Running head: EFFECTS OF THREAT AND PHYSICAL FORCE IN IRELAND 1

Effects of Threat and Physical Force in Ireland

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EFFECTS OF THREAT AND PHYSICAL FORCE IN IRELAND 2

Effects of Threat and Physical Force in Ireland

Ireland is an island that is located in the North Atlantic. In the year 1912-1923, threats

and physical force were common on the island. There rose two armed groups, the Irish

Volunteers and Ulster Volunteers, each having its own aim giving rise to conflict. Besides, other

nationalists planned for the 1916 rising that contributed to political strife. During 1912, Ulster

had signed an agreement to resist home rule, while in 1913, the Irish Volunteers were formed to

counteract the effects of Ulster volunteers Campbell, 2018).

In the 1918 election in Ireland, a civil war waged between the two groups. With the

provisional government supporting the civil war treaty, the anti-treaty opposition saw it as a

betrayal to the republic of Irish. The Pro-treaty Free State Forces, being supported by the British

government, with a big number of weapons, won the civil war.

Treaty negotiations took place between Great Britain and Ireland. Agreements were

signed in 1921 that resulted in the establishment of Irish Free State within the British Empire.

With this agreement, Northern Ireland moved out of the Irish Free State to form its government.

First, a meeting was held in London, majority of its members from the British government, and a

few members from the Irish republic. Irish members, who had powers to sign the treaty without

considering their superiors in the government, decided to act on behave of their republic. The

British officials could not agree with the Irish officials; therefore, the first treaty agreement was

narrowly approved. This resulted in the Irish Civil War that was won by the pro-treaty side

(Mitchell, 2017).

In 1921, the Partition of Ireland took place, resulting in the North Ireland and South

Ireland. The government act of Ireland of 1920 intended to make two self-governing territories
EFFECTS OF THREAT AND PHYSICAL FORCE IN IRELAND 3

that both will remain in Britain. During the war for independence in 1919-1921, Northern

Ireland decided to remain in the United Kingdom. The campaign for home rule led to this

partitioning.

The war for independence in Ireland began after the 2018 elections when Irish was

declare independent. During the declaration day for freedom, two officers were shot dead by the

IRA volunteers. In 2019, the IRA group was involved in capturing weapons and freeing the

republicans in prison. In September 2019, the British government decided to outlaw the Sinn

Fein and Dail resulting in intensified conflict. The IRA group frequently ambushed the British

Army and the RIC that led to the abandoning of barracks. The British government began to

authorize war. Most conflicts began when the Irish railwaymen refused the transport of military

soldiers by the British. In November 1920, fourteen intelligence officer were assassinated.

During that year, 1000 people were killed, and 4500 republicans interned.

The rising in Ireland even causes tension today. The bloody killings by Easter Rising

began when Ireland rebels found the British government was dominating in their country. The

Irish republicans wanted to end British rule. Sixteen of the rising leader were killed during this

era in 1916. Fights become common in the streets of Dublin that lasted for six days. The British

surprised the rising with 3500 republicans taken to British prison and 1800 citizens sent to

intermittent camp prisons (Gilmore, 2019). The majority of the rising leaders were executed.

Physical force republican was brought in action by the rising and formation of influential

opposition groups that led to independence.

To conclude, the use of threat and physical force in Ireland had both positive and

negative impacts. Bloody killings took place, with majority of citizens being homeless and
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starving. Besides, this led to the partitioning of Ireland. The establishment of Irish Free State was

of vital since it led to gain for independence

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References

Campbell, J. (2018). The troubled mind of Northern Ireland: An analysis of the emotional effects

of the Troubles. Routledge.

Gilmore, G. E. (2019). Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the politics of white supremacy in

North Carolina, 1896-1920. UNC Press Books.

Mitchell, C. (2017). Religion, identity and politics in Northern Ireland: Boundaries of belonging

and belief. Routledge.