PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

NBP Reservation, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

BROADCASTING PRINCIPLES
AND PRACTICES

SELF-LEARNING MODULE
FOR AB COMM

Prepared by:

MS. MARY JOY S. CERILLO

Instructor, College of Arts and Sciences
Mass Communication Department

JULY 2020

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 Overview of the Broadcasting Industry
1.1 In 21st Century

INTRODUCTION

In this module, we will make use of the concepts and practices that are being
used over the years in Media Industry. It includes fundamentals of broadcasting
(Radio and Television), contemporary broadcast operations, business and
management practices, programming and its different strategies, impact to society,
production and Code of Ethics.

The course also involves orientation and utilization of basic techniques and
equipment in Radio and Television production. Projects include radio and
television productions. Creating such beautiful and worthy contents and timely
production through concepts will be a challenge for you as a future media
practitioner in the years ahead. Let us explore and open our creative minds and
accomplish the tasks together!

LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Understand the role and importance of the broadcast media to the

Philippine Society
2. Determine the difference between radio and television management
3. Identify and utilize the different technologies in the radio and television
industry
4. Appreciate the various radio and television programs being produced
5. Write scripts, direct and produce radio and television programs of various
formats

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 WEEK 1 RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION
LESSON I TECHNIQUES AND ELEMENTS

ENGAGE
ACTIVITY #1
Directions: Write the appropriate characteristic and function of Radio and Television in space
provided below.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TELEVISION

___________________________________ _____________________________________

___________________________________ _____________________________________

CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO

___________________________________ _____________________________________

___________________________________ _____________________________________

 It has sound and sight

 It has sound
 It has a greater influence and impact on audience
 It has announcer / Disk jockey for a certain program
 It has a wider reach of audience especially on those who live in
barrios
 It has “series and dramas” that dominate the primetime
 It has format clock system wherein announcer tells the exact time.
 It has moving images presented in colored medium.

B. Answer the question.

1. Why do you think Radio and Television is important to our lives?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

Lesson 1.1 Radio what’s new? Someone still loves you!

What is the meaning of Radio?

● It is the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio frequency
especially those carrying sound messages.
● Radio as PRODUCTION- it uses sound elements to produce music and message.

Short and Brief timeline of Radio

 1860’s- Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of Radio waves.
 1866- Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of Electric current
could be projected into space in the form of Radio waves.
 1892- Nikola Tesla wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic energy. He made the first
public demonstration of radio in St. Louis in 1893.
 1901- First transatlantic signal sent by Marconi from Ireland to Canada.
 1902- Amateur Radio introduced to the U.S.

 Radio in the Philippines started in 1924 with the establishment of KZKZ (AM) in
Manila by Henry Herman Sr. owner of the electrical supply company.
 1945- First radio broadcasting system on air.
 July 2, 1946- Commonwealth Act 729 granted temporary permits for establishment of
Stations.
 1949- BEC (Bolinao Electronics Corp) opened DZBC then Lopezes entered the scene so
it was owned by CBN- ABS- MBS (Chronicle Broadcasting Network) (Alto
Broadcasting System) (Monteserrat Broadcasting System now a Manila Broadcasting
System.)

KZRH- RH means “Radio Hencock” named after an Escolta in Binondo Manila. It is owned by
Jamuel Gaches.

So why do we still love radio?

According to broadcasting system called the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority, “Radio has proved
its worth in times of emergency such as when access to the mobile network is down as a result of

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

an overload, or phone lines are cut. Even when there is no electricity, most radio sets can be
battery operated or have the ability to be hand cranked.” We often neglect the importance of
radio especially today that we are all equipped with high technologies around us. We love radio
simply because of its permanence and uniqueness among other mediums.
Radio gives us:
 Real-time information (especially on radio stations who have hourly news programs;)
 It has the capacity to reach across barrios, local and nationwide.
 Entertainment that we need (e.g. afternoon drama, funny segments, etc.)

“More importantly, radio is easy to use, it’s live and it’s human. For more than 80 years,
radio has survived and prospered by being the easiest of media to use. Wake up in the
morning, have a shower, get in the car, turn on the radio.” - Gibraltar Regulatory Authority

EXPLORE
ACTIVITY #2
Directions: Based on what you is mentioned above, what do you think is the impact of Radio in
our society?

Based on my opinion,

.
When you answer, always bring
the “media minds” in you.

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

Lesson 1.2 I have a vision for Television!

What is the meaning of Television?

 It is a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens,
chiefly used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education.
 TELEVISION as PRODUCTION – it uses sound, visual images and moving pictures
intended for the audience to see and hear it.

