=guhru gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
ePshJq;f];jefphpjB ]{g;jKj;Nghj;a f;U\;zk;

ghuhh;j;ak; ];tk; ];Ujp]j]pu];]pj;jkj;ah gae;jP /
];Nthr;rp\;lhahk; ];u[p epfspjk; ah gyhj;fU
; j;a Gq;f;Nj
Nfhjh j];;ia ek ,jkpjk; G+a Vths];J G+a: //
ca;af;nfhz;lhh; mUspr;nra;jJ
154
gd;D jpUg;ghitg; gy;gjpak; - ,d;dpirahy;
#bf;nfhLj;jhisr; nrhy;Y.
#bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;nfhbNa!. njhy;ghit

Ntq;fltw; nfd;id tpjpnad;w ,k;khw;wk;
ehk; flth tz;zNk ey;F.

vz;
1 *khh;fopj; jpq;fs; Vuhh;e;j fz;zp
2 itaj;J ikapl;L
3 *Xq;fpAy G+q;Ftis
4 Mopkio MopNghy;
5 khaid kd;D J}Nahkha;
6 Gs;Sk;rpy nts;sj;jutpy;
7 fPRfPR kj;jpdhy;
8 fPo;thdk; NfhJfyKila
9 J}kzpkh cd; kfs;jhd;
10 Nehw;W gz;nlhU ehs;
11 fw;Wf; fwit Rw;wj;J
12 fidj;jpsk; rpdj;jpdhy;
13 Gs;spd; tha; Gs;Sk; rpy
14 cq;fs; Gio vq;fis Kd;dk;
15 vy;Ny xy;iy eP
16 *ehafdha; miwgiw
17 mk;guNk mk;gu*lWj;J
18 *ce;Jkj khjtp
19 Fj;Jtps ikj;jlq;fz;zp
20 Kg;gj;J nrg;ngd;d
21 Vw;w cyfpdpy;
22 mq;fz;kh nrq;fz; rpW
23 *khhpkiy NghjUkh
24 *md;wpt;Tyfk; Fd;WFil
25 xUj;jp kfd; neUg;ngd;d
155
26 khNy Nghy;td
27 *$lhiu ghlfNk
28 *fwitfs; gpd; cd;wd;NdhL
29 *rpw;wQ; rpWfhNy ,w;iwg; giw nfhs;thd;
30 *tq;ff; fly; file;j rq;fj; jkpo; khiy
vq;Fk; jpUtUs; ngw;W ,d;GWtnuk;ghtha;.
mkydhjpgpuhd;
jdpad;fs;
nghpaek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
Mghj#lk; mEG+a `hpk; ஶahek;
Nah epஶ;rpfha keit Kepthèk; jk; //
jpUkiyek;gpfs; mUspr;nra;jJ
fhl;lNt fz;l ghj fkyk; ey;yhil ce;jp

Njl;lUk; cju ge;jk; jpUkhh;G fz;lk; nrt;tha;
thl;lkpy; fz;fs; Nkdp Kdp Vwpj; jdp GFe;J
ghl;bdhy; fz;L thOk; ghzh; jhs; gutpNdhNk.

vz;
1 *mkydhjpgpuhd; epkyd; epd;kyd;
2 cte;j fth;e;j
3 *ke;jpgha; me;jp Nghy;
4 rJukh kJukh
5 ghuhkha Nfhukhjtk;
6 Jz;lntz;gpiwad; mz;luz;l
7 ifapdhh; mzpauq;fdhh;
8 ghpadhfp te;j fhpathfpg;Gilgue;J
9 *Mykh kuj;jpdpiynky; NfhykhkzpahuKk;
10 *nfhz;ly; tz;zid mz;lh;Nfhd; mzpauq;fd;
vd;dKjpidf; fz;lfz;fs; kw;nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt.
fz;zpEz;rpWj;jhk;G
156
jdpad;fs;
mtpjpjtp\ahe;juஶ; ஶlhNu: cgep\jhKgfhe khj;uNghf: /
mgpr Fztஶhj; jNjfNஶ\P kJuftph; `;UjNa kkhtpu];J//
Ntnwhd;Wk; ehd; mwpNad; Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j

khwd; rlNfhgd; tz;FU$h; - VW. vq;fs;
tho;thk; vd;Nwj;Jk; kJuftpahh;. vk;ik
Ms;thh; mtNuh muz;.

vz;
1 *fz;zpEz; ez;zpj;njd;
2 ehtpdhy; NjTkw;wwpNad;
3 jphpje;jhfpYk; nghpatz; FU$h;
4 ed;ikahy; kpf;f md;idaha; mj;jdha;
5 ek;gpNdd; nrk;nghd; khlj;
6 ,d;W njhl;Lk; Fd;w khlj;
7 fz;L nfhz;L vz;jpirAk;
8 mUs; nfhz;lhLk; mUs; nfhz;L
9 kpf;f Ntjpah; jf;frPh;r;
10 *gadd;whfpYk; Fapy; epd;whh; nghopy; #o;
11 *md;gd; jd;id md;gdha;
fz;zpEz;rpWj;jhk;gpdhy; ez;zpj; njd;FU$h;
mz;zpf;Fk; mKJ}Wk; vd;dhTf;Nf.
,uhkhDr E}w;we;jhjp
jdpad;fs;
Ntjg;gpuhd; gl;lh; mUspr;nra;jJ
Kd;id tpid afy %q;fpw; FbaKjd;

nghd;dq;fow; fkyg;Nghjpuz;Lk; - vd;Dila
nrd;dpf; fzpahfr; Nrh;j;jpNdd;. njd;Gyj;jhh;f;F
vd;Df; flTilNad; ahd;.
eae;jU Nghpd;g nky;yhk; gOnjd;W ez;z;pdh;ghy;
157
rae;jU fPh;j;jp apuhkhErKdp jhspizNky;
cah;e;j Fzj;Jj; jpUtuq;fj; jKNjhq;Fk;;. md;ghy;
,ak;Gk; fypj;Jiw ae;jhjp Nahj tpir neQ;rNk.
*,dp nad; Fiw ekf;F vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUehkj;jhy;

Kdpje;j E}w;nwl;Lr; rhtpj;jphpnad;D Ez;nghUisf;
fdpje;j nrQ;nrhy; fypj;Jiwae;jhjp ghbj;je;jhd;
Gdpjd; jpUtuq;fj; jKjhfpa Gz;zpaNd.
nrhy;ypd; njhifnfhz; Ldjbg;NghJf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Ak;

ey;yd;gNuj;JKd; ehknky;yhk; vd;jd; ehtpDs;Ns
my;Yk; gfYk; mkUk;gbey;F. mWrkak;
nty;Yk; guk! ,uhkhEr! ,njd; tpz;zg;gNk.
*,e;j jdpad; rpy jpt;aNjrq;fspy; mEre;jpg;gjpy;iy.
ghRuk; Kd;db gpd;db

vz;
1 *G+kd;DkhJ gy;fiyNahh;
2 *fs;shh;nghopy; Fiway; gpuhdbf;foP ;
3 Nghpay; neQ;Nr nghUtUQ;rPh;
4 vd;idg; Gtpapy; CopKjy;tidNa
5 vdf;Fw;w mtd; kd;dparPh;
6 ,aYk; nghUSk; kjpapd;ikahy;
7 *nkhopiaf; flf;Fk; gopiaf; flj;Jk;
8 tUj;Jk; GwtpUs; xd;wj; jphpj;j
9 ,iwtidf;fhZk; neQ;rj;Jiwaitj;jhSk;
10 kd;dpa NghpUs; jkpo;j;jiytd;
11 rPhpa ehd;kiw ruzhk; gJkj;jhhpay;
12 ,lq;nfhz;l mk;nghw;ghjnkd;Wk;
13 nra;Ak; gRe;Jstj; Nguhj rPh;
14 fjpf;Fg;gjwp nfhy;ypfhtyd;
15 Nrhuhj ghd;ikad;jhs;
16 *jho;nthd;wpy;yh muq;fh;nksyp
17 Kdpahh; fiyguTk;
18 va;jw;fhpa rpe;ijAs;Ns
158
19 cWngUQ; khwd; tpsq;fparPh;
20 Mug;nghopy; ,dpath;jk;
21 epjpiag; nghopAk; J}a;newpNrh;
22 fhh;j;jpifahDk; %TyFk;
23 itg;gha ,Uepyj;jpy;
24 nkha;j;jnte;jP ,d;Wfz;L
25 fhNua; my;yYf;F
26 jpf;Fw;w NkTk; ey;Nyhh;
27 nfhs;sf; Fiw nts;isr; Rlh;tpLk;
28 neQ;rpy; fiw ghjk;ez;zh
29 $l;Lk; tpjp jd; gj;jpnad;Dk;
30 ,d;ge;jU njhy;Yyfpy;
31 *Mz;Lfs; ,d;Nwhh;
32 nghUe;jpa nrWfypahy;
33 milahh; xz;rhh;q;ftpy;Yk;
34 epyj;ij vd;nga;tpidnjd;
35 eaNtd; nghd;duq;fnkd;dpy;
36 mly;nfhz;l gpd;Dk; fhrpdpNahh;
37 gbnfhz;l md;gh; fbnfhz;l
38 Mf;fpabik Gz;zpah;jk;
39 nghUSk; Gjy;tUk; kw;Wshh; juNkh
40 Nrkey;tPLk; ehd;fpDk;
41 kz;kpir cyNfhh;fnsy;yhk;
42 Mapioahh; khkyuhs;
43 Ruf;Fk; jpUTk; gbapYs;sPh;
44 nrhy;yhh; vz;zUQ;rPh;
45 Ngnwhd;W vd;wpg;nghUis
46 $Wk; rkaq;fs; kjpapypNad;
47 ,iwQ;rg;gLk; vd;dUtpidapd;
48 epfhpd;wp Gd;ikapNyhh;
49 MdJ nrk;ik G+q;fkyj;
50 cjpg;gd nfhs;istd;
51 mbiaj; njhlh;en ; jOk; KOJzh;e;j
52 ghh;j;jhd; jPh;j;jhd;
159
53 mw;Gjd; fUjhpa
54 ehl;ba njd;FUifts;sy;
55 fz;lth; rpe;ij njhifapwe;j
56 Nfhf;Fy Gtdnkq;Fk;
57 kw;nwhU NgW ew;wth; Nghw;Wk;
58 Ngjah; caph;fs; nka;tpl;L
59 flystha kpf;f ehd;kiwapd;
60 czh;e;jnka;Q;Qhdpah; khkyuhs;
61 nfhOe;Jtpl;L mUKdpth;
62 ,Ue;Njd; kd;D khkyh;j;jhs;
63 gpbiaj; njhlUk; mWrkar;
64 gz;lU khwd; nka;k;ik nfhz;l
65 tho;tw;wJ jj;JtE}y;
66 Qhdk; fdpe;j ty;tpidNad;
67 ruzkile;j jd;id tzq;fitj;j
68 Mnudf;fpd;W nghUs;njhpag;
69 rpe;ijapNdhL mit vd;jdf;F
70 vd;idAk; ghh;j;J md;wpnad;ghy;
71 rhh;e;jnjd; cd;jd; Fzq;fSf;Nf
72 ifj;jdd; vd;Wd;dpAs;sk;
73 tz;ikapdhy; jhd;ruzha;
74 Njuhh; nfhz;lyida
75 nra;j;jiyr;rq;fk; eq;fz;Kfg;Ng
76 *epd;wtz;fPh;j;jpAk; cd;jdf;F
77 <e;jdd; ,g;gbaidj;Jk;
78 fUj;jpy; GFe;J ePape;j kz;zfj;Nj
79 ngha;iar;Ruf;Fk; NtWek;ik
80 ey;yhh; mth;f;Nf
81 Nrhh;tpd;wp muq;fd;nra;a
82 njhpTw;w xUnghOjpy;
83 rPh;nfhz;L cd;gjAfkhk;
84 fz;Lnfhz;Nld; vd;njhy;iy
85 xjpaNtjj;jpd; Ngijik
86 gw;wh xs;spaE}y;
160
87 nghpath; czh;tpd;kpf;Nfhh;
88 fypkpf;f mjdhy;
89 Nghw;wUk; cd;rPh;jdf;Nfhh;
90 epidahh; ,Uq;ftpfs;
91 kUs;Rue;J jd;dPzb ; arPh;
92 Gz;zpa Nehd;G nrk;ik E}w;Gyth;
93 fl;lg;nghUis vd;ngUtpidia
94 jte;jUk; gue;jhknkd;Dk;
95 cz;zpd;W gy;Yaph;f;Fk;
96 tsUk;gpzp Kilj;jiyA+d;
97 jd;idAw;wh jd;jfthy;
98 *,LNk Roy;gpwg;gpy;
99 jw;fr; rkzUk; ehd;kiwAk;
100 Nghe;jnjd; epd;ghyJNt
101 kaf;FkpUtpid Jaufw;wp
102 ieAk;kdKd; mUtpidNad;
103 tsh;e;jntq;Nfhgk; fPh;j;jpg;gapnuOe;J
104 ifapw; fdpnad;d epuaj; njha;apy;
105 *nrOe;jpiug;ghw;fly; ey;Ntjpah;fs;
106 *,Ug;gplk; itFe;jk; mit jd;ndhLk;
Ntq;flk; te;jpUg;gplk;
107 *,d;Gw;w rPyj;J,uhkhEr vz;zhpa Jd;Gw;WtPapDk;
108 *mq;fay; gha;tay; gj;jpnay;yhk; jq;fpa
njd;dj;jioj;J
G+kd;DkhJ gy;fiyNahh; jhk;kd;dte;j
neQ;Nr nrhy;YNthk; mtd; ehkq;fNs.
khj, tUl jpU%y jpUe j;jd;Wk;, mej;aae fhyj;jpYk;

