Reading

2nd Reading
September 8, 2017 18:9 WSPC-255-IJAM S1758-8251 1750082
International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Vol. 9, No. 6 (2017) 1750082 (19 pages)
c World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd.
DOI: 10.1142/S175882511750082X
Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

for Self-Healing Concrete Thick-Walled Cylinders
Through Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
A. Kazemi, M. Baghani∗ , H. Shahsavari, K. Abrinia

and M. Baniassadi
by UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND on 09/15/17. For personal use only.
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering

Int. J. Appl. Mechanics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

∗baghani@gmail.com
∗baghani@ut.ac.ir
Received 18 March 2017

Revised 26 July 2017
Accepted 31 July 2017
Published 12 September 2017
Elastic-damage-heal models are used for a phenomenological study of self-healing materi-

als. Self-healing materials are a class of smart materials that have a structural capability
to recover damage caused by environmental stimuli over time. In this paper, a semi-
analytic modeling for self-healing concrete thick-walled cylinders is presented. For this
purpose, an elastic-damage-heal model through thermodynamics of irreversible processes,
in the framework of continuum damage-healing mechanic is used. This model uses stress
spectral decomposition method to model the different behavior of concrete in tensile and
compressive loadings. Gibbs potential energy is divided into three parts: elastic energy,
damage energy and healing energy. In this regard, the model introduces damage and
healing surfaces to detect damage and healing behaviors from the elastic one. We derive
an analytical closed-form solution for a self-healing concrete thick-walled cylinder. The
verification of the model is shown by solving an example. Finally, a parametric study on
the healing parameters of the self-healing concrete thick-walled cylinder is performed to
demonstrate the capability of the model. It is noted that for a case with the specified val-
ues of healing parameters, the tangential stress level in an internal radius of thick-walled
self-healing cylinder is more than tripled off a thick-walled nonself-healing cylinder.
Keywords: Elastic damage-heal model; self-healing concrete; thick-walled cylinder; Gibbs

potential energy; continuum damage-healing mechanic.
1. Introduction
Most of the brittle materials contain microcracks and microvoids. These micro-
defects change the mechanical properties of the material and cause the nonlin-
ear behavior under loading. Propagation of microdamage reduces the load-carrying
capability of the material. In self-healing materials such as polymers, concrete, bitu-
minous concrete and gels, a part of the weekend properties is recovered. Neglecting
∗ Corresponding author.
1750082-1
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
the healing effect, many researchers have proposed damage constitutive models for
concrete materials and have simulated stress–strain diagrams.
Elastic-damage or elastic-plastic modeling of concrete structures has been uti-
lized in a coupled form for mechanical modeling of concrete. Considering dam-
age effect in elastic-damage modeling, two general hypotheses have been employed:
the strain equivalence [Chow and Wang, 1987b] and the strain energy equivalence
[Shi et al., 2015]. Concrete has a dissimilar behavior in tension and compression,
which leads to opening or closure of microcracks in tensile and compressive load-
ings, respectively. This effect, which is named closure effect, causes an anisotropic
behavior in tension and compression. In this regard, spectral decomposition tech-
nique has been employed by different researchers to account for the closure effect
[Murakami and Kamiya, 1997; Ganjiani et al., 2012; Shahsavari et al., 2015]. In
isotropic hardening as well as the elasticity, the elastic strain and stress tensors
are coaxial, i.e., they have the same principal directions. Thus, the spectral decom-
position of the elastic strain tensor can be taken as an alternative to the spectral
decomposition of the stress tensor [Foster et al., 2005]. Also, continuum damage
mechanics is a suitable approach to derive constitutive models [Yazdani and Nayebi,
2013; Nayebi et al., 2015]. Some researchers have used these models to predict the
mechanical response of these concrete materials [Shahsavari et al., 2016]. Various
concepts may be used to predict the mechanical behavior of self-healing materi-
als [Shahsavari et al., 2017]. Anisotropic continuum damage-healing mechanics is
suggested by Miao et al. [1995] for modeling of the healing phenomenon in cur-
ing of concretes. Voyiadjis et al. [2011] presented a constitutive model for coupled
inelastic-damage-healing processes in a thermodynamically consistent framework.
Also, Voyiadjis et al. [2012] introduced two new healing variables considering the
cross-sectional area. Healing variables are introduced to formulate the mechanical
behavior of the self-healing materials and compensate the lack of physically consis-
tent healing variables. Liu et al. [2013] synthesized a new type of concrete utilizing
liquid rubber as binder. They investigated the mechanical properties of the prepared
concrete through flexural and compressive tests. The prepared concrete showed the
superiority in most pavement performance indicators to other types of conventional
asphalt concrete [Liu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2016].
In this paper, a semi-analytic modeling is presented for predicting the mechani-
cal behavior of a thick-walled pressure vessel made of a self-healing concrete mate-
rial. For this purpose, the constitutive model proposed by Shahsavari et al. [2015]
is used. In this model, employing the stress spectral decomposition, a thermody-
namically consistent elastic damage-healing model is presented based on the strain
energy equivalence hypothesis. Gibbs potential energy is divided into three parts:
elastic, damage and healing energies. Satisfying the Clausius–Duhem inequality, the
thermodynamics of irreversible processes are taken into account. Linear isotropic
hardening is assumed to represent the evolution of the damage and healing vari-
ables. Tensile and compressive damage and healing surfaces are used to distinguish
the damage and healing behaviors from the elastic one. A thick-walled cylinder
1750082-2
2nd Reading
is sectioned into three zones: damaged-healed, damaged, and elastic. In each sec-
tion, a semi-analytical solution is developed for a thick-walled self-healing concrete
cylinder.
We organize the paper in the following format. First, continuum damage-
healing mechanics and stress spectral decomposition are introduced. Then, an elastic
damage-healing model in an irreversible thermodynamic framework for the self-
healing concrete materials is briefly expressed. Afterward, an analytical solution for
a self-healing concrete thick-walled cylinder is developed in detail. In the following,
the model is validated by comparing the results of the experimental data available in
the literature. Finally, a parametric study on the healing parameters of a self-healing
concrete thick-walled cylinder is conducted to demonstrate the capability of the pro-
posed analytical method in simulating its behavior subjected to internal pressure.
2. Constitutive Modeling
Concrete materials show a linear elastic behavior at the start of loading. Increasing
the load, the damage propagates in the material. When damage and stress reach a
specific threshold, the healing surface is activated, and the healing variable starts
to grow. Continuum damage-healing mechanics assumes an effective fictitious con-
figuration for materials. This configuration disregards the unhealed damage. Thus,
the cross-section area in the fictitious configuration is smaller than the total cross-
section area. The total cross-sectional area (A) is divided into two parts; damaged
(Ad ) and undamaged (Aud ), A = Ad + Aud . The damaged area (Ad ) is decomposed
into two parts; healed (Ah ) and unhealed (Auh ), Ad = Ah + Auh . Damage and
healing variables are defined as the ratio of the damaged area to the total area and
the ratio of the healed area to the damaged area, respectively [Al-Rub et al., 2012].
D = Ad /A; 0 ≤ D < 1; H = Ah /Ad ; 0 ≤ H < 1. (1)
Effective damage variable (D̃) is defined as the ratio of unhealed area to the total
area in the effective fictitious configuration, D̃ = Auh /A. According to the above
equations, the relation between the effective damage, damage and healing vari-
ables is introduced as D̃ = D(1 − H). Similar to fourth-order damage effect tensor
(M(D)), introduced by Lu and Chow [1990], the damage-healing effect tensor is
proposed based on the effective damage variable (D̃). Damage-healing effect tensor
(M(D, H)) is applied to the stress tensor σ, which defines the effective stress tensor
σ̃, σ̃ = M(D, H) : σ. Damage-healing effect tensor (M (D, H)) is a fourth-order
diagonal tensor. Utilizing the elastic energy equivalence hypothesis, the damaged-
healed configuration is transformed to the undamaged configuration [Chow and
Wang, 1987]. This approach is used in the form of
(1/2)σT : C −1 : σ = (1/2)σ̃T : C̃ −1 : σ̃, (2)
where C −1 is the damaged elastic compliance tensor and C̃ −1 is the effective
(undamaged) elastic compliance tensor. Concrete materials show different responses
1750082-3
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
under tensile and compressive loadings. Therefore, we use spectral decomposition

