√π æÀÃ√§√°π∫∂™ ∂¶π¶∆ø™∂π™ ∆ø¡ ¢À™∫√§πø¡

ª∞£∏™∏™ ™∆√ ¶∞π¢π

∫∞π ™∆∏¡ √π∫√°∂¡∂π∞ ∆√À:
∏ ™Àªµ√§∏ ∆√À ™Ã√§π∫√À æÀÃ√§√°√À
™∆∏ ¢π∞Ã∂πƒπ™∏ ∆√À™

¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹Ù˘

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë: ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂȯÂÈÚ› ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ-
ÙÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ¯ÚfiÓȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·È‰› fiÛÔ
Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·›ÚÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ηÈ
¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û·
ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜
˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘,
ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·ÛË fiÙÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó‰Ú¿ÌÂÈ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο
ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔχÏ¢Ú˘
ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, √ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ™¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜.

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∆Ì‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈÔ‡-

ÔÏË °¿ÏÏÔ˘, 741 00 ƒ¤ı˘ÌÓÔ. ∂-mail: nikolopoulos@psy.soc.uoc.gr
204 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

∂π™∞°ø°∏

∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ-¢-

Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο Óˆ-
Ú›˜ ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¤ÌÂÏË ˙ˆ‹ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∞Ò-
ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔ-
Ù‹ÙˆÓ –·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË– ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÛÙË ÌÂ-
Ù¤ÂÈÙ· ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈ-
Θ ıˆÚԇ̠ÙË ÊÔ›ÙËÛË (Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ Â›‰ÔÛË) ˆ˜ οÙÈ ÙÔ ·˘-
ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ Î·È ÂȂ‚ÏË̤ÓÔ, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·È‰È¿ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜
ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô
ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜1. √È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ Î·È ·Ú·-
οو, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ÙȘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È
Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜
(McNulty, 2003. Orenstein, 2000) Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔ-
ÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ (Bender, Rosenkrans, & Crane, 1999. Huntington &
Bender, 1993. Rodriguez & Routh, 1989).
¢‡Ô ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ıÂ-
ÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Ë ÁÚ·Ê‹) ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È (·) Ë È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ‚·Ú‡-
ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈ-
ÎÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔ ·È‰› ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ,
Î·È (‚) ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓË ‰˘-
ÛÎÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›·
·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ –ÙfiÛÔ Û Â›-

1
√ fiÚÔ˜ ‘‘‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘’’ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙÒ-
ÛÂȘ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍ·-
ÎÚÈ‚ˆı› Ë ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ʇÛË Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ô fiÚÔ˜ ‘‘Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
ϛ˜’’ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ‹ ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È·Ù·Ú·-
¯ÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Î·È ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÈηÓÔًوÓ
·ÎÚfi·Û˘, ÔÌÈÏ›·˜, ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘, ÁÚ·Ê‹˜, ‹ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Lloyd,
1996). ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡, ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ, fiÚÔ˘ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-
Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ¿ÏϘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜, ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜, Î·È ÁψÛÛÈ-
Τ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ (°ÎÔÙ˙·Ì¿Ó˘, 2004). ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·, Ë ‰˘Û·ÚÈıÌËÛ›·, Ô ‰˘ÛÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÏÈÓÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÎÏÈÓÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο.
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 205

Â‰Ô Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÊÔ›ÙËÛ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È Û Â›Â‰Ô ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛˆӖ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÎ-