ehk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy kw;Wk; jpUtha;nkhop E}w;we;jhjpia
mE]e;jpf;fNtZk;.
cgNjruj;jpdkhiy
jdpad; - Nfhapy; fe;jhil mz;zd; mUspr;nra;jJ
161
jd;neQ;R jd;dpy; jhpg;gth; jhs;fs; ruz; ekf;Nf.
ghRuk; Kd;db gpd;db
vz;
1 *ve;ij jpUtha;nkhopg;gps;is gpd;dtUk;fw;f
2 fw;Nwhh;fs; kw;Nwhh;fs;
3 *Mo;thh;fs; Vo;ghUKa;a
4 ngha;ifahh; Ja;agl;lehjd;
5 me;jkpohy; te;Jjpj;j
6 *Ig;grpapNyhzk; vg;GtpAk;NgRGfo;
7 kw;Ws;s ngw;wpikNahh;
8 NgijneQ;Nr XJfpd;Nwd;
9 *khwd;gzpj;j tPWila
10 fhh;j;jpifapy; Mj;jpah;fs;
11 kd;dparPh; Jd;DGfo;
12 ijapy;kfkpd;W Ja;akjpngw;w
13 khrpg;Gdh;G+rk; Ngrpfpd;Nwd;
14 *Vuhh;itfhrp rPuhUk;
15 *cz;Nlhitfhrp cz;Nlh
16 ,d;iwg;ngUik ed;wpGid
17 khepyj;jpy;Kd; Qhdpah;f;F
18 kq;fshrhrej;jpy; nghq;Fk;ghpthNy
19 Nfhjpyth Ntjj;Jf;F
20 *cz;Nlh jz; jkpo; Ehy;
21 Mo;thh; tho;thf
22 *,d;Nwh Fd;whj
23 nghpaho;thh; xU ehis
24 mQ;RFb gpQ;rha;
25 *Vuhh; kJuftp ghUyfpy;
26 *tha;j;j Mh;j;jGfo;
27 *,d;WyfPh; vd;wth;f;F
162
28 *Mo;thh;fs; jhq;fs; Vo;ghUKa;a
29 *ve;ijnajpuhrh; ,e;jj;jpUthjpiu
30 vz;zUk;rPh; kz;zpapy;ePh;
31 njhz;lubg;nghbahh; vz;birAk;
32 kd;DjpUkopir ed;ndwpNahh;
33 rPuhUk; ghhpy;kjpahUk;
34 Mo;thh;fs; Vw;wk; Vo;ghUk;ca;a
35 Mo;thh;fisAk; eufpy;tPo;thh;fs;
36 njUSw;w mUs;ngw;w
37 Xuhz;topaha; ghUyfpy;
38 *vk;ngUkhdhh; mk;GtpNahh;
39 gps;shd;eQ;rPah; kzthsNahfp
40 Ke;JwNt me;NjhjpUtha;nkhop
41 njs;shUk; cs;shUk;
42 jQ;rPiu vQ;rhj
43 ek;gps;is ,d;ghtUgj;jp
44 *njs;spajh ,e;j ehlwpa
45 md;NghL jk;nghpa
46 nghpathr;rhd;gps;is mhpa mUspr;nray;
47 eQ;rPah; jk;rPuhy;
48 rPuhh; jhUnkd
49 Mq;fth;ghy; ghq;FlNd
50 *ek;ngUkhs; md;GilNahh;
51 Jd;DGfo; gpd;idAyfhhpad;
52 gpd;id kd;DGfo;
53 *md;dGfo; cd;dpy;jpfo;
54 Kd;dk;FuNthh; kpd;dzpahr;
55 Mh;trd Xh;xUth;
56 ca;a epidT nra;afiyahk;
57 Njrpfh; ghy; Mrhpf;f
58 rr;rk;gpujhak; er;rpajpfhpAk;ePh;
163
59 rPh;trd Mhpah;fhs;
60 jd;FUtpd; ,d;gkpF
61 *QhdkDl;lhdk; khepyj;jPh
62 ca;aepid nka;ANuf;Nfd;
63 Mrhhpad; Njrhe;juj;jpy;
64 jd;dhhpad; me;Neuwpe;Jk;
65 Mrhhpad; rpr;rd; MirAld;
66 gpd;gofhuk; ek;gps;is
67 Mrhhpah;fs; NgRfpd;w
68 ehj;jpfUk; Xh;j;J neQ;Nr
69 ey;ykzk; ey;yFzk;
70 jPafe;jk; jPaFzk;
71 *Kd;Ndhh; nkhope;j jd;neQ;rpy; Njhw;wpdNj
72 *G+Uthrhhpah;fs; ,Us;jUkh Qhyj;Nj
73 *,e;j cgNjr ve;ij vjpuhrh;
74 kd;Daph;fhs; ,q;Nf cd;dpr; rpuj;jhNy jPz;by;
mkhdtDk; ek;ikf; fuj;jhNy jPz;ly; fld;.
jpUtha;nkhop E}w;we;jhjp
jdpad;fs;
my;Yk; gfYk; mDgtpg;ghh; jq;fSf;Fr;

nrhy;Yk; nghUSe; njhFj;Jiuj;jhd; - ey;y
kzths khKdptd; khwd; kiwf;Fj;
jzthE}w;we;jhjp jhd;.
kd;D Gfo;Nrh; kzths khKdptd;

jd;dUshYl;nghUs;fs; jd;DlNd - nrhd;d
jpUtha;nkhopE}w;we;jhjpahe; Njid
xUth jUe;J neQ;Nr! cw;W.
ghRuk; Kd;db gpd;db

vz;
164
1 *cah;Nt gud;gbia kah;NtJk; thuhky;
2 *tPLnra;Jkw;nwitAk; ePLGfo;tz;FU$h;
3 gj;JilNahh;f;nfd;Wk; gj;jpnra;Ak;
4 mQ;rpiwa tpQ;r eyq;fpaJk;
5 tskpf;f jsh;Tw;W
6 ghptjpyPrd;gbia chpikAld;
7 gpwtpaw;W mwtpdpad;
8 XLkdQ; nra;if ehlwpa
9 ,itawpe;Njhh; Mh;tj;jhy;
10 nghUkhop rq;FilNahd; jpukhfg;ghh;j;Jiunra;
11 thAe;jpUkhy; Ma mwpahjtw;NwhL
12 jpz;zpjhkhwd; tz;zkwpe;J
13 CdkwNt thdpybahh;
14 Mbkfpo;thdpy; thbkpf
15 me;jhkj;jd;ghy; re;jhgk;jPh;e;j
16 itFe;jd; te;J iefpd;wjd;ikjid
17 Nfrtdhnye;jkh;fs; tPRGfo;
18 mize;jth;fs; ,zq;fpkpf
19 vk;khtPLk; Ntz;lh ek;Kila
20 *fpsnuhspNrh; jsh;twNt
21 Kbahh; jpUkiyapy; KbAk; mbAk;
22 Kd;dkofnuopy; fuzf;Fiwapd;
23 *xoptpyhf;fhyk; vOrpfuNtq;flj;J
24 Gfnohd;Wkhy; kfpo;khwd;
25 nkha;ghUk; md;gpyh %liu
26 nra;a guj;Jtkha; va;Jkth;f;F
27 gapYe; jpUkhy; ,ay;TlNd
28 Kbahj Mirkpf xd;nwhd;wpd;
29 nrhd;dhtpy; vd;DlNd
30 rd;kk; gynra;J ,k;ikapNy
31 xUehafkha; kd;Daph;g;Nghfk;
32 ghyiug;Nghy;rPo;fp rhy mhpjhd
33 NfhthdtPrd; Nktpf; fopj;jila
34 kz;Zyfpy; vz;zpby; Kd;
35 tPww; pUf;Fk; Njhw;w te;J
36 jPh;g;ghhpyhj Neh;f;fmwptope;J
37 rPykpFfz;zd; rhy tUe;jp
38 VWjpUTila NjWq;fhy;
165
39 ez;zhJ jz;zpikia
40 *xd;Wkpiyj;NjT ed;whf %jypj;J
41 ifahUk;rf;fuj;Njhd; nka;ahd Ngw;iw
42 *nghypf nghypfntd;W cyfpy; jpUe;jhjhh;
43 khrW Nrhjp VrwNt kz;zpy;klY}u
44 Cuepide;jkly; Nguhky; jPJnra;a
45 vq;qNd ePh;KdptJ mq;qd; cUntspg;ghlh
46 fly;Qhyj;jPrid jplkhftha;e;jtdha;
47 Nehw;wNehd;ghjpapNyd; ,q;nfd;dpiy vd;Dk;
48 *MuhtKjho;thh; jPuhj MirAld;
49 kheyj;jhy; Nky;eyq;fpj;
50 gpwe;Jyfk; Nrh;e;jDgtpf;Fk;
51 itfy;jpUtz;tz;^h; iffope;j fhjYld;
52 kpd;dpilahh; cd;DlNd
53 ey;ytyj;jhy; vy;iyawj;jhdpUe;J
54 FuitKjyhk; guTkdk; ngw;Nwd;
55 JtsWrPh; JtswNt
56 khYlNd jhdpfo Ntz;lhky;
57 cz;ZQ;Nrhwhjp kz;Zyfpy;
58 nghd;DyF kd;DjpUehLKjy;
59 ePuhfpf;Nfl;lth;fs; Muhj fhjYld;
60 *cyFa;akhy;epd;w td;ruzha;r;Nrh;e;j
61 cz;zpyhit vd;W epide;J
62 *fq;Fy;gfyujp ,q;fpts;ghy;
63 nts;spaehkk;Nfl;L cs;skq;Nf
64 Moptz;zd; Copyit
65 fw;Nwhh;fUJk; cw;Wzh;e;J
66 ghkUTNtjk; J}kdj;jhy;
67 Vioah;fs; MOkdk;
68 khahky; tha;e;Jepw;Fk;
69 vd;jideP ed;Wftp
70 ,d;gf;ftp Jd;gkw
71 NjtDiwgjpapy; ahitAe;jhdhk;
72 eq;fUj;ij jd;Daphpy;
73 mq;fkuh; Ngz vq;Fk;ghptUsnud;d
74 thuhky; mr;rkpdp ghUnkd
75 khad; tbtoif J}aGfo;
166
76 vy;ypgfy; ey;yth;fs;
77 ,Ue;jtd; nghUe;jf;fye;J
78 fz;zpiwate;J jz;zpnjDk;
79 fUkhy; jpwj;jpy; jpukhf
80 *neLkhy; moFjdpy; mbikjdpy;
81 nfhz;lngz;bh; njhz;lUld;
82 gz;ilAwthd jz;lweP
83 XuhePh; NgUwit
84 ikahh;fz; nka;ahd
85 ,d;Daph;khy; gpd;idatd;
86 cUFkhy; kUTfpd;w
87 vq;fhjYf;fb vq;FKs;s
88 mWf;Fkplh; vd;W mwg;gjwp
89 ky;ybik nry;fpd;w
90 *khYkJthQ;ir Nkytid
91 jhsile;Njhh; kPSjyhk;
92 nfLkplh; gltutpy;
93 Nta;kUNjhs; jd;id ,d;dk;
94 rhh;thfNt Nrhuhky;
95 fz;zd; mbapizapy; kz;zth;f;Fj;
96 mUshybapy; ,UtpRk;gpy;
97 nrQ;nrhw; tpQ;Rjiyf;
98 *jpUkhy; jd;ghy; ngUkhy; eP ,d;Wvd;ghy;
99 *#o;e;Jepd;w khy;tpRk;gpy; tho;e;jq;fbaUlNd
100 *Kdpkhwd; Kd;Giunra; edpahk; gukgf;jpahy;iee;J
xUikAw;Wr; Nrh;e;jhd; cah;e;J.
cah;Nt gud;gbia kah;NtJk; thuhky;
NtuhfNt tpisAk; tPL.
* ,UKiw Nrtpf;fk; ghRuq;fs;.
epj;jpak; Nrtpf;Fk; ghRuq;fspd; Kd;db gpd;db

Kw;wpw;W
Ntjghuhaz njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; Ntjrhw;W f;ukk;