to decompose the damaged-healed stress or effective stress into positive and neg-
ative parts [Simo and Ju, 1987a,b; Chaboche, 1992; Hansen and Schreyer, 1994;
Lubarda et al., 1994; Wu et al., 2006; Shahsavari et al., 2015] in the following form:
σ = σ+ + σ− ; σ + = P+
σ : σ; σ − = P−
σ : σ, (3)
−
where P+ σ and Pσ are the fourth-order positive and negative projection tensors,
respectively [Lubarda et al., 1994]. Now, we can write the effective stress tensor
equation for tensile and compressive stress tensors as
σ̃ + = M+ (D+ , H+ ) : σ + ; σ̃ − = M− (D− , H− ) : σ − , (4)
where M+ (D+ , H+ ) and M− (D− , H− ) are, respectively, fourth-order tensile and
compressive damage-healing effect tensors. D± and H± denote damage and healing

second-order tensors, respectively. Similar to the damage effect [Chow and Wang,
1987a,b], Shahsavari et al. [2015] proposed M+ (D+ , H+ ) and M− (D− , H− ) in Voigt
notation. Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4) and according to Eq. (3), the following
equation is achieved:
− − − −
σ : σ + M (D , H ) : Pσ : σ.
σ̃ = M+ (D+ , H+ ) : P+ (5)
Compared to the effective stress tensor, the damage-healing effect tensor is
defined as
M(D+ , D− , H+ , H− ) = M+ (D+ , H+ ) : P+ − − − −
σ + M (D , H ) : Pσ . (6)
Considering isotropic damage and healing, the damage-healing effect tensor
reduces to
M(D+ , D− , H + , H − ) = P+ + + − − −
σ /(1 − D (1 − H )) + Pσ /(1 − D (1 − H ))
− −
= P+ +
σ /D̃ + Pσ /D̃ , (7)
where D± and H ± are the damage and healing variables. Equation (7) shows
that the previously existing damage and healing in the material cause anisotropy
in the material through the spectral projection tensors (P±σ ) [Chaboche, 1992;
Shahsavari et al., 2015].
Murakami and Kamiya [1997] introduced a set of constitutive and evolution
equations of elastic damaged materials based on the thermodynamic relations. In
isothermal elastic deformations, Gibbs potential energy (Γ) and Helmholtz free
energy (ψ) are related as
Γ(σ, D+ , D− , H+ , H− , β + , β − , ζ + , ζ − )
= σ : εe − ψ(εe , D+ , D− , H+ , H− , β + , β − , ζ + , ζ − ), (8)
where β ± and ζ ± are the overall damage and healing variables, respectively. The
combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics results in Clausius–
Duhem inequality. Combining Eq. (8) and Clausius–Duhem inequality, the following
1750082-4
2nd Reading
inequality is found:

∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ
σ̇ : − εe + : Ḋ+ + : Ḋ− + : Ḣ+ + : Ḣ−
∂σ ∂D+ ∂D− ∂H+ ∂H−
∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ
+ : β̇ + + : β̇ − + + : ζ̇ + + − : ζ̇ − ≥ 0. (9)
∂β + ∂β − ∂ζ ∂ζ
Assuming the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the elastic strain tensor
and other conjugate thermodynamic forces are expressed as follows:
∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ
εe = ; Y± = ; X± = ; B± = ; G± = , (10)
∂σ ∂D± ∂H± ∂β ± ∂ζ ±
where Y± and X± are the damage and healing thermodynamic conjugate forces of
D± and H± , respectively. The Gibbs potential energy Γ is decomposed into three
parts as the elastic potential energy Γe , the damage potential energy Γd , and the
healing potential energy Γh , Γ(σ, D± , H± , β ± , ζ ± ) = Γe (σ, D± , H± ) + Γ± ±
d (β ) +
± ±
Γh (ζ ). These energies are defined as
Γe (σ, D± , H± ) = (1/2)σ̃T : C̃e−1 : σ̃
= (1/2)σT : MT (D± , H± ) : C̃e−1 : M(D± , H± ) : σ;
Γ± ± ± ± 2
d (β ) = (1/2)Kd (β ) ; Γ± ± ± ± 2
h (ζ ) = (1/2)Kh (ζ ) , (11)
where Kd± and Kh± are the damage and healing hardening/softening material param-
eters, respectively. Comparing Eqs. (2) and (11)1 , the elastic compliance tensor
(Ce−1 ) and the effective elastic compliance tensor (C̃e−1 ) are related as follows:
Ce−1 = MT (D± , H± ) : C̃e−1 : M(D± , H± ). (12)
Substituting Gibbs potential energy equation in Eq. (10) and in view of Eqs. (11)
and (12), the conjugate thermodynamic forces are found as
1 T ∂Ce−1 1 T ∂Ce−1
Y± = σ : : σ; X± = σ : : σ;
2 ∂D± 2 ∂H±
B ± = Kd± β ± ; G± = Kh± ζ ± . (13)
Analogous to classical plasticity, damage surfaces Fd± (Y± , β ± ) are defined to
make a distinction between the damaged and undamaged behavior. Similarly, heal-
ing surfaces Fh± (X± , ζ ± ) are defined. Conditions Fd± < 0, Fd± = 0 and Fd± > 0
indicate the undamaged, damaged and impossible state, respectively. Similarly,
conditions Fh± < 0, Fh± = 0 and Fh± > 0 stand for the unhealed, healed and
impossible state, respectively. The following evolution laws are employed when the
damage\healing parameters evolve (Fd± = 0 or Fh± = 0) [Simo and Hughes, 1998]:
∂Fd± ∂Fd± ∂Fh± ∂Fh±
Ḋ± = λ̇± ; β̇ ± = −λ̇± ; Ḣ± = λ̇± ; ζ̇ ± = −λ̇± , (14)
d
∂Y± d
∂B ± h
∂X± h
∂G±
where λ± ±
d and λh are the damage and healing Lagrange multipliers. These multipli-
ers should satisfy the Kuhn-tucker conditions. Analogous to the damage surfaces,
1750082-5
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
the healing surfaces are proposed by Shahsavari et al. [2015]. In the following form,
damage and healing surfaces are presented:
1
Fd± (Y± , β ± ) = {(1/2)Y± : J : Y± } 2 − B0± − B ± (β ± ); Fh± (X± , ζ ± )
1
= {(1/2)X± : L : X± } 2 − G± ± ±
0 − G (ζ ), (15)
where B0± are the damage threshold strengthening (hardening or softening) and
G±0 are the healing threshold strengthening. J and L are fourth-order symmetric
tensors that are introduced by Chow and Wang [1987] and Shahsavari et al. [2015],
respectively.
3. Damage-Healing Modeling of Thick-Walled Cylinders

Now consider a thick walled cylinder made of self-healing concretes, with internal
radius a and external radius b. A uniform internal pressure Pi is applied to the
internal radius of the cylinder. Also, the plane strain (εz = 0) condition is consid-
ered, and it is assumed that the deformation is independent of θ. Thus, a shearing
stress is zero, and the polar equilibrium equations are simplified as follows:
dσr σr − σθ
+ = 0, (16)
dr r
where σr and σθ are radial and tangential stresses, respectively. Strain components
are expressed as a function of radial displacement (εr = du/dr; εθ = u/r).
As shown in Fig. 1, by applying the pressure Pi in the internal radius (a),
the damage propagates from a to rd . Increasing the internal pressure, the healing
surface becomes active, and a part of the damage is healed from the internal radius.
The healing effect reduces the damaged region size into the radius rh to rd , where
rh < rd . Thus, the region a ≤ r ≤ rh is the damaged-healed zone, and the region
rh < r ≤ rd is the damaged zone. The damage does not propagate in the region
rd < r ≤ b where the damage threshold is not reached, and we name it the elastic
zone. In the following, we develop the governing equations for each region, together
with the necessary boundary conditions.
Fig. 1. A thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure in

different configuration during the loading.
1750082-6
2nd Reading
3.1. Damaged-healed zone

From internal radius a to rh (a ≤ r ≤ rh ), the damage propagates and then through
activating of the healing surface at rh , a part of the damage in the damaged-
healed zone is healed from a to rh . According to the problem loading conditions,
all elements have negative principal stresses in the radial direction and two posi-
tive stresses in tangential and axial directions. Using Voigt notation, positive and
negative parts of the stress tensor and projection tensors can be expressed as
follows:
σ + = [0 σθ σz ]T ; σ − = [σr 0 0]T ;
Pσ+ = diag(0, 1, 1); Pσ− = diag(1, 0, 0). (17)
Therefore, the tensile and compressive damage-healing effect tensors are intro-
duced
M(D± , H± ) = diag((1 − Dr± (1 − Hr± ))−1 , (1 − Dθ± (1 − Hθ± ))−1 ,
(1 − Dz± (1 − Hz± ))−1 ), (18)
where Dr , Dθ and Dz are damage variables in r, θ and z directions, respectively,
and Hr , Hθ , Hz are healing components in r, θ and z directions, respectively.
Substituting Eqs. (17) and (18) into Eq. (6), the damage-healing effect tensor
M(D+ , D− , H+ , H− ) is obtained. Substituting Eqs. (17) into (11)1 , the Gibbs
potential energy is calculated as follows:
Γe (σ, Dr− , Dθ+ , Hr− , Hθ+ )