‰›ÎËÛË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ô-
ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ù›ÙÏÔ˘ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. √È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÛÙËÓ
·fiÎÙËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘
˘Ô„ËÊ›Ô˘ –.¯., ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔ-
ÚÈÒÓ, ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ÓË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘
Â›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û οÔÈ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·-
΋ ‹ ¿ÏÏË Û¯ÔÏ‹– ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ. ∏
·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÂÓfi˜ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÔÚıÔ-
ÁÚ·ÊË̤ӷ ›¯Â, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∏ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·˘Ù‹ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ԉȉfiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ·fi
¿ÏÏ· ÚfiÛˆ· ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, fi¯È Û οÔÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ‰È·Ù·-
Ú·¯‹ (.¯., ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·), ·ÏÏ¿ Û ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Èη-
ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤Ó˘ ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘, Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó·
Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ Ù· ÔÈÎÈÏfiÌÔÚÊ· ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ·‰ÂÏÊÈÒÓ, ÁÔ-
ÓÈÒÓ, ‹/Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˘. ∆· Á¤ÏÈ·, ÔÈ ¯Ï¢·ÛÌÔ›,
Ù· ˘ÔÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓ·, ÔÈ ÌÔÚÊ·ÛÌÔ›, Ù· ‰ËÎÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ·, ÔÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ·fi
ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ/ÁÔÓÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi
ÙȘ ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜,
·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ Ë̤Ú˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Edwards, 1994. Morgan
& Klein, 2001).

æÀÃ√§√°π∫∂™ ∂¶π¶∆ø™∂π™ ∆ø¡ Ã√¡πø¡ ¢À™∫√§πø¡

ª∞£∏™∏™ ™∆√ ¶∞π¢π

√È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˘ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ·

·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ
·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ‘‰È·‚ÚˆÙÈ΋’ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÛ‡ÓıÂÛË Î·È ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· Î·È Ë „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Â›Ó·È
ۯ‰fiÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·ÚÍË ·fi Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ‹ ËÏÈΛ· (Edwards,
1994. Miles & Gilroy, 1986. Morgan & Klein, 2001). ∆· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ·È‰È¿ ‰ÂÓ
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜, ÙȘ ‰˘-
Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ù· ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÂË-
Ú¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘ ı· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜.
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ‰Â Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ̤۷ ·fi
ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‘·˘ÙÔ-·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘’, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÈ-
206 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

ÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (Cooley, 1902. Dunn, 1988. Marsh, 1990), Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ
ÔÔ›· Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ
Ò˜ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó (Hattie, 1992. Leondari, 1993. Martinot &
Monteil, 1995). ∫·Ù’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
Îfi˜ ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙÔÈ (Mead, 1934) — Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰È-
Ô˘ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·Ó·ÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ›Ù ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ù ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ
ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛˆÓ. √È ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È Ù· ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô
·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·Î·-
‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ (Dermitzaki & Efklides, 2000) fiÛÔ Î·È
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Î·È ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi
ÙÔ˘ (Burns, 1982. Elbaum, 2002. Kloomok & Cosden, 1994). ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο, ·˘-
Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ fiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·È-
‰› ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙfiÛÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›-
ÏË„Ë Î·È ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ (Dermitzaki & Efklides, 2000. Marsh,
1993). ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, fï˜, Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ‰Â Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘
·È‰ÈÔ‡ ‹ Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈο,
Û˘Ó¯‹, Î·È ·ÔηډȈÙÈο, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÈ-
̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ (‚Ï. ™¯‹-
Ì· 1).
¶ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙË ÛÙÂÓ‹ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ‰˘-
ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰›
(Bracken, 1996. Burns, 1982. Dermitzaki & Efklides, 2000. Marsh, 1990.
Marsh & Hattie, 1996), Î·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÛÔ‚·ÚÒÓ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔ-
ÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ·È‰› (Short, 1992). ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
ϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô
(Casey, Levy, Brown, & Brookes-Gunn, 1992), ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ·˘ÙÔ-
ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ (Huntington & Bender, 1993), ·È-
Ûı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÔχÙÈÌ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜/Ù¿Í˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó (Fairhurst & Pumfrey, 1992), Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘
ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ (Butkowsky & Willows, 1980. Riddick, 1996). ŒÙÛÈ, ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó
¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ˘, ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ-
ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜ ‹ ÌË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ (Edwards, 1994. Gjessing
& Karlson, 1989). √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÌÔ-
Ú› Ó· ÌÂÁÂı˘ÓıÔ‡Ó Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
ϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ôχ ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ÈÎÒ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Hales, 1995).
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 207

™¯‹Ì· 1. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Â›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË
Ì ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ›ÂÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ôı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË.