(jpUf;Nfhapy;fspYk;, ,y;yq;fspYk; mEre;jpf;fg;gLfpwJ)
167
cgaNtj ghuhazk; (ehyhapu jpt;a g;uge;j N]thfhyk;
my;yJ jpUtha;nkhop N]thfhyk;, kw;Wk; Ntjghuhazk;)
mEre;jpf;Fk; rkaq;fspy;, Ntj Muk;gKk;, Ntj rhw;Wk;
eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. mjhtJ njhlf;fj;jpd; NghJ ehyhapu
jpt;a g;uge;j nghJj; jdpad;fs;, jpUg;gy;yhz;L,
fz;zpEz;rpWj;jhk;G, jpUtha;nkhop jdpad;fis Nrtpj;J
epWj;jp, Ntj ghuhazk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghy;
rhw;WKiw MFk; rkaj;jpy;, jpUg;ghit, Kjyhapuk;,
nghpajpUnkhop rhw;WKiw MdTld;, Ntj rhw;WKiw
nra;ag;gl;L;,jpUtha;nkhop,,aw;gh rhw;WKiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
me;je;j jpt;aNjr tof;fj;jpd;gb fPno nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ntj
ke;juq;fis mEre;jpf;fyhk;.
Ntj Muk;gj; njhlf;fk; tUkhW :
Ntjtpz;zg;gk;
Uf; Ntjk;
`hp: Xk;, mf;dpkPNs GNuh`pjk; af;Q];a Njtk; Uj;tp[k; /

N`hjhuk; uj;djhjkk;. `hp: Xk;.
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`hp: Xk;. ,N\ j;Nthh;N[ j;th that];Njhghat];j Nj Nth
t];]tpjh g;uhh;g;gaJ r;Nu\;ljkha fh;kz Mg;ahaj;tkf;dpah
Njtghf %h;[];tjP: ga];tjP: g;u[htjP u ekPth ma ;kh
kht];Nje <rj khfr Fk;N]h Uj;u];a N`jp;;: ghpNth
t;Uzf;J j;Uth m];kpd; Nfhgnjs ];ahj g`;tPh;
a[khd];a g#d; gh`p. `hp: Xk;
]hk Ntjk;
`hp: Xk;. mf;d Mah`p tPjNa f;UzhNdh `t;a jhjNa..
epN`hjh ]j;]p gh;`p\p. `hp: Xk;
]hkfhdk;
168
X X f;eh, Mah`PNth ,Njh ah, Njhah, f;UzhNeh
`t;ah jh Njh ah , Njhah, eh , N`hNjh ]h j;]h, gh
xs N`h th `P\p.
mjh;tz Ntjk;
`hp: Xk;. re;Neh NjtPugp\;lNa MNgh gte;J gPjNa.
rk;Nahu gp];u te;J e: `hp: Xk;
cgep\j;
Xkpj;af;Nu t;ah`Nuj;. ek ,jp gr;rhj;. ehuhazh Naj;A
ghp\;lhj;. Xkpj;Nafh uk;. ek ,jp j;Nt m Nu.
ehuhazNajp gQ;rh uhzp. Vjj;it ehuhaz];ah\;lh uk;
gjk;. Nah` it ehuhaz];ah\;lh uk; gjk;. Nah` it
ehuhaz];ah\;lh uk; gjkj;Najp. mEgg;Ut]; ]h;tkhANujp.
tpe;jNj g;uh[hgj;ak; uha];Ngh\k; nfsgj;ak;.
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jg]; ];thj;aha epujk; jg];tP thf;tpjhk; tuk;. ehujk;
ghpgg;ur;r thy;kPfph; KdpGq;ftk;.
= gftj; fPjh
jh;kN j;Nu FUN j;Nu ]kNtjh AAj;]t:
khkfh: ghz;lthr;irt fpkFh;tj ]Q;[a.
=tp\;Z Guhzk;
169
guhruk; Kdptuk; f;UjG+h;th`;dpf f;hpak;.
ikj;Nua: ghpgg;ur;r g;uzpgj;ahgpthj;a r.
= ghftjk;
[d;khj;a];a aNjhd;tahjpjujr; rhh;j;Nj\;tgpf;Q:
];tuhl;, Njd g;u`ktpjha MjpftNa K`;ae;jp aj; ]{ua:
NjN[hthhpk;Ujhk; ajh tpepkNah aj;uj;hp]h;Nfh k;U\h
jhk;eh ];tNe ]jh epu];jF`fk; ]j;ak; guk; jPk`p.
];Njhj;u uj;dk;
eNkhsrpe;j;ahj;Gjhf;yp\;l [;Qhd ituhf;auhrNa.

ehjha KeNasfhjgftj; gf;jp]pe;jNt.
= gh\;ak;
mfpy Gtd [d;k ];Njk gq;fhjpyPNy
tpdj tptpj G+j t;uhj ui fjPN
r;Ujprpu]p tpjPgN
; j g;u`;kzp =epthN]
gtJ kk gu];kpd;Nr K\P gf;jp&gh.
ghuhrh;atr]; ]{jh Kgep\j; Jf;jhg;jp kj;Nahj;j;Ujhk;

]k;]huhf;dp tpjPge t;agfj g;uhzj;k ]Q;[PtpdPk; G+h;thrhh;a
]{u pjhk; g`{kjp t;ahfhj J}u ];jpjhk; MdPjhk;J-
ep[h iu: ]{keN]h ngskh: gpge;j;te;t`k;.
gftj; Nghjhad f;Ujhk; tp];jPh;zhk; g;u;`k ]{j;u t;Uj;jpk;

G+h;thrhh;ah: ]Q;rp {G: jd; kjhD]hNuz ]{j;uh uhzp
t;ahf;ah ];ae;Nj.
Xk;. mjhNjh g;u`;k [p[;Qh]h - mjhNjh g;u`;k [p[;Qh]h.

mj;uha kj rg;j Mde;jh;Na gtjp. mj: rg;Njh t;Uj;j];a
N`hJghNt, mjPj ]hq;f ]rpu];f Ntj];a mjpfjhy;gh];jpu
Nfty fh;k[;Qhd jah ]Q;[hj Nkh hgpyh\];a mde;j
];jpugy g;u;`;k [pf;Qh]h `;ahde;jughtpdp. g;u`;kNzh
[pf;Qh]h g;u`;k [pf;Qh]h, g;u`;kz ,jpfh;kzp \\;b.
170
'fh;j;U fh;kNzh: f;Ujp" ,jp tpNr\ tpjh ehj;. aj;agp ]k;ge;j
]hkhd;a ghpf;uN`gp [p[;Qh]hah:
fh;khNg j;Ntd fh;khh;j;jj;t]pj;jp: jjhg;ahN gj: g;uhg;jhjh

gpjh epf];iat f;uhàj;thj; fh;kzp \\;B f;U`;aNj. e r
'g;ujpgjtpjheh \\;B e ]k];aj" ,jpfh;kzp \\;lah:
]kh] epN\j: rq;fePa: 'f;Uj;Nahfh r \\;B ]k];aj" ,jp
g;ujpg;u]t ]j;ghthj;. g;u`k; rg;Nj r e ];tghtNjh epu];j
epfpy Njh\: mdtjp fhjprah]q;f;Naa fy;ahz Fz fz:
GUN\hj;jNkhsgpjPaNj. ]h;tj;u g;U`j;t FzNahNfe `p
g;u`;k rg;j: g;U`j;tQ;r ];t&Ngz Fizr;r aj;uhetjpfhjp
rak; N]h];a Kf;ahh;j;j: ] r ]h;Ntr;tu Vt. mNjh g;u`;k
rg;j]; jj;iut Kf;a t;Uj;j:. j];khje;aj;u jj;FzNyr
Nahfhnjsgrhhpf: mNefhh;j;j fy;gdh Nahfhj; gftr; rg;jtj;.
jhgj;uah Jiuuk;Ujj; tha] Vt [p[;Qh];a;: mj];
]h;Ntr;tu Vt [p[;Qh]h fh;k G+jk; g;u`;k f;QhJkpr;rh
[pf;Qh]h. ,r;rhah ,\;akhz g;ujhdj;thj; ,\;akhzk;
[;Qhekp` tpjPaNj. kPkhk;]h G+h;tghf [;Qhj];a
fh;kNzhy;gh];jpu gyj;thj; cghpjd ghfhtN]a];a
g;u`;k[;Qhd];a mde;jh a gyj;thr;r G+h;t t;Uj;jhj;
fh;kf;Qhdhj ee;juk; jj Vt N`Njh: g;u;`k [;Qhjt;a
kpj;Af;jk; gtjp. jjh` t;Uj;jpfhu: 't;Uj;jhj;fh;khjpfkhde;juk;
g;u`;k tptpjpN\" jp. t ;ajpr fh;kg;u`;k kPkhk;] Nahiuf
rh];j;hpak;. ]k;`pjNkjr; rhhPufk; i[kpePNad N\hlr
y NzNdjp. rh];j;iufj;t]pj;jp ,jp mj: g;ujpgpghjaP\p
jhh;j;j NgNje \l;fNgjtjj;ahaNgjtr;r G+h;Nthj;ju kPkhk;]
Nahh; Ngj: kPkhk;]h rh];j;uQ;r 'mjhNjh jh;k [pf;Qh]h"
,j;ahug;a 'meht;Uj;jp: rg;jhjeht;Uj;jp: rg;jhj; ,j;Natke;jk;
]q;fjp tpNrN\z" tprp\;l f;ukk;.
ajpuh[ tpk;rjp
=khjthq;f;hp [y[j;ta epj;aN]th
g;Nukhtpyh]a guhq;F] ghj gf;jk;
fhkhjp Njh\ùkhj;kgjh];hpjhehk;
uhkhE[k; ajpgjpk; g;uzkhkp %h;j;dh.
Ntjrhw;W
cj;ju rhe;jp
171
a[{h; Ntjk;
`hp: Xk; l ]Kj;u cjuke;jhp k; ghAh;j;ahth g;UjptP
Mz;nls f;uhth Nr g: N]hkh NuNjh a[;[k; [k;g;aNj
jj;tpj;NahjNj aj;tpJ}ENj jj;]; jdajp ad;Nk`jp
jj;th;\jp thNfth];athfh;th m];t];a [hakhd];a k`pkh
Gu];jhj;[haNj uhj;hpNudk; k`pkh gr;rhjD [hajVnjsit
k`pkhdht];tkJgpjr; ]gg;G+tJ: `Nah Njthd-
`jh;ths]{uhd; th[P fe;jh; thd];Nth kD\;ahd;
]Kj;Nuhth m];t];a Nahdp]; ]Kj;Nuh ge;J: ll
aj;jh;rG+h;z khn]s a[Nj l m];t];iat NkjPa];a gNj

gNj [{N`hjp l VjjDfpUjp `];kit Guh l m];t];a
Nkj;a];a gNjgNj [{`;tjp l Nahth m];t];t Nkj;a];a
tpth;j;jdk; Ntj lm];t];iat Nkj;a];a tpth;jNd tpth;jNd
[{N`hjp lmn]s th Mjpj;Nah];t. ] M`tePa khfr;rjp l
jj;tpth;jNj l ajf;dpN`hj;uk; [{N`hjp l m];t];iat
Nkj;a];a tpth;jNd tpth;jNd [{N`hjp l VfjDfpUjp
`];kit Guh l m];t];a Nkj;a];a tpth;jNd tpth;jNd
[{N`hjp l
aNjfhjNrs`k; g;ut;U[;aNj l ,e;j;Nuh G+j;th l j;U\;LgNkjp l

aj;j;th jNr`k; g;ut;U[;aNj l N]hNkh G+j;th]{j;ahNkjp l
aj;Gu];jhJ g]jhk; g;ut;U[;aNj l j];khjpjh;gu]; Ke;Nyhfhk;
];jgd;Nejp l aJghp\;lh Jg] jhk; g;ut;U[;aNj l
j];khjKNjhh;thq; qpkhk; Nyhfhk; ];jgd;Nejp l aVtk; Ntj
[t jgjp l l
j];iathj;kh gjtpj;jk; tpjpj;th l efh;kzhypg;aNj ghgNfd l