1 − υ2 σr2 σθ2
= +
2E (1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))2 (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2
υ(1 + υ) σr σθ
− − − . (19)
E (1 − Dr (1 − Hr ))(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))
Utilizing Eqs. (13)1 and (19), the damage conjugate thermodynamic forces are
identified as
1 − υ2 (1 − Hr− )σr2
Yr− =
E (1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))3
υ(1 + υ) (1 − Hr− )σr σθ
− , Yθ− = Yz− = 0,
E (1 − Dr (1 − Hr− ))2 (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))
−
(20)
1 − υ2 (1 − Hθ+ )σθ2
Yθ+ =
2E (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))3
υ(1 + υ) (1 − Hθ+ )σr σθ

− , Yr+ = Yz+ = 0.
E (1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2
1750082-7
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
Similarly, using Eqs. (13)2 and (19), the healing conjugate thermodynamic forces
are achieved as
1 − υ2 −Dr− σr2
Xr− =
E (1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))3
υ(1 + υ) −Dr− σr σθ
− , Xθ− = Xz− = 0,
E (1 − Dr (1 − Hr− ))2 (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))
−
(21)
1 − υ2 −Dθ+ σθ2
Xθ+ =
2E (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))3
υ(1 + υ) −Dθ+ σr σθ
− , Xr+ = Xz+ = 0.
(1 − Dr (1 − Hr− ))(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2
−
E
Substituting Eqs. (20) in Eq. (15)1 and using Eq. (14), the damage and overall
damage evolution laws are reduced to the following relations:
Ḋr− = λ̇−
d; β̇ − = λ̇−
d; Ḋθ+ = λ̇+
d; β̇ + = λ̇+
d. (22)
Considering Eqs. (22), we arrive at Ḋr− = β̇ − and Ḋθ+ = β̇ + . Thus, the damage
surfaces are simplified as below
Fd+ = Yθ+ − B0+ − Kd+ Dθ+ , Fd− = Yr− − B0− − Kd− Dr− . (23)
In a similar way, substituting Eqs. (21) in Eq. (15)2 , in view of Eq. (14), the
healing evolution laws are identified as
Ḣr− = λ̇−
h; ζ̇ − = λ̇− + +
h ; Ḣθ = λ̇h ; ζ̇ + = λ̇+
h. (24)
From Eqs. (23), it is found that Ḣr− = ζ̇ − and Ḣθ+ = ζ̇ + . Therefore, the healing
surface equations are introduced as follows:
Fh+ = Xθ+ − G+
0 − K h Hθ ,
+ +
Fh− = Xr− − G− − −
0 − K h Hr . (25)
Employing Eqs. (19) and (10)1 , one can express the elastic strain components.
After some mathematical manipulation, the radial and tangential stresses are cal-
culated as

E du
σr = (1 − υ)(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))2
(1 + υ)(1 − 2υ) dr

u
+ υ(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ )) ,
r
(26)
E u
σθ = (1 − υ)(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2
(1 + υ)(1 − 2υ) r

du
+ υ(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ )) .
dr
1750082-8
2nd Reading
Substituting Eqs. (26) in the polar equilibrium equation of (16), the equilibrium
equation for the damaged-healed part is identified as follows:
d2 u
(1 − υ)(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))2
dr2
d(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− )) du
+ 2(1 − υ)(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))
dr dr
1 du
+ (1 − υ)(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− ))2
r dr
d(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− )) u
+ υ(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))
dr r
u
− (1 − υ)(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2 2

r
d(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ )) u
+ υ(1 − Dr− (1 − Hr− )) = 0, (27)
dr r
where this equilibrium equation is only in terms of the radial displacement (and
of course the internal variables of damage and healing). For the damaged-healed
region, the boundary conditions are
(σr )r=a = −Pi , (σr )r=rh = −Ph . (28)
In the damaged-healed zone, shear damage and healing, i.e., Dr− and Hr− as well as
the tensile damage and healing, i.e., Dθ+ and Hθ+ have possibilities of being active or
inactive. It depends on activation of the damage and healing surfaces in tensile and
compressive loading conditions (Fd± , Fh± ). In this zone, the damage and healing are
coupled in such a way that the damage is first activated. After reaching the damage
to a threshold, the healing parameter starts to grow. Therefore, in the damaged-heal
zone, only four states are expected to occur:
Case (i): Fd+ < 0, Fd− < 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.
Both the damage surfaces and both the healing surfaces are inactive in this case.
Thus, there is no evolution for the damage and healing parameters, Dθ+ = Dr− =
Hθ+ = Hr− = 0.
Case (ii): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− < 0, Fh+ ≥ 0, Fh− < 0.
Damage and healing surfaces in tensile loadings are activated. There is no dam-
age evolution for Dr− and no healing evolution for Hr− , i.e., Dr− = Hr− = 0. The
evolution of tensile damage and tensile healing variables, Dθ+ and Hθ+ , is found from
two coupled equations Fd+ = 0 and Fh+ = 0. Substituting Eqs. (26) and (20) into
(23)1 and setting it equal to zero, the first equation is known. Similarly, substitut-
ing Eqs. (26) and (21) in Eq. (25)1 , the second equation is found. Solving these
two coupled equations, the necessary evolutions of the tensile damage and healing
variables are achieved.
Case (iii): Fd+ < 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− ≥ 0.
1750082-9
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
Damage and healing surfaces in compression are activated. There is no damage

evolution for Dθ+ and no healing evolution for Hθ+ , i.e., Dθ+ = Hθ+ = 0. The evolution
of the shear damage and shear healing variables, Dr− and Hr− , are obtained from
the two coupled equations Fd− = 0 and Fh− = 0. Substituting Eqs. (26) and (20)
into (23)2 , the first equation is presented. In a similar way, substituting Eqs. (26)
and (21) in Eq. (25)2 and setting equal to zero, the second equation is obtained.
We achieve the evolution of the shear damage and healing variables through solving
these two coupled equations.
Case (iv): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ ≥ 0, Fh− ≥ 0.
All surfaces are activated. There exist evolutions for all the damage and healing
variables Dθ+ , Dr− , Hθ+ and Hr− . These evolutions are found from four nonlinear
coupled equations Fd+ = 0, Fd− = 0, Fh+ = 0 and Fh− = 0. These equations can
be written similar to cases (ii) and (iii). In addition to the complex nonlinearity
in the equilibrium equation of case (iv), cases (ii) and (iii) occurred before case
(iv). In practice, instead of case (iv), we may consider cases (ii) and (iii) together.
Thus, case (iv) is not treated as a separate case. Cases (ii) and (iii) are studied
together to observe the effect of shear and tensile damages and the correspondent
healing parameters on the radial and tangential stresses in a self-healing thick-walled
cylinder.
3.2. Damaged zone