√È ÏfiÁÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏÔ›. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ

Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó
ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù‡¯Ë (Bosworth & Murray, 1983) Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·
ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ-
΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· (Goor, McKnab, & Davison-Aviles, 1995). ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡-
ÂÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Butkowsky & Willows, 1980).
∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·˘-
ÛÙËÚ¿ Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÂˆÊÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜
Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÂÁÂı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È
(Chapman & Boersma, 1979). ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘-
208 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

Ù¿ ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡-

ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔ
Û›ÙÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ËÁ‹ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ-ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ Û Ìfi-
ÓÈÌË ËÁ‹ ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢Û˘ (Orenstein, 2000).
ŒÓ·˜ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘-
ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ Û ı¤ÛË Ó·
ÚÔÛٷ٤„Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Î·È ÊıÔÚ¿, ÂÓÂÚ-
ÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚÔʤ˜ Ì ʛ-
ÏÔ˘˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ê›ÏÔÈ ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ
Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ (Kravetz, Faust, Lipshitz, & Shalhav, 1999). ∫·Ù’
·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ê›-
ÏˆÓ Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfi Â›Â‰Ô (Wiener & Schneider, 2002). ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-
ÓË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ Û Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡
ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Î·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û ·˘ÍË̤ÓË È-
ı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‘‘ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘’’ (Margalit, 1998) Î·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÛÂ
˘„ËÏ¿ Â›‰· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ (Murray, 1988).
∏ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıË-
Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÒÛÙÂ, Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıË-
Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÙË ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, Á›-
ÓÔÓÙ·È ‘¢¿ÏˆÙ·’ Û ·Á¯Ò‰ÂȘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ (Kumpulainen et al., 1999.
Martinez & Clikeman, 2004. Willcutt & Pennington, 2000). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·,
¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ
¿Á¯Ô˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Fisher, Rhiannon, & Rose,
1996. Huntington & Bender, 1993. Paget & Reynolds, 1984. Rodriguez &
Routh, 1989) Î·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (Cantwell & Baker, 1991) Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi
(25%) ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Û ·Á¯Ò‰ÂȘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ (Cantwell & Baker,
1991). ∏ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ‰È·¯Â›-
ÚÈÛ‹˜ Ù˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ó· ÙËÓ
Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ·Ì˘ÓıÔ‡Ó Ì ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ·ÓÈÎÔ‡
(Riddick, Sterling, Farmer, & Morgan, 1999), Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-
Ú¿˜ (Waldie & Spreen, 1993), Ì ÚfiˆÚË ÂÁηٿÏÂÈ„Ë ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ
(Levin, Zigmond, & Birch, 1986), Ì ηٿ¯ÚËÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ (Karacostas &
Fisher, 1993. Kress & Elias, 1993), Ì ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿
(Handwerk & Marshall, 1999. Vigilante & Dane, 1991. Williams & McGee,
1994), Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë (Gregg, Hoy, King, Moreland, & Jagota, 1992.
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 209

Huntington & Bender, 1993. Sideridis, 2006), Î·È Ì ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›· Û ·ÎÚ·›-

˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ (Hayes & Sloat. 1988. Peck, 1985).
√È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÂ-
Ó¤ÛÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Û Â›Â‰Ô ÙfiÛÔ ÁÓˆ-
ÛÙÈÎfi (Darke, 1988) Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Îfi (Kumpulainen et al., 1999. Zats &
Chassin, 1985) fiÛÔ Î·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi (Maedgen & Carlson, 2000) Î·È ÛÂ
Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ (Wiener & Schneider, 2002). ŒÙÛÈ, Ô‰Ë-
ÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Ê·‡ÏÔ Î‡ÎÏÔ fiÔ˘ Ë ÌÈ· ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ‰È·‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÛÂ
ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Â›‰·.