gQ;r gQ;rhjr j;UtpUj: ];k;tj;]uh: l gQ;r gQ;rh rj: gQ;r
jrh gQ;r gQ;rhr j]g;jjrh: l gQ;r gQ;rh rj Vftpk;rh: l
tp];t];U [hk; ]`];u]k;tj;];uk; l VNjdit tp];t];U[f;
,jk;tp];t k];U[e;j l aj;tp];tk];U [e;j l j];khj;
tp];t];U[: l tp];tNk ehdEg;u [haNj l g;u`;kz:
]hA[;aFk; ]Nyhfjhk;ae;jp l Vjh]hNktNjtjhdhFk;
]hA[;ak; l ]hh;\b ; jhFk; ]khdNyhfjhk; ae;jp l aVj
Jgae;jp l Nairdj;g;uh`{: l Nag;ia r;irdj;g;uh`{: l Xk;.
172
j];iatk; tpJN\h a[;Q];ahj;kh a[kher;ruj;jh gj;eP
rhPukpj;kKNuh Ntjph; Nyhkhep gh;`ph; Ntjr;rpfh `;Ujak; A+g:
fkh M[;ak; kd;A: gf];j Nghsf;dpr; rkapjh j pzh
thf;Nfhjh g;uhz cj;fhjh r {uj;th;Ah; kNeh g;u`;kh r;Nuhj;u
kf;dpj;ahtj; j;hpaNj ]h jP h ajr;ehjp aj; gpgjp jj];a
N]hkghdk; aj; ukNj jJg]Njh aj; ]Q; rujp
cgtPrj;Aj;jp\;l;lNj r ]g; uth;f;Nah ae; Kfk; jjh`t
ePNah aj];a tp[;Qhdk; j[;[{N`hjp aj; ]hak; g;uhjuj;jp
jj; ]kpNjh aj;]hak; g;uhjh; kj;ae; jpdQ;r ehjp ]t ehjp
NasN`huhj;NuNj jh;r G+h;zkhn]s Nash;j;jkh]hr;r kh]hr;r
Nj rhJh; kh];ahep aUjt];Nj gRge;jh Na]k;tj;]uhr;r
ghptj; ]hur;r Njs`h; fzh]; ]h;tNtj ]k; th Vjj; ]j;uk;
ae; kuzk; jjtg;Uj Vfj;it [uhkh;akf;ep N`hj;uk; ]j;uk; a
Vtk; tpj;thd; cjfaNd g;ukPaNj NjthdhNkt k`pkhdhk;
fj;thjpj;a];a ]hA[;ak; fr;raj;aj Nah j pNz g;ukPaNj
gpj;&zhNkt k`pkhdk; fj;th re;j;uk]: ]hA[;ak;
fh;rj;nanjs it ]{h;ah re;j;ukN]hh; k`pkhnes g;uh`;kNzh
tpj;thdgp[ajp j];khj; g;uh`;kNzh k`pkhd khg;Ndhjp
j];khj; g;uh`;kNzh k`pkhd kpj;Agep\j;.
]hk Ntjk;
ce;jah m kP N`h , ce;eah mkPN`h , ce;jah mkPN`h
, m Mjpj;ak; g;uhQ;rk;ae;jh Ke;eah mkPN`h , (,jp j;hp:)
j;nash;nes `h c (,jp j;hp:) j];ahk]h thjpj;a <aNj `h
c (,jp j;hp:) j];kpe; takPakhd <ah kN``h c (,jp j;hp:)
<ah kN``h c (,jp j;tp:) <ah kN` `h ct g;hpNa jhkk;
];j;hp Nu V (,jp j;tp:) g;hpNa jhkk; ];j;ua Nu V.
cj;t]h ...Nk jkh m]h]; ghuh c. [;Nahjp: ghe;j

cj;jhuhk;. ];t: gr;ae;j Cj;jhuh, Njtk; Njtj;uh]{uh m. a
xs N`h th mfe;k [;NahjpUj;jkhk;.
Xk; jj;]tpJh; tNuz;Nahk; gh;Nfh Njt];a jPk`p: jPNah Nah

e: g;uNrh ,,,`pk; m jh Nah m.
rhe;Njhf;ak;
173
jj;ijjj; g;u`;kh g;u[hgja cthr g;u[hgjph; keNt. kE:
g;u[hg;a: Mrhh;a Fyhj; Ntj kjPja ; ajhtpjhek;FNuh:
fh;khjpNr\zhgp]kht;Uj;a FLk;Ng RnrsNjNr ];thj;aha
tjPghNeh jhh;kpfhd; tpjjjhj;kep ]h;Nte;j;hpahzp
]k;g;ujp\;lhg;a m`pk;]d; ]h;tG+jhe;ae; aj;ujPh;j;Njg;a:
]fy;Nttk; th;j;jad; ahtjhA\k;g;u`;k Nyhfkgp ]k;gj;aNj
e rGduh th;j;jNj e rGduh th;j;jNj.
Mg;ahae;J kkhq;fhdp thf; g;uhzr; r {: r;Nuhj;uk; mNjh

gykpe;j;hpahdp r ]h;thzp ]h;tk; g;u`Nkhg ep\jk; kh`k;
g;u`k epuhFh;ahk; kh kh g;u`;k epuhfNuhjepuh fuzk];J
mepuhfuzk; Nk m];J jhjj;kep epuNj a cgep\j;]{ jh;kh
Nj kap ]e;J Nj kap ]e;J.
g;uj;afhee;jk; g;u`;kGU\k; g;uzt];t&gk; mfhu cfhu kfhu

,jp jhNefjh]k guj;jNjjNjhkpjp aKf;j;th Kr;aNj NahfP
[d;k ]k;]hu ge;jdhj; Xk; eNkh ehuhazhNajp ke;j;Nuh
gh]f: itFz;lGteNyhfk; fkp\;ajp jjpjk;guk; Gz;lhPfk;
tp[;[hdfdk;j];khj; jgpjhge; khj;uk; g;u`;kz;Nah
NjtfPGj;N;uh g;u`;kz;Nah kJ#jNdhk;.
cgep\j;
]h;tG+j];jNkfk; ehuhazk;. fhuz &gkfhuk; guk; g;u`;Nkhk;.
Vjjh;trpNuhsjPaNj l g;uhju jPahNeh uhj;hp f;Ujk; ghgk;
ehrajp. ]hakjPahNeh jpt]f;Ujk; ghgk; ehrajp. khj;j;ae;jpd
khjpj;ahgpKNfhNah jPahe: gQ;r ghjf cg ghjfhj; g;uKr;aNj.
]h;tNtj ghuhaz Gz;ak; ygNj. ehuhaz ]hA[;akthg;Nehjp
ehuhaz ]hA[;akthg;Nehjp. a Vtk; Ntj ,j;Agep\j;.
`hp: Xk;.
Mg];jk;g jh;k ]{j;uk;

mjhj];]hkahrhh;ahd; jh;khd; t;ahf;f;ah];ahk: jh;kf;Q
]ka: g;ukhzk;. Ntjhr;r rj;thNuh th;zh: g;uh`;kz j;hpa
itr;a #j;uh: Nj\hk; G+h;t: G+h;Nth [e;kj: r;Nuahd; l
=uhkhazk;
174
jj]; ] g;uaNjh t;Uj;Njh t]p\;Nlh g;uh`;kiz];]`
uhkk; uj;dkNa gPNl ]`]Pjk; e;aNtraj; mg;a\pQ;re;
eut;ahf;uk; g;u]d;Ndd ]{fe;jpdh ]ypNyd ]`];uh k;
t]Nth th]tk; ajh.
Vjjhf;f;ah ekhA\;ak; ]gtp\;ak; ]N`hj;juk; f;Ujthd;

g;uNrj]: Gj;u]; jk; g;u`;khg;ad; t kd;aj:.
= gftj; fPjh
aj;u NahNfr;tu: f;U\;Nzh aj;u ghh;j;Njh jDh;ju:
jj;u = tp[Nah G+jph; j;Uth ePjph; kjph; kk.
=tp\;Z Guhzk;
,jp tptpj k[];a a];a &gk;
g;uf;Ujp guhj;kkak; ]dhjd];a,
] jprJ gftheNr\Gk;]hk;
`hpug[d;k [uhjpfhk; ]k;Uj;jpk;.
= ghftjk;
f];ik Nae tpgh]pNjhakJNyh [;Qhdg;ujPg: Guh

jj;&gha r ehujha KdNa f;U\;zha jj;&gpNz,
NahfPe;j;uha rpjhj;keh r gftuhjha fhUz;aj];
jr;Rj;jk; tpkyk; tpNrhfkk;Ujk; ]j;tk; guk; jPk`p.
eNkh gftNj j];ik th]{Njtha ]h pNz

a ,jk; f;Ugah f];ik t;ahrrN KK Nt.
NahfPe;j;uha ek];j];ik Rfha g;u`;k&gpNz
]k;]hu ]h;g;g e\;lk; Nah tp\;ZuhjkK Krj;.
];Njhj;u uj;dk;
mf;Uj;hpkj;tr;ruzhutpe;j g;Nuk g;ufh;\htjpkhj;kte;jk;
gpjhk`k; ehjKdpk; tpNyhf;a g;u]Pj kj;t;Uj;j krpe;japj;th.
175
= gh\;ak;
ajpgukGU\haj;jk; Kf;ijr;th;ak; jh;`p j];a ];tje;j;
uj;Ntd jj;]q;fy;ghd; Kf;j];a Gduht;Uj;jp ]k;gth
rq;Nfj;ah`.
meht;Uj;jp: rg;jhjeht;Uj;jp: rg;jhj;

ajh epfy Nà g;uj;aePf fy;ahizfjhe: [f[;[d; khjp
fhuzk; ]k];j t];J tpy z: ]h;t[;Q: ]j;a ]q;fy;g:
Mr;hpjthj;]y;iaf [yjp: gukfhUzpf: epu];j ]khg;ajpf
]k;ghtd: gug;u`;khgpjhd: gukGU\: m];jPj rg;jhjtfk;aNj
VtkùùD\;Bakhd th;zhr;ukjh;khDf;U `Pj:
jJgh]d&g jj;]khuhjd g;hPj: c.gh]Pdhdhjp fhy
g;ut;Uj;jhde;j J];jufh;k ]Q;ra &ghtpj;ahk; tpepth;j;a
];tahjhj;k;ahDgt&gh etjpfhjprahee;jk; g;uhga;a
Gdh;ehth;j;jajPj;agp rg;jh Njthtfk;aNj. rg;jr;r ]fy;Nttk;
th;j;jad; ahtjhA\k; g;u`k Nyhf kgp ]k;gj;aNj. e r
Gduh th;j;jNj e r Gduh th;j;jNj ,j;ahjpf: jjh r gftjh
];taNkNthf;jk; 'khKNgj;a Gdh;[d;k Jf;fhyakrhr;tjk;.
ehg;Dte;jp k`hj;khd]; ]k;]pj;jpk; gukhk; fjh: Mg;u`;k
Gtehe; Nyhfh: Geuht;h;j;jp Nehh;[{d, khKNgj;a J nfse;Nja
Geh;[d;k e tpj;aNj" ,jp. e r cr;rpd;d fh;kge;j];a
m]q;Frpj [;Qhd];a gug;u`;ik: fhDgt ];tght];a
jNjfg;hpa];a metjpfhjprahee;jk; g;u`;khDgtNjhe;ahNg h
jjh;j;jhuk;ghj;a]k;gthj; Geuht;Uj;jp rq;fh. e r gukGU\];
]j;a ]q;fy;g: mj;ah;j;j g;hpak; [;Qhepek; yg;j;th
fjhrpjhth;j;j ap\;ajp. a Vt kh`{ 'g;hpNah`p
f;QhepNjhj;ah;j; jk`k; ] r kk g;hpa:, cjhuh]; ]h;t
VitNj [;QheP j;thj;ikt Nk kjk;. M];jpj]; ]`pAf;jhj;kh
khNkth Ej;jkhk; fjpk; g`{ehk; [d;kdhke;Nj [;Qhethe; khk;
g;ugj;aNj. th]{Njt]; ]h;tkpjp ]k`hj;kh ]{Jh;yg:" ,jp.
]{j;uhg;ah]: rh];j;u ghp]khg;jpk; j;NahjajPj ]h;tk;
]kQ;[]k;.
,jp = gftj; uhkhE[ tpurpNj rhhPufkPkhk;]h gh\;Na

rJh;j;j];ahj;aha];a rJh;j;j: ghj:
]khg;j] rhj;aha:
176
rh];j;uQ;r ghp]khg;jk;
ajpuh[ tpk;rjp
tp[;Qhgdk; ajpjkj;a J khkfPek;
mq;fPFU\;t ajpuh[ jahk;GuhNஶ /
m[;NQhakhj;kFzNyஶ tpth;[pjஶr ;
j];khj; mee;a ஶuNzh gtjPjp kj;th //
=kNj uhkhE[ha ek:
Ntjtpz;zg;gk; Ntjrhw;W Kw;wpw;W.
fw;G+u `huj;jpapd; NghJ mE]e;jpf;f Ntz;bait

vk;ngUkhDf;F fw;G+u `huj;jp ]kh;g;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl gpd;tUk;
Ntjke;j;uk; kw;Wk; kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fis mE]e;jf;fTk;:
Ntjke;j;uk;
jj;tp\;Nzh: gukk; gjk; ]jh g];ae;jp ]{ua:
jptPt r {uhjjk;, jj;tpg;uhN]h tpge;aNth
[hf;Uthk; ]];]kpe;jNj, tp\;Nzhh; aj; gukk; gjk; //
gh;ahg;j;ah mee;juhaha ]h;t];NjhNkhjpuhj;u

cj;jkk`h;gtjp, ]h;t];ahg;j;ia ]h;t];a [pj;ia
]h;tNkt Njehg;Nehjp ]h;tk; [ajp // `hp: Xk;. //
kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs;
=uq;f kq;fs kzpk; fUzh epth]k;
=Ntq;flhj;hp ஶpfuhaya fhs Nkfk; |
=`];jp iஶy ஶpfNuh[;[;ty ghhp[hjk;
=ஶk; ehkp ஶpu]h aJiஶyjPgk; ||
177
1.Nfhapy; (Nghf kz;lgk;)