The damaged zone is named for the interval rh ≤ r < rd , where rh is the separating
radius between the damaged-healed zone and the damaged zone and rd is the sep-
arating radius between the damaged zone and the elastic one. In this region, only
damage propagates, and healing surfaces have not been active yet. The governing
formulation for this region is similar to the damaged-healed zone with the excep-
tion that we should put healing variables equal to zero, Hθ+ = Hr− = 0. Thus, by
considering Eq. (19), the Gibbs potential energy for the damaged zone is obtained.
Similarly, the damage conjugate forces from Eqs. (20), are rewritten. Evolution laws
and damage surfaces in the damaged zone are identical to those of damaged-healed
zone. Employing Eqs. (26), the radial and tangential stresses are specified. Ignoring
the healing variable, Hθ+ = Hr− = 0, and using Eq. (27), the equilibrium equation
for the damaged zone is found, where this governing relation is in terms of the radial
displacement. Boundary conditions are in the following form:
(σr )r=rh = −Ph , (σr )r=rd = −Pd . (29)
In the damaged zone, shear and tensile damages, Dr−
and Dθ+ ,
are active or inac-
tive. It depends on the activation of the damage surfaces in tensile and compressive
condition (Fd+ , Fd− ). In this zone, the healing surfaces are inactive. Therefore, four
states may happen
Case (v): Fd+ < 0, Fd− < 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.
1750082-10
2nd Reading
Both the damage surfaces and both the healing surfaces are inactive. There are
no evolutions for the damage and healing variables. Thus, Dθ+ = Dr− = Hθ+ =
Hr− = 0.
Case (vi): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− < 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.
Only damage surface in tensile is activated. There is no damage evolution for

Dr− and no healing evolutions, i.e., Dr− = Hr− = Hθ+ = 0. The evolution of tensile
damage variable, Dθ+ , is found from Fd+ = 0. Thus, substituting equation of damage
conjugate forces and equations of stress into (23)1 and setting equal to zero, the
evolution of Dθ+ is achieved.
Case (vii): Fd+ < 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.

Damage surface in compressive condition is activated. There is no damage evolution

for Dθ+ and no healing evolutions, i.e., Dθ+ = Hθ+ = Hr− = 0. The evolution of
the shear damage variable, Dr− , is obtained from Fd− = 0. Therefore, substituting
equation of damage conjugate forces and equations of stress into (23)2 and setting
it equal to zero, we arrive at the evolution of the shear damage.
Case (viii): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.
Both the damage surfaces are activated. There are two evolutions for the damage
variables Dθ+ and Dr− . Besides, there are no healing evolutions, i.e., Hθ+ = Hr− = 0.
Damage evolutions are found from solving two nonlinear coupled equations Fd+ = 0
and Fd− = 0. These equations are identified similar to cases (vi) and (vii). Similar to
the case (iv), case (viii) is comprised of complex nonlinearity within its equilibrium
equation. Case (viii) does not happen in this study because in the concrete thick-
walled cylinder, the effect of shear damage in comparison to tensile damage can
be neglected. We investigate states (vi) and (vii), instead, to observe the effect of
shear and tensile damages on the radial and tangential stresses in a self-healing
thick-walled cylinder.
3.3. Elastic zone

The elastic-zone is named for the interval rd ≤ r < b, where rd is the separating
radius between the damaged zone and the elastic one and b is the outer radius
of the thick-walled cylinder. In this region, the damage does not propagate. Thus,
the damage and healing surfaces are not active. Stress formulations of this region
comply with the classic Hooke’s law. The equilibrium equation and corresponding
boundary conditions are introduced as
d2 ue 1 due ue
+ − = 0; (σre )r=rd = −Pd ; (σre )r=b = 0, (30)
dr2 r dr r2
where Pd is the value of the radial stress at rd . Considering these boundary condi-
tions, stresses and displacement are specified from solving the equilibrium equation
1750082-11
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
for the elastic zone as follows:

pd r 2 b2 pd r 2 b2
σre = 2 d 2 1 − 2 ; σθe = 2 d 2 1 + 2 ;
b − rd r b − rd r

pd rd2 r b2
ue = (1 − υ) + (1 + υ) . (31)
E(b2 − rd2 ) r2
3.4. Tensile damage and healing effects

Within the damaged-healed zone, when the tensile damage Dθ+ and tensile healing
Hθ+ are activated, and shear damage Dr− and shear healing Hr− are not, we have
two coupled equations; Fd+ = 0 and Fh+ = 0. Similar to the procedure noted in case
(ii), the tensile and shear damages are identified as follows:

B0+ υE(1−Hθ+ )
1
1
1−Hθ+
+ Kd+
− +
Kd (1+υ)(1−2υ)
( ur du
dr )
Dθ+ = − , Dr− = 0 (32)
1 − Hθ+ (1−υ)E(1−Hθ+ )2 u 2
1+ Kd+ (1+υ)(1−2υ) r
( )
and the tensile and shear healings are obtained in the following form:
G+ υEDθ+
1 1− 1
Dθ+
+ 0
+
Kh
+ +
Kh
( u du )
(1+υ)(1−2υ) r dr
Hθ+ =1− + − , Hr− = 0. (33)
Dθ (1−υ)E(Dθ+ )2
1+ Kh+ ( u )2
(1+υ)(1−2υ) r
In Case (ii), the equilibrium equation is simplified as follows:

d2 u 1 du u υ d(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ )) u
+ − (1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2 2 + = 0, (34)
dr 2 r dr r (1 − υ) dr r
where boundary conditions are mentioned in Eqs. (28) and Dθ+ and Hθ+ are specified
in Eqs. (33) and (34).
In the damaged zone, the tensile damage Dθ+ is activated and the shear dam-
age Dr− , tensile healing Hθ+ and shear healing Hr− are equal to zero. Regarding
the procedure described in Case (vi), the tensile and shear damages equations are
attained. These equations are similar to Eqs. (33) with the difference that we should
replace the tensile healing with zero, Hθ+ = 0. Also, the tensile and shear healing
and equilibrium equations are similarly acquired. Disregarding the tensile healing,
Hθ+ = 0, the shear healing and equilibrium equations are similar to Eqs. (34) and
(33). Boundary conditions for the equilibrium equation in the damaged zone have
already been specified in Eq. (29).
4. Parametric Study
The model used in this work is capable of predicting the behavior of self-healing
materials. However, due to the fact that experimental works lack data of self-healing
concrete, only its veracity in nonself-healing concrete is verified with experiments in
1750082-12
2nd Reading
the literature by Shahsavari et al. [2015]. Therefore, they have simulated the exper-
iments in a concrete material under uniaxial tensile and compressive tests to verify
the model. Shahsavari et al. [2015] have utilized two types of concrete experimental
data which were published by Wu et al. [2006] and Gopalaratnam and Shah [1982]
to verify the model in the tensile state. Also, they demonstrated that numerical sim-
ulations are in close agreement with the experimental results in the tensile state. In
the compressive loading state, Shahsavari et al. [2015] have compared the model
simulation with two types of experimental data published by Karsan and Jirsa
[1969] and Wu et al. [2006]. In this comparison, for both cases of concrete under
compressive loading, the softening behavior, as well as the hardening regime, were
well predicted.
First, the model is investigated by presenting an example, and then, a parametric
study is performed. In this regard, we assume Pi = 3.65 MPa, which is higher than
the threshold pressure. Threshold pressure is a pressure that the damage surface
is activated, from internal radius to Rd, and the healing surface is started to grow
in the internal radius of the cylinder. The material parameters employed for the
example of the self-healing concrete pressure vessel are listed in Table 1. Moreover,
results are plotted in Figs. 2 and 3 for b/a = 3. Figure 2 shows the distribution
of healing and damage variables and Fig. 3 shows the distribution of radial and
tangential stresses along the radius of the cylinder. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) Figure
demonstrate that rd and rh are 1.4a and 1.3a, respectively. Therefore, the region
a ≤ r ≤ 1.3a is the damaged-healed, and the region 1.3a < r ≤ 1.4a is the damaged
Table 1. Material parameters used for simulation of self-heal-

ing concrete vessels [Shahsavari et al., 2015].
E (GPa) υ B0+ (Pa) Kd+ (Pa) G+

0 (Pa) Kh+ (Pa)
35 0.2 332 6.1 49.8 750
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. (a) Tensile effective damage variable and (b) tensile healing variable along the radius of
a thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder.
1750082-13
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Radial stress and (b) tangential stress distribution along the radius of a self-healing
concrete cylinder.
Table 2. Material parameters used in parametric study of self-healing vessels

[Shahsavari et al., 2015].
Parametric study of E(GPa) υ B0+ (Pa) Kd+ (Pa) G+

0 (Pa) Kh+ (Pa)
Kh+ 35 0.2 332 6.1 49.8 —
G+
0 35 0.2 332 6.1 — 750
one. The damage does not propagate in the elastic region 1.4a < r ≤ 3a. As we
expected, by considering the healing effect in the damaged-healed zone, effective
damage is decreased whereas tensile damage variable is increased. Self-healing con-
crete cylinders have a structural capability to recover damage in the damaged-healed
zone. Thus, the CDHM solution in comparison with CDM must be closer to the
undamaged solution, and this result is revealed in Fig. 3(a) for radial stress and in
Fig. 3(b) for tangential stress. A parametric study on the healing parameters is per-
formed to investigate the sensitivity of the mechanical response of the self-healing
concrete pressure vessel. This parametric study shows the distribution of the dam-
age and healing variables along the radius of a thick-walled cylinder. We consider
Pi = 3.65 MPa, which is higher than the threshold pressure. Threshold pressure is
a pressure where the damage surface is activated and the healing surface starts to
activate in the internal radius of the cylinder. The material parameters employed
for the parametric study of the self-healing concrete pressure vessel are listed in
Table 2. Two parametric studies are considered here, first, a parametric study of
the tensile healing hardening (Kh+ ) (Figs. 4 and 5) and then the parametric study
of the tensile healing threshold (G+ 0 ) (Figs. 6 and 7). The tensile healing threshold
(G+0 ) and the tensile healing hardening (Kh+ ) show the start and evolution rate of
the healing growth, respectively. Results are depicted in Figs. 4–7 for b/a = 3.
As shown in Fig. 4, the largest tensile damage value occurs in the internal radius
and the damage decreases from the internal radius toward rd . Also, the largest ten-
sile healing value is in the internal radius and the healing decreases from the internal
1750082-14
2nd Reading
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. The sensitivity of the (a) tensile effective damage variable (b) tensile healing variable to
the tensile healing hardening parameter along the radius of a thick-walled self-healing concrete
cylinder.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Sensitivity of the (a) radial stress and (b) tangential stress to the tensile healing hardening
parameter along the radius of a thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder.
radius to rh . As the healing hardening (Kh+ ) decreases, the tensile damage variable
(Dθ+ ) and tensile healing variable (Hθ+ ) grow, while the effective damage declines.
This diminishing of the effective damage is due to the fact that the rate of the
growth in the tensile healing is higher than the tensile damage one. In Fig. 5, the
damaged-healed radial and tangential stresses are compared with the classical and
continuum damage mechanic (CDM) solutions. The radial damaged-healed stresses
have a similar trend with the CDM. Due to the existence of the healing variable in
the damaged-healed zone, there are differences between these stresses. Lowering the
healing hardening (Kh+ ), the damaged-healed radial stresses are slightly increased.
Also, in the damaged-healed zone, the tangential damaged-healed stresses are more
than that of CDM solution. It is noted that through employing smaller healing
hardening parameter, the tangential stress level in the internal radius intensifies by
261% in comparison with the nonself-healing cylinder. As a conclusion, the smaller
the healing hardening is, the closer the healed stress curves are to the corresponding
classical solution with no damage and healing.
1750082-15
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. The sensitivity of the (a) tensile effective damage variable (b) tensile healing variable
to the tensile healing threshold parameter along the radius of a thick-walled self-healing concrete
cylinder.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Sensitivity of the (a) radial stress (b) tangential stress to the tensile healing threshold
parameter along the radius of a thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder.
As shown in Fig. 6, the largest tensile damage value is in the internal radius
and the tensile damage decreases from the internal radius to rd . The largest tensile
healing value takes place in the internal radius, and the tensile healing has a decaying
pattern from the internal radius to rh . While the healing hardening does not affect
rh , the healing threshold (G+ 0 ) reduction has a significant influence on rh . Also, in
the lower healing threshold (G+ +
0 ) values, the tensile damage variable (Dθ ) and the
+
tensile healing variable (Hθ ) start to grow. This is due to the decreasing trend of
the effective damage. This significant reduction in the effective damage comes back
to the higher growth rate of the tensile healing compared to the tensile damage
one. In Fig. 7, the damaged-healed radial and tangential stresses are compared
with the classical and CDM solutions. The radial damaged-healed stresses possess a
similar trend with the CDM. The slight difference between the radial stress curves is
relevant to the healing phenomenon in the damaged-healed zone. Also, the healing
threshold reduction leads to a small rise in the damaged-healed radial stresses. In
the damaged-healed zone, the tangential stresses are heightened in comparison with
1750082-16
2nd Reading
the CDM solutions. It is noteworthy to mention that at lower healing thresholds,