√È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·

∆· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÓfiÙË-

Ù· ¤Î·Ó·Ó ۷ʤ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›-
Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ
ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿
·fi ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ·‚Ô‹ıËÙÔ˘, ‹ Ù· fiÔÈ· ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ·
Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ηٷ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰˘-
ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Û ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·È-
‰› ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘.
∆· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ¤Ó· ̤ÏÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏ¿: fiÓÔ˜, Êfi‚Ô˜, Û‡Á¯˘ÛË, ·›ÛıËÌ· ¢¿Ïˆ-
ÙÔ˘, ÎÔ‡Ú·ÛË, ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢ÛË, ˙‹ÏÈ·, ÈÎÚ›·, ÌÓËÛÈηΛ·, ı˘Ìfi˜, ÂÓÔ¯‹ Î.Ï.
(Heaton, 1996). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ-
Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÌÔÈfiÌÔÚʘ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜
·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ò˜ ·ÓÙȉڿ Ë ÌË-
Ù¤Ú·, Ô ·Ù¤Ú·˜ Î·È Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘.
ªËÙ¤Ú˜. ∏ ÌËÙ¤Ú·, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ·È-
‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Veisson, 1999. West, 2000), Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ
Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÔÓËı› Û ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·Ú-
ÍË Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ (Heaton, 1996, Murray, 1988).
ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ‰˘-
ÙÈÎÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ Ë ÌËÙ¤Ú· ıˆÚ›ٷÈ, ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ¿‰ËÏ·, ˆ˜ ‘˘‡-
ı˘ÓË’ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È, ̤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ Úfi-
ÛˆÔ Ô˘ ¤ÚÂ ӷ ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÈÎȷΤ˜
˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∆Ô ‚¿-
ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ôχ ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔ-
210 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

ÓÔ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. π‰È-
·›ÙÂÚ· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ë ÌËÙ¤Ú· ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Â-
ÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÂÈ Û ¤Ú·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ
˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ, ÛÙÂÚÂ›Ù·È ÙËÓ Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË Ô˘ ı· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚÂ Ë ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿
Ù˘ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÚÔʇϷ͋˜ Ù˘ ·fi ÙËÓ „˘-
¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÏÔ΋ Ù˘
ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ (Murray, 1988).
√È ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Â›Ó·È Â˘¿-
ψÙ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ·ÎfiÌË ÏfiÁÔ. ™Â ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó
Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿-
ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ fiÓÔ, ÙË ıÏ›„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ Ô‰‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-
ÁÔ‡Ó Û¯¤ÛË ÂÓÔ¯‹˜ Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› –ÓÈÒıÔÓÙ·˜ ˘‡ı˘Ó˜ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì-
‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi (Heaton,
1996). ™ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ó· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·-
ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·, Û˘¯Ó¿ ‘ÂÁηٷÏ›Ô˘Ó’ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË Ù˘ ÌË-
Ù¤Ú·˜ Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÈÌË ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ Ù˘ ˘Á›·. ∏ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‘·Ô-
ÌfiÓˆÛË’ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ô˘ Ë ÌËÙ¤Ú· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ Ù˘
Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ù˘ Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÂÈ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Û¯Ô-
ÏÂ›Ô (ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·È-
‰›), Ù˘ ·Ê‹ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ıÂ-
ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· Ù˘ Â¤ÙÚÂ·Ó Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ·
ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ù˘ (Margalit & Heiman, 1986). ∏ ·Ú·Ì¤ÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡
Ù˘, Ë ·Ú·›ÙËÛË ·fi ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜
Ô˘ ı· Ù˘ ¯¿ÚÈ˙·Ó ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ¢¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹-
ÚˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜2 ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂-
Ó˜ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ (Murray, 1988).
¶·Ù¤Ú˜. √È ·Ù¤Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó Û˘-
Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ (Pelchat, Lefebvre, &
Perreault, 2003. Riddick, 1996). ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ·˘-
ÙÔ‡˜ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ Ë̤ڷ˜ ÛÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿
¤¯ÂÈ, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó· ‘·ÔÛÙ·ÛÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È’ ·fi ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏË-
Ì· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ (Herbert & Carpenter, 1995) Î·È Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ôχ