2. jpUkiy (G\;g kz;lgk;)
=a: fhe;jha fy;ahz epjNa epjNash;j;jp ehk; /

=Ntq;fl epth]ha =epth]ha kq;fsk; //
3. ngUkhs; Nfhtpy; (jpahf kz;lgk;)
m];J =];je f];JhhP th]eh th]pNjhuN] /

=`];jpfphp ehjha Njtuh[h kq;fsk; //
4. jpUehuhazGuk; (Qhd kz;lgk;)

5. =[fe;ehjk;
ePshry epth]ha epj;aha gukhj;kNe /

]{gj;uh g;uhz ehjha [fe;ehjha kq;fsk; //
6. rf;uth;j;jpj; jpUkfdhh;
kq;fsk; Nfh]Nye;j;uha kèPa Fzhj;kNe /

rf;uth;j;jp jEh[ha ]hh;t ngskha kq;fsk; //
7. jpUty;ypf;Nfzp
g;Ue;jhuz;a epth]ha gyuhkhE[ha r /

Uf;kpzPg;uhz ehjha ghh;j;j ]{jha kq;fsk; //
8. =Mz;lhs;
;
178
];Nthr;rp\;l khypfhge;jfe;jge;Ju [p\;zNt /

tp\;Zrpj;j jEh[hia Nfhjhia epj;a kq;fsk; //
9. ek;kho;thh;
;
=efh;ahk; k`hGh;ahk; jhk;ugh;z;Aj;jNu jNl /
=jpe;j;hpzP %yjhk;Ne ஶlNfhgha kq;fsk; //
10. jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
=kjhyp=efhP ehjha fypithpNz /

rJ\;ftp g;ujheha gufhyha kq;fsk; //
11. vk;ngUkhdhh;
=ke;k`hG+jGNu =kj;Nfஶta[;te: /
=guhq;Fஶ ghjhg;[ ]{ugPfU

; j nksyNa /
=tj;] rp`;e ehjha ajpuh[ha kq;fsk; //
NஶN\h th i]e;a ehNjh th =gjph; Ntjp ]hj;tpif /

tpjh;f;aha k`hg;uh[;iQh; gh\;afhuha kq;fsk; //
12. kzths khKdpfs;

=kNj uk;a[hkhj;U KePe;j;uha k`hj;kNe /
=uq;fth]pNe G+ahj; epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk; //
Jyh %yhtjPh;zha Njh\pjhfpy ]{uNa /

n]sk;a[hkhj;U KeNa Nஶ\hk; ஶhah];J kq;fsk; //
13. ]h;t Mrhhpah;fs;

kq;fshஶh]d giu: kjhrhh;a GNuhfik: /
179
]h;itஶ;r G+h;it uhrhh;ia: ]j;f;Ujhah];J kq;fsk; //
Ntj ke;j;uk; kw;Wk; kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs; Kw;wpw;W

,ay;rhj;J
(kzthskhKdpfshy; epakpf;fg; ngw;wJ)
gps;isAwq;fhtpy;yp jh]h; mUspr; nra;jJ
ed;We;jpUTilNahk; ehdpyj;jpy; vt;Taph;f;Fk;

xd;Wk; Fiwapy;iy XjpNdhk; - Fd;wk;
vLj;jhdbNrhpuhkhDrd;jhs;
gpbj;jhh; gpbj;jhiug;gw;wp.
tFshguz gl;lh; mUspr; nra;jJ

thopjpUf;FU$h; thopjpUkopir
thopjpUky;yptsehL – thop
Ropnghwpj;j ePh;g;nghd;dpj; njd;duq;fd;jd;id
topgwpj;jthsd;typ.
=guhq;Fr jh]h; mUspr; nra;jJ
jpUehLthop jpUg;nghUey;thop
jpUehl;Lj;njd;FU$h;thop – jpUehl;Lr;
rpl;lj;jkh;thop thop rlNfhgd;
,l;lj;jkpo;g;ghtpir.
gufhy jh]h; mUspr; nra;jJ
kq;ifefh;thop tz;FiwaY}h;thop
nrq;ifaUz;khhprPh;thop – nghq;FGdy;
kz;zpj;Jiwthop. thopgufhyd;
vz;zpy; jkpo;g;ghtpir.
gps;is ,uhkhDrjh]h; mUspr; nra;jJ
thopaNuhnjd;FUif thopaNuhnjd;GJit
180
thopaNuhnjd;Fiway;khefuk;. thopaNuh
jf;Nfhh;guTk; jlQ;#o;ngUk;G+J}h;
Kf;Nfhy;gpbj;jKdp.
jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhh; mUspr; nra;jJ
nkhopiaf;flf;Fk; ngUk; Gfhohd;. tQ;rKf;FWk;ghk;
Fopiaf;flf;Fk; ek;$uj;jho;thd; ruz;$bagpd;
gopiaf;flj;J kpuhkhErd; Gfo;ghbay;yh topiaf;flj;jy;
vdf;fpdpahJk; tUj;jkd;Nw.
gps;is mofpakzths jh]h; mUspr; nra;jJ
neQ;rj;jpUe;J epue;jukhf epuaj;Ja;f;Fk;
tQ;rf;FWk;gpd;tifaWj;Njd;. khathjpah;jhk;
mQ;rg;gpwe;jtd;rPkhjtdbf;F md;Gnra;Ak;
jQ;rj;njhUtd;ruzhk;Gak;vd;jiyf;fzpe;Nj.
gpd;gofuhk; ngUkhs;rPah; mUspr; nra;jJ
CopnjhWk;CopnjhWk;cyfKa;a
ck;gh;fSk;Nfl;La;a. md;gpdhNy
thopnaDk;G+jk;Nga;ngha;ifkhwd;
kopirah;Nfhd;gl;lh;gpuhd;kq;ifNte;jd;
Nfhopah;Nfhd;njhz;lh;Jfs;ghzd;Nfhij
FyKdptd;$wpaE}Nyhjp. tPjp
thopnadtUe;jpuistho;j;Jthh;jk;
kyubvd;nrd;dpf;Fkyh;e;jG+Nt.
,ay;rhj;J ghRuq;fs; Kw;wpw;W

rhw;WKiw
(jpt;ag;uge;j Nrthfhy Kbtpy; mE]e;jpf;Fk; ghRuq;fs;)
nghpaho;thh; mUspr;nra;jJ
gy;yhz;Lgy;yhz;Lgy;yhapuj;jhz;L
gyNfhbE}whapuk;
ky;yhz;ljpz;Njhs;kzptz;zh!. cd;
nrt;tbnrt;tpjpUf;fhg;G.
mbNahNkhLk;epd;NdhLk;gphptpd;wp Mapuk;gy;yhz;L
181
tbtha;epd;tykhh;gpdpy;tho;fpd;wkq;ifAk;gy;yhz;L
tbthh;Nrhjptyj;JiwAk;RluhopAk;gy;yhz;L
gilNghh;Gf;FKoq;Fk; mg;ghQ;rd;dpaKk; gy;yhz;Nl.
nghparPah; mUspr;nra;jJ
]h;tNjஶjஶhfhNy\;tt;ah`jguhf;ukh /
uhkhE[hh;ajpt;ah[;Qh th;j;jjhkgpth;j;jjhk; //
fe;jhilaz;zd; mUspr;nra;jJ
uhkhE[hh;ajpt;ah[;Qh g;ujpth]uK[;[;tyh /
jpfe;jt;ahgpeP G+ahj; ]h `p Nyhf`pij\pzP //
=ke; =uq;f =akEgj;uthkEjpek; ]k;th;j;ja /

=ke; =uq;f =akEgj;uthkEjpek; ]k;th;j;ja //
nghparPah; mUspr;nra;jJ
ekஶ;=iஶyehjha Fe;jPefu[e;kNe /
g;u]hjyg;j gukg;uhg;aifq;fh;a ஶhypNe //
ek;ngUkhs; mUspr;nra;jJ
=iஶNy ஶjahghj;uk; jPgf;j;ahjp Fzhh;ztk; /
ajPej
klj;Jg;gps;is mUspr;nra;jJ
thopjpUtha;nkhopg; gps;iskhjfthy;
thOk;kzthskhKdptd; - thopatd;
khwd;jpUtha;nkhopg;nghUis. khepyj;Njhh;
NjWk;gbAiuf;FQ;rpH;.
gpujpthjpgaq;fuk; mz;zh mUspr;nra;jJ
nra;ajhkiuj;jhspiz thopNa
182
Nriythop jpUehgp thopNa
Ja;akhh;Gk; GhpEhYk; thopNa
Re;juj;jpUj;Njhspiz thopNa
ifANke;jpaKf;NfhYk; thopNa
fUiznghq;fpa fz;zpiz thopNa
ngha;apyhj kzthskhKdp
Ge;jpthopGfo;thopthopNa.
mbahh;fs;tho muq;fefh;tho
rlNfhgd;jz;jkpo;Ehy;tho - fly;#o;e;j
kd;Dyfk;tho. kzthskhKdpNa
,d;Dk;xUEhw;whz;L,Uk;.
=kNj uk;a[hkhj;U KePe;j;uha k`hj;kNe
=uq;fth]pNe G+ahj; epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk;
kq;fshஶh]d giu: kjhrhh;a GNuhfik:

]h;itஶ;r G+h;it uhrhh;ia: ]j;f;Ujhah];J kq;fsk;.
khh;fop khjj;jpy; jpUg;ghit rhw;WKiw MFk; NghJ

md;wa ehs; ghl;L Nrtpj;j gpwF mEre;jpf;ff;$ba
ghRuq;fs;
Nfhij gpwe;jT+h; Nfhtpe;jd; thO%h;

Nrhjp kzpkhlk; Njhd;W%h; - ePjpahy;
ey;y gj;jh; thO%h; ehd;kiwfNshJ%h;
tpy;ypGj;J}h; Ntjf;NfhD}h;.
ghjfq;fs; jPh;f;Fk; gukdb fhl;Lk;
Ntjkidj;Jf;Fk; tpj;jhFk; - Nfhij jkpo;
Iiae;Jike;Jk; mwpahj khdpliu
itak; Rkg;gJk; tk;G.
thopj;jpUehkk;
jpUthbg; G+uj;jpy; nrfj;Jjpj;jhs; thopNa
jpUg;ghit Kg;gJk; nrg;gpdhs; thopNa
nghpaho;thh; ngw;nwLj;j ngz;gps;is thopNa
ngUk;G+Jhh; khKdpf;Fg; gpd;dhdhs; thopNa
xUEhw;W ehw;gj;J %d;Diuj;jhs; thopNa
183
cauuq;fh;f;Nf fz;zp Afe;jspj;jhs; thopNa
kUthUe; jpUky;yp tsehb thopNa
tz;GJit efh;f;Nfhij kyh;g;gjq;fs; thopNa.
kq;fsk;
rhw;WKiw ghRuq;fs; Kw;wpw;W
Mo;thh;fs; / Mrhh;ah;fs; tU\ jpUe j;jpuq;fs;

khjf;fpukk;
(rpj;jpiu khjk; Kjy; gq;Fdp khjk; tiu)
fPNo nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fs; ek; Mo;thh;fs;, Mrhh;ah;fspd;
tU\ jpUe j;uj;ij me;je;j ed;dhsd;W nfhz;lhLtjw;F
kpfTk; nrsfh;akhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,th;fs; mUspAs;s ghRuq;fis
ehk; epj;jpak; neQ;rpdhy; epide;J, thapdhy; ghb kfpo;Nthk;.
thpir Mo;thh;fs; / Mrhh;ah;fs; jpUehkk; jpUe j;jpuk; gf;fk;