History of Television in The Philippines

Television in the Philippines was introduced in October 1953 upon the first commercial
broadcast made by Alto Broadcasting System (now ABS-CBN) making it the first Southeast
Asian country and the 2nd in Asia to do so. Format of Television shows was purely
entertainment.

James Linderberg was the Father of Philippine television. He is an American Engineer. He

began assembling transmitters and established the BOLINAO ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION (BEC).

 Some of the radio shows including, Tawag ng Tanghalan, Kuwentong Kutsero, and
Student Canteen, started their life on TV this way.

 On February 1, 1967, the corporate name of BEC was changed to ABS-CBN

Broadcasting Corporation. Also, during this year, Radiowealth pioneered in the
production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of color TV sets. Moreover, it was favored by
advertisers like Procter and Gamble, Philippine Refining Company, Colgate-Palmolive,
Del Rosario Brothers, and Caltex.

Purpose of Television:

1. Entertainment - Tawag ng Tanghalan, Kuwentong Kutsero, and Student Canteen are some of
the pioneer entertainment shows on television.
KBS-9 introduced the longest running and consistently rating sitcom, John En Marsha.
This sitcom was created by Ading Fernando, and it starred Dolphy and Nida Blanca.

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

2. Business and Commercial purposes - companies producing radio slowly shifted to
television. As for commercial, there are some companies (mentioned above) are taking the
advantage of Television to sell their products on a new platform.

3. Information purposes - later on, they used television to cover daily news.
In 1969, Filipinos witnessed the live television coverage of the Apollo 11 historic moon
landing. It was the first live telecast via satellite in the country. Channels 5, 7 and 13 tied up for
the said project, while Channel 2 produced its own color coverage.

• There are some historic events happened while Television emerges. The
people witness the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and his Martial law in
Philippines.

September 1972, he ordered the takeover of media firms. Government troops entered
radio and television stations, and they were placed under military control. All media
outlets that were critical of the Marcos administration were padlocked and sequestered.

In 1973, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas was created, and this agency
allowed for self-regulation. A year later, a presidential decree created the Broadcast
Media Council.

The 1974 Miss Universe Pageant, the 1975 Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier heavyweight
fight, the 1981 visit of Pope John Paul II was shown worldwide. When Benigno Aquino
was assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. During his historic
funeral procession, GMA-7 was allowed by only ten seconds of airtime coverage.

• The Restoration and Expansion happened between 1986 to 2009.

In 1986, in the aftermath of the historic People Power Revolution which ended the 20-
long year dictatorship of Marcos that forever altered television history. ABS-CBN
would begin both satellite and international broadcasts (the latter a first for a
Philippine TV station) in 1989.

MBS Channel 4 later became PTV 4 (People's Television) on Feb. 24, 1986, during
the 3rd day of the EDSA Revolution.

• The television then and now started shifting from digital in 2010 and up to now
they are making new ways to give the information be it through signal or cable
network.

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 EXPLAIN

ACTIVITY #3
Directions: Use this Venn diagram to briefly classify the similarities and differences of
Radio and Television in terms of its functions.

RADIO TELEVISION

Comparing and contrasting these two

mediums will help you understand
their unique Identity!

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 WEEK 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF BROADCASTING
LESSON 2 (In RADIO)

Lesson 2 The Fundamentals of Broadcasting

Have you ever thought or wonder how radio sends information from one place to
another? As a future media professional, you need to know the following fundamentals in Radio
broadcasting and be familiarize with technicalities so that you are able to identify know the work
around.

THE RADIO FREQUENCIES AND ITS USES

AM FM
(Amplitude Modulation) (Frequency
Modulation)
Meaning It is a modulation technique used to It is a modulation technique used to
transmit messages but in mono type. transmit messages but in stereo
type.
The modulating signal contains the
intended message or information – The audio signal is conveyed
sometimes consisting of audio data, as through changes in frequency –
in AM radiobroadcasting, or two-way FM signals have a great advantage
radio communications. over AM signals.
(Agbo & Sadiku; Section 3.2, pp. 84 to 99)

Similarities AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency Modulation) are

ways of broadcasting radio signals. Both transmit the information in the form
of electromagnetic waves and both contains message to the listeners.

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 AM
(Amplitude Modulation)
Differences AM works by modulating (varying)
the amplitude of the signal or carrier
transmitted according to the
information being sent.
Samples of Since AM started earlier than FM, it
Broadcast covers contemporary broadcast such as
News and religious programs.
 You will notice that AM
produces timeworn contents
mainly because the audiences
for AM are mostly oldies (or
our parents for short.)
FM
(Frequency
Modulation)
FM remains constant, the result: no
static at all.
FM broadcast techniques are
adjusted in the 21st century, it has
many feature programs than AM.
 Most of the FM stations
include iconic radio DJs
who drive the program.
 Mostly/purely for
entertainment purposes but
also has hourly news.