2
∏ ϤÍË ‘‘ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜’’ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÎÔ›Ìˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Ôı› ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ
¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ԉ¯ı› ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ù˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÍ›· ¯ˆÚ›˜
η̛· ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Â›ÙˆÛË.
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 211

ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤-

Ú˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‚¿ÛË Ì ÙÔ ·È‰›, ÁÓˆ-
Ú›˙Ô˘Ó ¿Ú· ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. ÕÏÏË ÌÈ· Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ·ÓÙ›-
‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ù¤ÚˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ‘¿ÚÓËÛË’ ÙÔ˘
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜ (Bray, Skelton, Ballard, & Clarkson,
1995), ÂÂȉ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰Â¯ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰Â ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ó
Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‘fiÓÂÈÚfi’ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜
Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ÚÈÓ ·Ó·Î‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi-
‚ÏËÌ· (Murphy, 1981. Murray, 1988). ø˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÔÈ ·-
Ù¤Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ‘·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎÔ›’ ·fi
fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ Û‡˙˘ÁÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Î·È ÊıÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· (Murray, 1988), Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì¿-
ÏÈÛÙ· ÒÛÙ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û·Ó Ó· ÌËÓ ˘¿Ú-
¯Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ (Bray et al., 1995).
∞‰¤ÏÊÈ·. ∆· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È
Î·È ·˘Ù¿ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜. ∆·
Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛϷ Î·È ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈο,
fiˆ˜ ıÏ›„Ë, ı˘Ìfi, ÂÓÔ¯‹, ÌÓËÛÈηΛ·, Î·È Û‡Á¯˘ÛË (Sanapati & Hayes,
1988. Seligman & Darling, 1989). ™˘¯Ó¿ Â›Û˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ‘ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿’
(Saunders, 1995).
∏ ıÏ›„Ë, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÎÏËı› ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·
̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜,
Â›Û˘, fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, Ô˘ ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÛÙË-
Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙȘ ηْ Ô›ÎÔÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, οÓÂÈ Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ·
ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ó· ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ‘·Ú·ÌÂÏË̤ӷ’. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ ÁÔ-
Ó›˜, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
ÏÈÒÓ, ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿-
ıËÛ˘, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ·Ô̤ÓÂÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ó·
Â›Ó·È ‰˘Û·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÈÎÚfi˜ (Murray, 1988). ∏ Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ‘ÌÂÚÔÏËÙÈ΋’ ÌÂÙ·-
¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ οÔÈÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˜
·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿, ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ô‰ËÁ› Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ· Û ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂȘ ˙‹ÏÈ·˜, ı˘ÌÔ‡,
Î·È ÌÓËÛÈηΛ·˜ Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÛÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÔ¯‹˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ
·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÓÒ Ì¤Û· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ (Saunders,
1995). ∏ ¤ÓÙÔÓË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·‰ÂÏÊÈÒÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË ÌÂ-
Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ (ÛÙË ‚¿-
ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÂΛӷ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Î¿ÔÈ· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ηÈ, ¿Ú·, Ë Â›-
212 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÈÛÙË – ¤ÛÙˆ ÎÈ Â¿Ó ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙfi-
¯Ô ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ). ™Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ
ηÓ›˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰··ÓÔ‡Ó Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÓ¤Ú-
ÁÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ –Â¿Ó fi¯È fiÏË– ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ ÛÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜
Ù˘ Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ˘ÂÚÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È –fiÙ·Ó ϤÔÓ ¤ÚıÂÈ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘
Ë̤ڷ˜– ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ‰¤-
Ô˘Û· ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜, ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È fi,ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·È‰È¿. ∞˘Ùfi ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙ› Û ·ÎfiÌË ÌÂÁ·-
χÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ‘·‰ÈΛ·˜’ Î·È ‘·Ú·Ì¤ÏËÛ˘’ Ô˘ Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ·
‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ··ÏÏ·ÁÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙÔÓË Î·È Û˘-
Ó¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÎÚ¿Ì· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ï-
ÏËÏÔÛ˘ÁÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ù· ÂÍÔ˘ıÂÓÒÓÂÈ, Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÏ-
Ϥ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ ¿ÎÚÔ, ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔͤӈÛ˘ ηÈ
·¿ıÂÈ·˜ (Murray, 1988).
™¯¤ÛÂȘ Û˘˙‡ÁˆÓ. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‰ÚfiÁ˘ÓÔ˘ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔ-
Ú¤˜ Û ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ Î·È ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‘Ù·˘-
Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È’ Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·ÌÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆ-
È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË, ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÍÂÎÔ‡Ú·-
ÛË Î·È ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó fiÛÔ
ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÏË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÛË, Ë ÂÍÔ˘ı¤Óˆ-
ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ¿Óˆ Û ÚÔ-
‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ
˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ÛÙ· fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ (Margalit & Almougy, 1991). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ
‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ· Ì ·È‰› Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·È-
Ûı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË Û˘˙˘ÁÈ΋ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·-
Ù· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ (Featherstone, 1980.
Lorsbach & Frymier, 1992. ªurray, 1988).