vz;
rpj;jpiu khjk;
1 tLf ek;gp mr;tpdp 8
2 ca;af; nfhz;lhh; fhh;j;jpif 15
3 [Pah; ehapdhh; (kzthskhKdpfspd; fhh;j;jpif 18
G+h;thr;uk ngsj;uh;)
4 vq;fsho;thd; Nuh`pzp 24
5 vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUthjpiu 31
6 N]hkhrpahz;lhd; jpUthjpiu 34
7 Ml;nfhz;ltpy;yp; [Pah; jpUthjpiu 35
8 rf;futh;j;jpj;jpUkfd; Gdh;G+rk; 36
184
9 Kjypahz;lhd; Gdh;G+rk; 37
10 Nfhapy; nfhkhz;^h; ,isatpy;yp Mapy;ak; 50
Mr;rhd;
11 Njtg;;ngUkhs; `];jk; 64
12 jpUkiy ey;yhd; `];jk; 69
13 =fplhk;gpahr;rhd; `];jk; 70
14 kJuftpaho;thh; rpj;jpiu 72
15 mee;jho;thd; rpj;jpiu 74
16 elhJhuk;khs; rpj;jpiu 75
17 Xd;whd jpUf;FUq;Fb uhkhE[ [Pah; jpUNthzk; 113
18 tpQ;r%h; jhjhrhhpah; jpUNthzk; 115
19 gps;isNyhfk; [Pah; jpUNthzk; 118
20 QhdjpU\;b mofg;gq;fhh; (Mj;jhd; jpUNthzk; 118
];thkp jpUf;Fkhuh;)
21 ek;ngUkhs; Nutjp 130
22 Qhdg;gpuhd; - (tuh`g; ngUkhs;) Nutjp 132
itfhrp khjk;
1 jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp Nuhfpzp 21
2 mofparpq;fh; ];thjp 77
3 nghpajpUkiy ek;gp ];thjp 79
4 ek;kho;thh; tprhfk; 84
5 gps;;isjpUkiy ek;gp tprhfk; 86
6 guhq;Fr ek;gp tprhfk; 87
7 jpUtha;nkhopg; gps;;is tprhfk; 88
8 ngupagl;lh; (guhru gl;lh;) mD\k; 90
9 =uhkg;gps;;is (Ntjt;ahr gl;lh;) mD\k; 92
10 jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah; Nfl;il 94
Mdp
1 khwNdhp ek;gp Mapy;ak; 49
2 nghpaho;thh; ];thjp 77
3 tlf;Fj; jpUtPjg;gps;;is ];thjp 81
4 thjpNfrhp mofpakzths [Pah; ];thjp 82
5 M#hpg;ngUkhs; (Gz;lhPfh h;) tprhfk; 87
6 =ke;ehjKdpfs; mD\k; 89
7 =irNyr jdpad; mtjhpj;j ehs; %yk; 97
185
8 jpUf;fz;zkq;ifahz;lhd; jpUNthzk; 111
9 <r;rk;ghb [Pah; jpUNthzk; 112
Mb
1 g;ujpthjp gaq;fuk; mz;zd; G+rk; 47
2 aJfpup ehr;rpahh; G+uk; 56
3 =Mz;lhs; G+uk; 56
4 fe;jhilj; Njhog;gh; G+uk; 59
5 jpUf;NfhGuj;J ehadhh; G+uk; 59
6 gjuP ehuazg;ngUkhs; `];jk; 63
7 Mste;jhh; cj;jpuhlk; 105
8 Gz;lhPfh h; (nghpaek;gp cj;jpuhlk; 107
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
9 njw;fho;thd; (jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp jpUNthzk; 111
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
10 Vl;^h; rpq;fuhrhh;ah;; cj;jpul;lhjp 128
Mtzp
1 fz;zd; Nuhfpzp 20
2 nghpathr;rhd;gps;;is Nuhfpzp 25
3 ehadhuhr;rhd;gps;;is Nuhfpzp 26
4 =ngUk;G+J}h; Xd;whd vk;ghh; [Pah; Nuhfpzp 26
];thkp
5 jpUf;FUifg; gpuhd; gps;;shd; kpUfrPup\k; 29
6 jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; nry;tek;gp G+rk; 46
7 mg;gr;rpahuz;zh `];jk; 71
8 =kj; Mj;jhd; ];thkp rpj;jpiu 75
9 nfhq;fpyhr;rhd; Nfl;il 94
10 jpUf;NfhtY}h; Mo;thd; - jpUNthzk; 112
vk;ngUkhdhh; [Pah;
11 tue;jUk; ngUkhs; mg;ig mtpl;lk; 123
Gul;lhrp
1 Xd;whd thdkhkiy uhkhE[ [Pah; Gdh;G+rk; 40
2 fe;jhil mg;gd; kfk; 54
3 =mofg;gpuhd; (=Re;juNjrpfd;) ];thjp 80
4 jpUNtq;flKilahd; jpUNthzk; 108
5 jpUNtq;fl uhkhE[ [Pah; ];thkp jpUNthzk; 114
186
(xd;whd nghpa [Pah;, jpUkiy)
6 Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; jpUNthzk; 117
7 Nfhapy; fe;jhilaz;zd; G+ul;lhjp 126
Ig;grp
1 $uFNyhj;jk jh]h; jpUthjpiu 35
2 =ngUk;;g+Jhh; Xd;whd ajpuh[ [Pah; G+rk; 48
];thkp
3 kzthskhKdpfs; %yk; 101
4 Nrid Kjypahh; G+uhlk; 103
5 jpUehuazG+uj;J Ma; G+uhlk; 104
([ee;ahrhhpah;)
6 ngha;ifaho;thh; jpUNthzk; 110
7 gps;;isNyhfhrhhpah; jpUNthzk; 115
8 G+jj;jho;thh; mtpl;lk; 120
9 eLtpy; jpUtPjpgps;;is gl;lh; mtpl;lk; 123
10 Ngaho;thh; rjak; 124
11 gpd;gofpa ngUkhs; [Pah; rjak; 125
12 tpshQ;Nrhiyg;gps;is vd;fpw cj;jpul;lhjp 128
eye;jpfo; ehuhaz jh]h;
13 vWk;gpag;gh Nutjp 133
fhh;j;jpif
1 mUshsg;ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhh; guzp 9
2 <Az;zp khjtg;ngUkhs; vd;fpw guzp 12
rpwpaho;thdg;gps;is
3 jpUkq;ifaho;thu; fhh;j;jpif 13
4 ek;gps;;is fhh;j;jpif 16
5 jpUg;ghzho;thh; Nuhfpzp 20
6 gj;jq;fp gut];J gl;lh;gpuhd; [Pah; Gdh;G+rk; 42
7 Nfhapy; fe;jhil =uq;fhr;rhhpahh; cj;jpul;lhjp 129
];thkp
khh;fop
1 khnwhd;wpy;yh khUjp rpwpahz;lhd; mr;tpdp 9
2 myq;fhuNtq;flth; jpUthjpiu 34
3 njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; Nfl;il 92
4 nghpaek;gp Nfl;il 93
5 $uehuaz [Pah; Nfl;il 95
187
6 ehYhuhr;rhd;; gps;is Nfl;il 96
7 mofpakzthsg;ngUkhs; ehadhh; mtpl;lk; 121
8 Nfhapy; fe;jhil ehad; (Nfhapy; cj;jul;lhjp 128
fe;jhil mz;zd; jpUf;Fkhuh;)
ij
1 jpUf;NfhtY}h; vk;ngUkhdhh; [Pah; kpUfrPhp\k; 30
2 vk;ghh; Gdh;G+rk; 39
3 jpUkopiraho;thh; kfk; 51
4 $uj;jho;thd; `];jk; 65
5 KLk;ig ek;gp `];jk; 68
6 <r;rk;ghb Mr;rhd; `];jk; 71
7 njhl;ilaq;fhug;ig ];thjp 83
8 FUiff;fhtyg;gd; tprhfk; 86
9 nrhl;il ek;gp (Mste;jhh; jpUf;Fkhuh;) G+ul;lhjp 126
10 ehYhuhd; G+ul;lhjp 126
khrp
1 rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg;ngUkhs; (vk;ghhpd; mr;tpdp 8
,isa rNfhjuh;)
2 jpUf;fr;rp ek;gpfs; kpUfrPhp\k; 28
3 Re;juj;NjhSilahd; kpUfrPhp\k; 30
(jpUkhiyahz;lhd; jpUf;Fkhuh;)
4 FyNrfuho;thh; Gdh;G+rk; 36
5 fe;jhilahz;lhd; (Kjypahz;lhd; Gdh;G+rk; 40
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
6 gps;isAwq;fhtpy;yp jh]u; Mapy;ak; 50
7 kzf;fhy; ek;gp kfk; 52
8 jpUkhiyahz;lhd; kfk; 53
9 nghpa Rj;j]j;j;tk; mz;zd; ];thjp 83
10 mz;zhtpyg;gd; (mg;gr;rpahuz;zh Nfl;il 96
jpUf;Fkhuh;)
11 Nfhtpy; fe;jhil rz;l khUjk; cj;jpuhlk; 107
njhl;ilahrhhpahh;
12 kzthskhKdpfs; jpUtj;aadk; f;U\;z g 103
(jPh;j;jk;) j;thjrp
gq;Fdp
1 nghpangUkhs; Nuhfpzp 19
188
2 Xd;whd ,uhkhE[k;gps;is (Mj;jhd; Gdh;G+rk; 42
];thkpapd; jpUj;jfg;gdhh;)
3 nry;tg;gps;is G+rk; 46
4 =uq;fehr;rpahh; cj;jpuk; 60
5 jpUkhkfs; ehr;rpahh;-jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; cj;jpuk; 61
6 eQ;[Pah; cj;jpuk; 62
7 jpUehuazg;;ngUkhs; `];jk; 64
8 jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhh; `];jk; 66
9 jpUnts;siw Gz;lhPfh g; jpUNthzk; 109
ngUkhs; kw;Wk; gq;far;nry;tp
ehr;rpahh;
10 muzGuj;jho;thd; jpUNthzk; 113
Mo;thh;fs; / Mrhh;ah;fs; tU\ jpUe j;jpuq;fs;

khjf;fpukk; Kw;wpw;W.
=:
=kNj uhkhD[ha ek:
=KLk;igG+h;zha ek:
=kj; tutuKeNa ek:
=kj; tujFuNt ek:
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jpUNkdprk;ge;jk; ngw;wth;fs;

xU Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu
189
Nah epj;akr;Aj gjhk;G[ Af;k Uf;k
m];kj; FNuhh; gftNjh];a jiaf]pe;Njh:
vk;ngUkhdhhpd; tk;r guk;giu ,tUila khJyh; (khkh) nghpa

jpUkiyek;gpapd; jpUtk;rj;jhh;fs; Kjy; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;jf;
fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; vk;ngUkhdhh; cwtpdh;fisg; gw;wp
njspthf njhpe;J nfhs;tJ jhd;. ,e;j cwTKiw gw;wp ek;
G+h;thrhhpah;fspd; E}y;fspy; njspthf ,y;iy. Mjyhy;
mbNad; vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jpUNkdp rk;ge;jKs;s gy
Mrhh;ah;fs; jpUkhspif itgt E}y;fspy; nfhLj;Js;s
tptuq;fisnay;yhk; njhFj;J ,f;fl;Liuia cq;fSf;Fr;
190
rkh;g;gpf;fpNwd;. ,q;Nf nfhLj;Js;s Gs;sp tptuq;fs; jw;NghJ
mbNad; iftrKs;s Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
VNjDk; Mrhh;ah;fisg; gw;wpa tptuk; Fwpg;gplhky; ,Ue;jhy;
njhptpf;fTk;. mjidAk; Nrh;j;J gpd;G ntspaplyhk;. ,e;jf;
fl;Liu vy;NyhUf;Fk; gad;gLk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
nghpa jpUkiyek;gp kw;Wk; ,tUila gj;ep (fplhk;gp Mr;rhdpd;

mj;ij)
|
rNfhjhpfs;- 3 Fkuhh;fs; - 3 kfs;fs;- 2 kUkfd;fs;- 4

Ngud;fs; - 3
vk;ngUkhdhh; kw;Wk; ,tUila gj;ep jQ;rkhk;ghs;
|
rNfhjhpfs; - 3 Fkuhh;fs; - 2 kUkfd;fs; - 3

rpwpajhahhpd; Fkhuh;fs; - 3
,dp ,th;fisg; gw;wp tphpthff; fPNo fz;Nghk;.
nghpa jpUkiyek;gpapd; cwtpdh;fs;

rNfhjhpfs; - %th;
1)G+Njtp vd;Dk; fhe;jpkjp – ,th; fzth; =ngUk;G+J}h;