the tangential stress level in the internal radius magnifies by 211% in comparison
with the nonself-healing cylinder. As a conclusion, the healing threshold reduction
makes the healed stress curves closer to the corresponding classical solution without
damage and healing.
The effect of the shear damage on the radial and tangential stresses is negligible.
Thus, it is concluded that where the tensile damage propagates adequately, the
effect of the shear damage is not significant. Therefore, we just reported the results
involving the effects of the tensile damage and tensile healing on the radial and
tangential stresses.
5. Summary and Conclusions

In this paper, a semi-analytic modeling is presented for predicting the mechanical

behavior of a thick-walled pressure vessel made of a self-healing concrete material.
For this purpose, a constitutive model proposed is used. In this model, employing
the stress spectral decomposition technique, the tensile and compressive behaviors
of concrete are distinguished. Also, strain energy equivalent hypothesis and Gibbs
potential energy are used. Gibbs potential energy is divided into three parts: elastic
energy, damage energy and healing energy. Satisfying Clausius–Duhem inequality
and considering the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, damage and healing
conjugate thermodynamic forces are obtained for the thick-walled cylinder. The evo-
lution of damage and healing variables is obtained as internal variables, and tensile
and compressive damage and healing surfaces are introduced to distinguish dam-
age and healing behaviors from elastic one. We sectioned thick-walled cylinder into
three zones: damaged-healed zone from internal radius to rh , damaged zone from rh
to rd and elastic zone from rd to external radius. In each section, a semi-analytical
solution is developed for a thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder. Finally, radial
and tangential stresses are obtained as functions of tensile and compressive dam-
age and healing variables, material parameters and radial displacement for each
zone.
Performing a parametric study on healing parameters, we investigated the effects
of tensile and compressive damage and healing variables on radial and tangential
stresses. The parametric study showed that healing threshold and healing hardening
have impressive effects on stress fields of a thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder.
As healing threshold decreases, the damaged-healed zone increases, whereas heal-
ing hardening reduction does not change this region. Healing hardening changes the
rate of healing evolution. Therefore, it influences the curvature and slope of the tan-
gential and radial stresses diagram in the damaged-healed zone. It is noteworthy to
mention that if we use the specified values for healing parameters ((G+ 0 = 49.8 (Pa),
Kh+ = 600 (Pa)) and (G+ 0 = 23.2 (Pa), K +
h = 750 (Pa))), tangential stress level
in an internal radius of the thick-walled cylinder is improved by 261% and 211%,
respectively.
1750082-17
2nd Reading
A. Kazemi et al.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Iran National Science
Foundation (INSF).
References
Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Darabi, M. K., Al-Rub, R. K. A. and Darabi, M. K. [2012] “A thermo-
dynamic framework for constitutive modeling of time- and rate-dependent materials.
Part I: Theory,” International Journal of Plasticity 34, 61–92.
Chaboche, J. L. L. [1992] “Damage induced anisotropy: On the difficulties associated with
the active/passive unilateral condition,” International Journal of Damage Mechanics
1(2), 148–171.
Chow, C. L. L. and Wang, J. [1987a] “An anisotropic theory of continuum damage mechan-
ics for ductile fracture,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics 27(5), 547–558.
Chow, C. L. and Wang, J. [1987b] “An anisotropic theory of elasticity for continuum
damage mechanics,” International Journal of Fracture 33(1), 3–16.
Foster, C. D., Regueiro, R. A., Fossum, A. F. and Borja, R. I. [2005] “Implicit numer-
ical integration of a three-invariant, isotropic/kinematic hardening cap plasticity
model for geomaterials,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
194(50), 5109–5138.
Ganjiani, M., Naghdabadi, R. and Asghari, M. [2012] “Analysis of concrete pressure vessels
in the framework of continuum damage mechanics,” International Journal of Damage
Mechanics 21(6), 843–870.
Gopalaratnam, V. S. and Shah, S. P. [1985] “Softening response of plain concrete in direct
tension,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute 82(3), 310–323.
Hansen, N. R. R. and Schreyer, H. L. L. [1994] “A thermodynamically consistent framework
for theories of elastoplasticity coupled with damage,” International Journal of Solids
and Structures 31(3), 359–389.
Karsan, I. D. D. and Jirsa, J. O. O. [1969] “Behavior of concrete under compressive load-
ings,” Journal of Structural Division 95(12), 2543–2563.
Liu, P., Han, X., Hu, D. and Jiang, C. [2016] “Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of
SHPB tests for concrete materials,” International Journal of Applied Mechanics 8(8),
1650088.
Liu, Y., Tang, L., Ai, S., Liu, Z., He, T., Jiang, Z. and Fang, D. [2013] “Design and mechan-
ical properties of liquid rubber-based concrete,” International Journal of Applied
Mechanics 5(1), 1350009.
Lu, T. J. J. and Chow, C. L. L. [1990] “On constitutive equations of inelastic solids
with anisotropic damage,” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 14(3),
187–218.
Lubarda, V. A. V. A., Krajcinovic, D. and Mastilovic, S. [1994] “Damage model for brittle
elastic solids with unequal tensile and compressive strengths,” Engineering Fracture
Mechanics 49(5), 681–697.
Miao, S., Wang, M. L. and Schreyer, H. L. [1995] “Constitutive models for healing of mate-
rials with application to compaction of crushed rock salt,” Journal of Engineering
Mechanics 121(10), 1122–1129.
Murakami, S. and Kamiya, K. [1997] “Constitutive and damage evolution equations of
elastic-brittle materials based on irreversible thermodynamics,” International Jour-
nal of Mechanical Sciences 39(4), 473–486.
1750082-18
2nd Reading
Nayebi, A., Tirmomenin, A. and Damadam, M. [2015] “Elasto-plastic analysis of a func-