ELABORATE

ACTIVITY #4: LISTENING

Directions: Listen to one (1) AM radio program and one FM program and answer the following
questions in essay form.

1. What AM radio program did you listen to? Tell and describe what the program was all
about.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

2. What FM radio program did you listen to? Tell and describe what the program was all
about.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Which of these two do you think you can relate the most? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Among the two programs, which of these you think is addressing the issue of today’s
society? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 WEEK 3
LESSON 3
TERMS IN RADIO PRODUCTION

Get to know more about Radio! TERMS IN RADIO PRODUCTION

Take a look at the table presented below.

The following are terms that are commonly used in radio production. You might wonder and a
bit confused seeing these, but one of these days, you will need this for future references,
presentation and production.

As they say, the earlier you learn about these, the better!

Adlib- or improvisation used in spontaneous Gain- audio term for volume.

speech that hasn’t been prepared.

Announcer- Radio term for on-air talent, radio Imaging- Audio terms designed to brand and
personality, host, jock or DJ. position the radio in the marketplace.

Back-sell- back promoting, back Log- A computer generated record of the

selling/announcing telling listeners what songs aired items.
have just been played.

Barter/contradeal- trading advertising space for Newscast- a show about news events that may
goods and services. also have interviews

Cans- It’s one of the most popular radio terms Payola- the illegal practice of paying a radio
for headphones. station (in cash or in goods) to play a song as
part of regular programming.

Cue- A signal that alerts you to act. (hand signal, Post-production- stages of Audio production
cue light from your co-host or producer) that follow the initial recording such as
mixing or adding sound effects.

Dead air- unplanned silence in your stream that Ramp- Instrumental or part of the song that
may be caused by a server downtime, encoder precedes the vocals.
problem or host failing up to show up for the
show.

Demotape/Air check- a recording of a broadcast Royalties - fees paid to songwriters,

that most frequently features segments when the composers or publishers for the performance
presenter was speaking. of musical work.

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

Dynamic Range Compression- process of Segue- Radio term for the smooth transition
reducing the variation between the quietest parts from one segues tight by editing the fade-in
of an audio file and the loudest parts. fade-out points.

Focus Group- a group of people selected by a Sign on- to start the broadcast of day and
moderator such as data and measurement; the Sign off- to cease broadcasting or to go off
moderator asks what they feel about a radio air.
program or a song.

Format Clock- (broadcast or hot clock) a chart Spot- commercial or public service message.
representing a clock face use to order and
allocate time to program elements such as songs,
news, commercials etc.

Freeform radio- The DJ or host has complete Total Listening hours- total time listeners
control over the choice of music or content. spent on radio.

As you go along with this module, you might think of it as easy as it looks like. But, the longer
you take into this, the deeper it goes.

As famous writer F. Sionil Jose said, “There is nothing in the world which an artist cannot
recreate into something poetic, ennobling. And why do we read these things? They are not facts;
they do not improve our business skills, our techniques in manufacturing goods, the management
of a home. That is what most of you will be doing anyway. We read these because they teach us
about people; we can see ourselves in them, in their problems. And by seeing ourselves in them,
we clarify ourselves, we explain ourselves to ourselves, so we can live with ourselves…”

As future media professionals, it is very important to know these terms because we don’t want to
go outside of the University without you being equipped. By simply knowing terms like noise,
dead air and segue will make you realize that in pursuing your dream as an Anchor or DJ in
radio will not be easy, but it’s challenging and fulfilling!

In Mass Communication, we don’t

say, “Pwede na to” but instead we
say, “dagdagan ko pa ba?” and I
think that’s better!

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 TAKEAWAYS

ACTIVITY #5: Conclude your takeaways from this lesson by completing the following
statements:

Among the words mentioned above, the best used terms in radio production for me is/are:

Because:

Someday, I will use these terms to:

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

 WEEK 4 NETWORKS AND CHAIN BROADCASTING WITH
LESSON 4 CONTEMPORARY BROADCAST OPERATIONS

Networks and Chain Broadcasting with

Contemporary Broadcast Operations

Resources:
https://web.sonoma.edu/esee/courses/ee442/archives/sp2020/lectures/lecture06_am_modulation.pdf
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/earlyyears.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/radiorelayer.html
https://www.diffen.com/difference/AM_vs_FM

ENGAGE
EXPLORE
EXPLAIN
ELABORATE
TAKEAWAYS
EVALUATE

Broadcasting Principles and Practices

Broadcasting Principles and Practices