NfrtN]hkah[pahh;. jpUf;Fkhuh; - vk;ngUkhdhh;. ,tUila
itgtk; ek; G+h;th;fs; mUspAs;s gy; NtW f;ue;jq;fspypUe;J
mwpayhk;.
2) =Njtp vd;Dk; j;Ajpkjp (nghpa gpuhl;bahh;) – ,th; fzth;

kJukq;fyk; fkyeae gl;lh;. Fkhuh;fs; - vk;ghh; (Nfhtpe;jh;),
rpw;pa Nfhtpe;jg; ngUkhs; - ,th; Fkhuh; - guhq;Fr ek;gp. rpwpa
Nfhtpe;jg;ngUkhSf;F xU Fkhuh; mtjhpj;jijf; Nfs;tpg;
gl;L, cilath; mth; jpUkhspiff;F vOe;jUsp, vk;ghiug;
ghh;j;J ,e;jf; Foe;ijf;F ek;kho;thh; jpUehkj;ijr; rhj;Jk;
vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lgb ,tUf;F guhq;Fr ek;gp vd;w ngah;
191
#l;lg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; cilath; Mste;jhUila %d;whtJ
Fiwia mbNahL Nghf;fpdhh;. jkpopy; ty;ytuhd guhq;Fr
ek;gpia $uj;jho;thd; ghNya; jkpoh; vd;W $Wth;.
vk;ghh; mUspr;nra;jUspd g;uge;jk; - tp[;Qhd];Jjp. ,th;
vk;ngUkhdhiutpl;Lg; gphpahky; ,Ue;jjhy;, uhkhE[ gjr;rhah
(,uhkhE[Uila jpUtb epoyha; ,Ug;gth;) vd;w ngah;
ngw;whh;. ,th; vk;ngUkhdhUf;Fr; nra;j ifq;fh;aq;fs; -
jpUNkdp, jpUtbfs; gpbf;fTk;, vz;nza;f;fhg;G rhj;jTk;,
jpUg;ghpal;lq;fs; jpUj;jTk;, jpUf;if rkh;g;gpf;fTk;,
jpUg;gLf;if Nrhjpf;fTk;, jpUNkdp fhty; Kjyhd
ifq;fh;aq;fs;. Nfhtpe;jh; guk ituhf;ak; cilatuha;
,Ue;jgbahNy ]e;ah]h];ukj;ijg; ngw;W vk;ghh; vd;Dk;
jpUehkj;ij mile;jhh;. vk;ngUkhdhhpd; epakdg;gb vk;ghh;
gl;lUf;F Mrhh;auhdhh;.
3) %d;whtJ rNfhjhpapd; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,th; Fkhuh;

ghyje;tp vd;Dk; ,isatpy;yp Mr;rhd;. ,th; ,uhkhD[Uila
rpwpa jhahpd; jpUf;Fkhuh;. nghpajpUkiy ek;gpapd; kUkfd;
Mthh;. Mifahy; nghpajpUkiy ek;gpfsplk; kpFe;j <LghL
nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;. ,th; tlnkhopapy; ghyje;tp vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; vk;ghiug;NghNy cilatUf;F
rpwpajhahh; Fkhuuha; mtjhpj;J cilatUila jpUNkdp
rk;ge;jk; ngw;wth;. ngUkhSf;F (,uhkUf;F) ,isangUkhs;
vy;yh mbikfSk; nra;jJNghNy, cilath; jpUtbfspNy
rfy ifq;fh;aq;fSk; ,th; nra;jikahy; vk;ngUkhdhuhNy
,isatpy;yp Mr;rhd; vd;w jpUehkk; rhj;jg;ngw;whh;.
vk;ngUkhdhUila epakdg;gb nghpa jpUkiy ek;gpaplk;
ifq;fh;aq;fs; nra;J te;jhh;. vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUehL
myq;fhpj;jjhf fdtpy; fz;l mstpNy, vk;ngUkhdhh;
jpUtbfNs ruzk; vd;W nrhy;yp %r;rlq;fg;ngw;whh;.
Fkhuh;fs; - %th;
1)gps;is jpUkiy ek;gp

2)uhkhEId;
192
3)gps;shd; (jpUf;FUifgpuhd; gps;shd;) - vk;ngUkhdhhpd;
mgpkhd Gj;jpuh;. vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUkiy ek;gpaplk; Nfhtpe;jiu
(vk;ghiu) ahrpj;Jg; ngw;w NghJ, ek;gp jhNk jk; Fkhuuhd
gps;shid mgpkhd Gj;jpuuhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;gb
ajpuh[hplk; mspj;jhh;. jpUf;FUifgpuhd; vd;Dk; jpUehkk;
ek;kho;thiu Fwpf;Fk;. jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gpf;Fk;
jpUf;FUifgpuhd; vd;Dk; xU jpUehkk; cz;L. Mjyhy;
,t;tpUtiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; jpUehkkhd jpUf;FUifgpuhd; vd;Dk;
jpUehkj;ij gps;shDf;F ,l;L jpUf;FUifgpuhd; gps;shd;
vd;W mioj;jhh;. ,th; vk;ngUkhdhhpd; fl;lisapd; Nghpy;
jpUtha;nkhopf;F Mwhapug;gb t;ahf;ahdk; vOjpdhh;. ,JNt
jpUtha;nkhopf;F Kjd; Kjypy; vspa Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;l
t;ahf;ahdk; MFk;. ,e;j Mwhapug;gb t;ahf;ahdNk
xd;gjpdhapug;gb njhlf;fkhf Kg;gj;jhwhapug;gb <whf cs;s
jpUtha;nkhop t;ahf;ahdq;fSf;F xU top fhl;baha;
mike;jJ.
Fkhuj;jpfs; - ,Uth;
1)myh;Nky; kq;if ehr;rpahh; - ,th; fzth; myq;fhu

Ntq;flth; vd;Dk; jpUNtq;fl%h;j;jp (mUshsg; ngUkhs;
vk;ngUkhdhhpd; G+h;thr;uk jpUf;Fkhuhh;) - ,th; jpUf;Fkhuh; -
tpQ;rp%h; jhjhr;rhh;ah;. jpUNtq;fl%h;j;jp jk; jpUj;jfg;gdhh;
af;Q%h;j;jp, vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUtbfspy; Mr;uapj;J =it\;zt
rd;ahr Mr;ukpaha; =mUshsg; ngUkhs; vk;ngUkhdhh; vd;Dk;
jpUehkj;Jld; =uq;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gij mwpe;J, mq;F nrd;W
mtiuAk; vk;ngUkhdhiuAk; jpUtb njhOjhh;.
vk;ngUkhdhUk; mtUf;F myq;fhuNtq;flth; vd;w jpUehkkpl;L
jd;Dila rp\;auhf Mf;fpf;nfhz;lhh;. ,jidf; Nfs;tpAw;w
nghpa jpUkiy ek;gp jd; kfs; myh;Nky; kq;ifia myq;fhu
Ntq;flth;f;F jpUf;fy;ahzk; nra;J itj;jhh;. myq;fhu
Ntq;flth;f;F jpUNtq;flKilahd; jpUtUshy; xU
jpUf;Fkhuh; mtjupj;jhh;. me;j Foe;ijf;F jhj;jhr;rhhpah; vd;w
jpUehkj;ij rhw;wp mioj;jhh;. ,tNu gpw;fhyj;jpy; tpQ;rp%h;
jhj;jhr;rhhpah; vd;w gpu]pj;jp ngw;w k`htpj;jhd; Mthh;. ,th;
jpUkiy ek;gpapd; Ngud; Mthh;.
2) ,uz;lhtJ Fkhuj;jpapd; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,th; fzth;

Re;juNjrpfd; vd;Dk; mofg;gpuhd;. ,th; Mse;jhh; rp\;ah;. ,th;
Mste;jhh; epakdg;gb jpUkiyapy; ifq;fh;ak; nra;J te;jhh;.
193
,tUila Fkhuh;fs; - <r;rk;ghb Mr;rhd;, <r;rk;ghb [Pah;.
,th;fs;; jpUkiy ek;gpapd; Ngud;fs;; Mthh;. vk;ngUkhdhh;
jpUkiyf;F vOe;jUspa NghJ jpUkiy ek;gpfspd;
epakdj;jhy;, mtUf;F Re;juNjrpfd; jhgePa cgep\j;,
e;U]pk;` ke;juk; Kjyhditfis cgNjrpj;jhh;. ,jdhy;
,th; vk;ngUkhdhUf;F FUthf tpsq;fpdhh;.
kUkfd;fs; - ehy;th;
1) vk;ngUkhdhh; 2) vk;ghh; 3) rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg; ngUkhs;

4) ghyje;tp vd;Dk; ,isatpy;yp Mr;rhd;.
nghpa jpUkiyek;gpapd; gj;dp – ,th; fplhk;gp Mr;rhdpd;

(g;uzjhh;j;jpùh;) mj;ij Mthh;. mj;ijapd; ngah;
njhpatpy;iy. (fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; nghpa jpUkiy ek;gpapd;
ikj;Jdh; Fkhuh;). fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; vd;w ngah; flhk;G
Mr;rhd; vd;gjd; k&T vdyhk;. (fl+mk;G = flhk;G). flk;
vd;Dk; tlnrhy; Flk; vd;Wk;, mk;G vd;Dk; tlnrhy; ePh;
vd;Wk; nghUs; jUk;. ,th; vk;ngUkhDf;Fj; jPh;j;j ifq;fh;ak;
gz;zp te;j FLk;gj;jpy; mtjhuk; nra;jth; vd;W njhpfpwJ.
Mr;rhd; vd;w nrhy; Mrhd; vd;w nrhy;ypy; ty;ypdk; ,ul;bj;J
te;jJ vdyhk;. ,th; jd;Dila mj;ij fztuhd nghpa
jpUkiy ek;gpf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;J jpUkQ;rd ifq;fh;ak;
gz;zp mjdhy; fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; vd;w ngah; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; ,aw;ngah; g;uzjhh;j;jpùh;. ,j;jpUehkk;

fhQ;rp tujuh[g; ngUkhSila jpUehkk; MFk;. fplhk;gp
Mr;rhdpd; ,aw;ngahpypUe;J ,th; fhQ;rp jpt;aNjrj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jth; vd;W cWjpahfpwJ. ,tUila jikadhhpd; ngah;
tp\;zthrhh;ah;.
fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; vk;ngUkhdhh; klj;jpy; jpUklg;gs;sp

ifq;fh;ak; nra;J te;jhh;. cilath; =gh\;aj;ij vojp
Kbj;jTld; ,tiuAk; fplhk;gpg; ngUkhisAk; =gh\;a
=Nfhrj;Jld; fh\;kPu Njrj;Jf;F mDg;gp rhujh gPlj;jpy;
itj;J mq;ff P huk; ngwr; nra;jhh;. fplhk;gp Mr;rhd; topte;j
fplhk;gp mg;Gs;shh; khKdpfs; Vw;gLj;jpa m\;ljpf;f[q;fSs;
xUtuhthh;.
vk;ngUkhdhh;
194
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhhpd; cwtpdh;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis
fPNo mDgtpg;Nghk;.
rNfhjhpfs; - %th;
1)ehr;rpauk;kd; - ,th; fzth; Mde;j jP pjh;. Fkhuh; jhrujp
vd;Dk; Kjypahz;lhd;. (vk;ngUkhdhhpd; kUkhd;).
vk;ngUkhdhh; rp\;ah;fs; midtUf;Fk; eph;th`fuha;
,Ue;jjhy; Kjypahz;lhd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
vk;ngUkhdhUila jpUtb];jhdkha; ,Ue;J mtUf;F
me;juq;f ifq;fh;aq;fs; nra;jikahy;, vk;ngUkhdhh;
jpUtbepiy ,d;wsTk; Kjypahz;lhd; vd;Nw
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vk;ngUkhdhh; ,tiuj; jkJ j;Ujz;lkhf
mgpkhdpj;jhh;. vk;ngUkhdhh; epakdj;jhy; nghpaek;gp
jpUf;Fkhuj;jp mj;Joha;f;Fr; rpjdnts;shl;bahfp (cjtpaha;
,Ue;J fhhpaq;fs; nra;gth;) jh]t;Uj;jpfs; nra;j nghpath;
,th;. ,th; vk;ngUkhDUf;F jpUtbfSkha;
j;hpjz;lKkhapUg;ghh;. vk;ngUkhdhh; ]e;ah] Mr;ukk;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l nghOJ ~Kjypahz;lhidj; jtpu vd;dhy;
vy;yhk; Jwf;fg;gl;ld’ vd;whuhk;.
2) ,uz;ltJ rNfhjhpapd; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,th; fzth;
KLk;ig ek;gp vd;Dk; =tujhrhh;ah;. Fkhuh; - =uhkhE[ ek;gp.
(vk;ngUkhdhhpd; kUkhd;). =uhkhE[ ek;gpapd; Fkhuh; -
KLk;igahz;lhd; vd;Dk; jhrujp. jhrujp KLk;igapypUe;J
=uq;fj;jpw;F Fbngah;e;jhh;. tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is,
gps;isNyhfhrhhpah;, mofpa kzthsg; ngUkhs; ehadhh;;,
g;ujpthjp gaq;fuk; mz;zh, vWk;gpag;gh, ,uhkhE[k; gps;is,
Mj;jhd; ];thkp MfpNahh; Klk;ig tk;rj;jpy; mtjhpj;jth;fs;.
3) %d;whtJ rNfhjhpapd; ngah; kw;Wk; mtuJ fzthpd; ngah;
njhpatpy;iy. ,tuJ Fkhuh; - tuj tp\;Z vd;Dk;
elhJ}uho;thd;. ,th; vk;ngUkhdhhpd; kUkfd;. ,th; fhQ;rpapy;
=tj;]Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhh;. ,th; uhkhE[Uf;F epj;a
me;juq;f ifq;fh;aq;fisr; nra;J te;jhh;. ,tUila Nguh;
thj;];a tujhrhh;ah; vd;Dk; jpUehkk; cilatuhd
195
elhJ}uk;khs;. elhJ}uho;thd; elhJuk;khis
vq;fsho;thdplj;jpy; Mr;uapf;fr; nra;jhh;. elhJ}uk;khs;
vq;fsho;thdpd; g;ujhd rp\;ah; Mthh;. elhJuk;khSf;F
Mrhh;ah; MdikahNy mk;khshrhhpah; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
vq;fsho;thd;.
elhJ}uho;thd; mUspa f;ue;jkhd kheahjhj;k;a eph;zaj;jpy;
,Ue;J rpy gFjpfs; Ntjhe;j Njrpfuhy; e;aha]pj;jhQ;[ej;jpy;
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vk;ngUkhdhh; epakpj;j ehd;F =gh\;a rpk;`h]ehjpgjpfSs;
,tUk; xUth; Mthh;. ,th; jk; rp\;ah;fSf;F
=uhkhE[Uila jpUtbj; jhkiuiaNa neQ;rpy; md;NghL
j;ahdpj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ue;J, vg;NghJk; uhkhE[Uf;F ifq;fh;ak;
nra;tjpy; <Lgl;lth;fsha; jpde;NjhWk; ajpuh[Uila
kq;fskhd rhpj;jpuq;fisf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Lk;, thrpj;Jf;
nfhz;Lk;, Nkh\kiltjpy; ftiy ,y;yhjth;fsha; vg;NghJk;
tho;tPh;fshf vd;W rk;rhuj;ijj; jhz;Ltjw;fhd cghaj;ijf;
$wpdhh;. NkYk; ,tiug; gw;wp e;aha]pj;jhQ;[ek; kw;Wk;
e;ahaghpஶpj;jp Kjyhd f;ue;jq;fisg; gbj;J njhpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
vk;ngUkhdhhpd; gj;ep – jQ;rkhk;ghs;