tionally graded rotating disk under cyclic thermo-mechanical loadings considering
continuum damage mechanics,” International Journal of Applied Mechanics 7(2),
1550026.
Shahsavari, H., Baghani, M., Sohrabpour, S. and Naghdabadi, R. [2015] “Continuum
damage-healing constitutive modeling for concrete materials through stress spectral
decomposition,” International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0), 1–19.
Shahsavari, H., Naghdabadi, R., Baghani, M. and Sohrabpour, S. [2016] “A finite defor-
mation viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for self-healing materials,” Smart
Materials and Structures 25(12), 125027.
Shahsavari, H., Baghani, M., Naghdabadi, R. and Sohrabpour, S. [2017] “A thermodynam-
ically consistent viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for self-healing materi-
als,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (in press).
Shi, J., Cao, X. and Shen, C. [2015] “Damage criteria based on plastic strain energy inten-
sity under complicated stress state,” International Journal of Applied Mechanics

7(6), 1550089.
Simo, J. C. and Hughes, T. J. R. [1998] Computational Inelasticity (Springer, New York).
Simo, J. C. and Ju, J. W. [1987a] “Strain- and stress-based continuum damage models-I.
Formulation,” International Journal of Solids and Structures 23(7), 821–840.
Simo, J. C. and Ju, J. W. [1987b] “Strain- and stress-based continuum damage models-
II. Computational aspects,” International Journal of Solids and Structures 23(7),
841–869.
Voyiadjis, G. Z., Shojaei, A. and Li, G. [2011] “A thermodynamic consistent damage and
healing model for self healing materials,” International Journal of Plasticity 27(7),
1025–1044.
Voyiadjis, G. Z., Shojaei, A., Li, G. and Kattan, P. [2012] “Continuum damage-healing
mechanics with introduction to new healing variables,” International Journal of
Damage Mechanics 21(3), 391–414.
Wu, J. Y., Li, J. and Faria, R. [2006] “An energy release rate-based plastic-damage model
for concrete,” International Journal of Solids and Structures 43(3–4), 583–612.
Yazdani, H. and Nayebi, A. [2013] “Continuum damage mechanics analysis of thin-walled
tube under cyclic bending and internal constant pressure,” International Journal of
Applied Mechanics 5(4), 1350038-1–1350038-20.
1750082-19

Reading

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reading

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2nd Reading

September 8, 2017 18:9 WSPC-255-IJAM S1758-8251 1750082

International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

A. Kazemi, M. Baghani∗ , H. Shahsavari, K. Abrinia

School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering

University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Received 18 March 2017

Elastic-damage-heal models are used for a phenomenological study of self-healing materi-

Keywords: Elastic damage-heal model; self-healing concrete; thick-walled cylinder; Gibbs

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

under tensile and compressive loadings. Therefore, we use spectral decomposition

compressive damage-healing eﬀect tensors. D± and H± denote damage and healing

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

3. Damage-Healing Modeling of Thick-Walled Cylinders

Fig. 1. A thick-walled self-healing concrete cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure in

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

3.1. Damaged-healed zone

υ(1 + υ) (1 − Hθ+ )σr σθ

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

− (1 − υ)(1 − Dθ+ (1 − Hθ+ ))2 2

Damage and healing surfaces in compression are activated. There is no damage

3.2. Damaged zone

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

Case (vi): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− < 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.

Only damage surface in tensile is activated. There is no damage evolution for

Case (vii): Fd+ < 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.

Damage surface in compressive condition is activated. There is no damage evolution

Case (viii): Fd+ ≥ 0, Fd− ≥ 0, Fh+ < 0, Fh− < 0.

3.3. Elastic zone

for the elastic zone as follows:

3.4. Tensile damage and healing eﬀects

(ii), the tensile and shear damages are identiﬁed as follows:

In Case (ii), the equilibrium equation is simpliﬁed as follows:

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

Table 1. Material parameters used for simulation of self-heal-

E (GPa) υ B0+ (Pa) Kd+ (Pa) G+

Table 2. Material parameters used in parametric study of self-healing vessels

Parametric study of E(GPa) υ B0+ (Pa) Kd+ (Pa) G+

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

the CDM solutions. It is noteworthy to mention that at lower healing thresholds,

5. Summary and Conclusions

In this paper, a semi-analytic modeling is presented for predicting the mechanical

Application of Elastic-Damage-Heal Model

Nayebi, A., Tirmomenin, A. and Damadam, M. [2015] “Elasto-plastic analysis of a func-

sity under complicated stress state,” International Journal of Applied Mechanics

You might also like