Fkhuh;fs; - ,Uth;
1)vk;khd; 2) ngk;khd;
vk;ngUkhdhUila tplg;gl;l gj;epapd; fh;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;;fs;
vk;khd;, ngk;khd; vd;w ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfs;. ,uz;lhk;
gps;is ngk;khd; M]{hpg; ngUkhs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,th; 74 ]pk;`hrehjpgpfspy; xUth; Mthh;. ,th; tk;rj;jpy;
mtjhpj;jth; jpUehuhazg;Guj;J Ma; vd;Dk; [dd;ahrhh;ah;.
Map ];thkpapd; g;ujhd rp\;ah;fs; kzthskhKdpfs; kw;Wk;
mtUila Ngudhh; [Pah; ehadhh;.
kUkfd;fs; - %th;;
196
1)Kjypahz;lhd; 2) =uhkhE[ek;gp (KLk;igek;gpapd; Fkhuh;)
3)elhJ}uho;thd;.
rpwpajhahhpd; Fkhuh;fs;- %th;
1)vk;ghh; 2)rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg; ngUkhs; 3),isatpy;yp Mr;rhd;
vk;ngUkhdhUld; jpUNkdp (Njf) rk;ge;jk; ngw;w
jpUtk;rj;jhh;fspd; ngah;fs; fPNo tUkhW (jw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;j
jpUtk;rj;jhh;fs; rp\;a ghpghydk; nra;tjw;fhf gy
cl;gphpTld; jdp jdp jpUkhspiffs; Vw;gbj;jpf; nfhz;L; gy
jpt;aNjrq;fspy; tho;e;J nfhz;L, mq;F vOe;jpUspAs;s
vk;ngUkhDf;F ifq;fh;aq;fs; nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;): (,g;nghOJ
vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jpUtk;rk; M]{hp; tk;rk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ)
1) jpUkiyek;gp 2) Kjypahz;lhd; 3) vk;ghh; 4) KLk;ig
ek;gp 5) ,isatpy;yp Mr;rhhd; 6) mUshsg; ngUkhs;
vk;ngUkhdhh; (myq;fhu Ntq;flth;) 7) fplhk;gp Mr;rhd;
8) Re;juNjrpfd; 9) elhJ}uho;thd; (elhJ}uk;khs;) kw;Wk; gyh;.
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhhpd; jd;Ndw;wk;

ek; jh;]d ];jhgfuhd ];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; gpq;fs tU\k;
(fp;.gp 1017) rpj;jpiu khjk; 13Mk; Njjp tpahof;fpoik ]{f;y
g gQ;rkp jpjp jpUthjpiu el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ]pk;` yf;dj;jpy;
=ngUk;G+J}hpy; jpUtde;jho;thd; mk;]kha; jpUttjhuhk;
gz;zpdhh;. ];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUttjhuhj;jpd; Kf;fpa
g;uNah[ekhtJ – Ntjhe;j thf;ahh;j;jq;fisAk;, g;u`;k
]{j;uhh;j;jq;fisAk;, fPjh thf;ah;jq;fisAk; ]kQ;[]khf
ep&gzk; gz;zpaUsNt vd;W ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; mUspAs;sdh;.
,tUila kpf tphpthd itgtk; ek; G+h;th;fspd; f;ue;jq;f spy;
fhzyhk;. ,th; ek; FUguk;giu `huj;jpd; eLehaf uj;ekhf
tpsq;Ffpwhh;. ,tUila Nkd;ik Njhw;w, ek; G+h;th;fs; jk;
rp\;ah;fSf;F ePh; ck;Kila ngUikia epidj;J
,Wkhe;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;. vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUtbfNs jQ;rk;
vd;W ,Uk;. mthplNk Mrhh;aj;tG+h;j;jp cs;sJ.
197
ehq;fnsy;yhk; mtUila ]k;ge;jj;ij tpisf;Fk; cgrhuf
Mrhh;ah;fNs. mth; xUtNu cj;jhuf Mrhh;ah; vd;W
cgNjrpj;jdh;.
vOgj;J ehd;F ]pk;khrdhjpgjpfs; Vw;gLj;jpajd; Nehf;fk;
=ke;ehjKdpfs; Cuhd tPuehuhazGuj;jpy; (fhl;L kd;dhh;
Nfhapy;) cs;s nghpanjhU Vhp vk;ngUkhdhh; fz;zpy; gl;lJ.
mjpy; cs;s 74 kilfs; %yk; jz;zPh; gha;e;J gue;j
epynkq;Fk; gaph;fs; nropj;J tsh;tijf; fz;lhh;. mJNghy;
jhDk; 74 ]pk;khrdhjpgjpfis Vw;gLj;jp mth;fs; %yk;
kf;fsplj;jpy; Qhd, mD\;lhd, gf;jp, ituhf;a, g;hPjp, ifq;fh;ag;
gaph;fis tsh;j;jpl rq;fy;gk; nra;jhh;. vk;ngUkhdhh;
jh;rdj;jpy; Mir cilNahh;fSf;nfy;yhk; gQ;r]k;];fhuk;
nra;J mth;fis =it\;zth;fshf;fp mth;fSf;F cgNjrk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mth;fSf;F ,th; ,l;l fl;lis.
,jpy; jk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; xU ];jhdk; nfhLj;J mth;fis
gy jpt;aNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L ek; jh;rdj;ij gug;gr;
nra;jhh;. vk;ngUkhdhh; %yk; itztk; jioj;j nra;jpia
mth; mb gzpe;Ja;e;j vk;ghh; Xh; mofhd RNyhfj;jpy;
ciuj;Js;shh;. mij fPNo mDgtpg;Nghk;. ,e;jr; RNyhfj;ij
xt;nthUtUk; epj;ahE]e;jhdkhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj
mbNaDila gpuhh;j;jid MFk;.
y ;kP ehjhf;a ]pe;njs ஶlGhp[yj: g;uhg;a fhUz;a ePuk;
ehjhj;uhtg;a\pQ;rj; jjEuFtuhk;Ngh[ r {h;[uhg;ahk;
fj;thjhk; ahKdhf;ahk; ]hpjkj ajPej; ;uhf;a gj;khfNue;j;uk;
]k;G++h;ag;uhzp ]];Na g;ut`jp g`{jh NjஶpNfe;j;ug;unksif:.
,yf;Fkp ehjdhk; ngUq;flypy; ek;kho;thuhfpa Nkfk;

fUizahfpw ePiug;gUfp =ke; ehjKdpfshfpw kiyapNy
nghope;jJ. me;ePh; Gz;lhPfh nud;Dk; ca;af;nfhz;lhh;,
=uhkkpr;uh; vd;Dk; kzf;fhy; ek;gp Mfpa ,U mUtpfspd;
%yk; =ahKdhrhah; vd;Dk; Mste;jhuhfpa Nguhw;iw
mile;jJ. mjpypUe;J nghpaek;gp, jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp, nghpa
jpUkiyek;gp, jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah;, jpUkhiyahz;lhd;
vd;Dk; jpUehkq;fisAila Ie;J Mrhh;ah;fshfpw
198
fhy;tha;fs; %yk; vk;ngUkhdhuhfpw Vhpia mile;J , 74
Mrhh;ah;fshfpw kjFfshNy caph;fshfpw gaphpd; nghUl;Lg;
ngUfpwJ vd;Dk; fUj;Jila Nky; Fwpj;j RNyhfk;,
y ;kPehjd; Kjyhf ehjKdpfs; Mste;jhh; ,ilahf 74
rpk;khrdhjpgjpfs; cs;s FUguk;giuiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
vk;ngUkhdhh; 700 ajpfshYk; 74 rpk;khrdhjpgjpfshYk; kw;Wk;
vz;zw;w tp\;Z gf;jh;fshYk; N]tpf;fg;ngw;wtuha;
jpUtuq;fj;jpy; vOe;jUspapUe;J ek; jhprdj;ij elj;jp te;jhh;.
md;WNghy; ,d;Wk;, vd;nwd;Wk; ,t;Tyfk; ,Uf;Fk;tiu
=it\;zt fy;gtpU k; jioj;Njhq;fp tUk;gb nra;j
ngUik ek; vk;ngUkhdhiuNa rhUk; vd;W $Wtjpy; Iak;
xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
=ke;k`hG+jGNu =kj;Nf]ta[;te: /
=kNj uk;a[hkhj;U KePe;j;uha k`hj;kNe /

=uq;fth]pNe G+ahj; epj;a=h; epj;a kq;fsk; //
kq;fshஶh]d giu: kjhrhh;a GNuhfik: /

]h;itஶ;r G+h;it uhrhh;ia: ]j;f;Ujhah];J kq;fsk; //
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUtbfNs ruzk;
thrpf Njh\: e;jt;a:
mbNad; uhkhE[ jh]d;

Nfhapy; Mj;jhd; f];J}hpnuq;fhr;rhhpahh;; (=juhrhp;ahh;)
Nyhfh ]k];jh ]{fpNdh gte;J:

]h;Nt [dh ]{fpNdh gte;J:
199

Thirunatchathirai Maalai - 09.01.22

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=:

=kNj uhkhD[ha ek:: = KLk;ig G+h;zha ek:

Mo;thuhrhh;ah;fs; jdpad;fs;, thopj;jpUehkq;fs;

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thpir jpUel;rj;jpuk; / Mo;thuhrhh;ah;fs; jpUehkk; jpUttjupj;j gf;fk;

uhkhE[hh;a ]r;rp\;ak; ]hyf;uhk epth]pek; /

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b) rpwpa Nfhtpe;jg;ngUkhs; - khrp

=gh\;afhu ]r;rp\;ak; Gz;lhPfh\ ee;jek; /

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c) khnwhd;wpy;yh khUjpr; rpwpahz;lhd; - khh;fop

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thop najpuhr khKdptd; khjfthy;

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,tiug; Nghw;Wk; cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 48, 49 ghRuq;fs;

<Az;zp khjtg;ngUkhSf;F rpwpaho;thdg;gps;is nad;w xU

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cgNjruj;jpdkhiy 8,9 ghRuq;fs;

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ek: gq;f[ Nej;uha ehj =ghjgq;fN[ /

ek];ahk;autpe;jh k; ehjghNt t;at];j;jpjk; /

eph;Ntj ]k;];k;Ujph; aj;u ep\;g;uj;A+` kth;j;jj /

Fwpg;G : ehypuz;L – jpUntl;nlOj;J, Iiae;J – 25

Ntjhe;j Ntj;ahk;Uj thhp uhNஶh;

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(nghpa ngUkhspd; thopj;jpUehkj;Jld; nghpagpuhl;bahhpd;

y ;kP ruz yh hq;f ]h hr;r;hPtj;] t N] /

ePshry epth]ha epj;aha gukhj;kNe /

g;Ue;jhuz;a epth]ha gyuhkhE[har /

Mghj#lk; mEG+a `hpk; ஶahek;

d) jpUf;Nfh\;bA+h; ek;gp - itfhrp

=ty;yg gjhk;Ngh[ jPgf;j;ak;Uj ]hfuk; /

]k jk Fz G+h;zk; ahKehh;a g;u]hjhj;