∏ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¯ÚfiÓȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘

∞fi fiÛ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌ›Ô, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ ˆ˜ Ë ‡·Ú-
ÍË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Û οÔÈÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜
ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·È‰›, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙ· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤ÏË Ù˘
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∏ Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ‰È·‚Úˆ-
ÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙfiÛÔ Û ηı¤Ó· ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ fiÛÔ Î·È
ÛÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹-
ÛÂÈ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Û ÎÚ›ÛË (Margalit & Almougy, 1991). ∞˘-
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 213

Ùfi, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, ‰Â ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ fiϘ ·ÓÂÍ·ÈÚ¤Ùˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ı· Ô‰ËÁË-

ıÔ‡Ó Û ÎÚ›ÛË ‹ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚfiÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔ-
‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. §‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È
˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂ
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË
Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô ¤ÁηÈÚÔ˜ Î·È ¤Á΢ÚÔ˜ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜
ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜
˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛ˘, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ Úfi-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙˆıÔ‡Ó Â·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Î·È Ë Ê‡ÛË
Î·È Ë ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ‰È·ÛÊ·-
Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Û οı ‚‹Ì· Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ
ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ Ì·-
ıËÙ‹ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛË Î·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ·fi Ô‡ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ı· Ú¤-
ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ
ÒÛÙÂ Ë Î¿ı ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÂÈÙ˘¯¤˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ∞˘Ùfi
·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÂÈÙ·Á‹ οıÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛ˘,
‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Û οı ‚‹Ì· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘-
ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ
‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È ‰È·-
Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ·È‰› Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ (Kline, Kline, & Asbrenner,
1968).
∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ
ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Ô˘-
ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒ-
ÛÂȘ, ·˘Ùfi ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘-
¯›· Î·È Â˘Ù˘¯›·. √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌËÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·È-
‰› Ó· ÂˆÊÂÏËı› ·fi ÙȘ ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ÁÓˆ-
ÛÙÈÎÔ-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ™Â ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘-
ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ·fi ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
̤ÓÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿
ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ
ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÚ-
ÁÂÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ (Hales, 2001. Lawrence,
1971, 1987).
∞Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó,
fï˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿-
214 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

ıËÛ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ Î·È ·Ú·¿Óˆ, fiÏË Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚȤÏ-

ıÂÈ Û ‚·ı‡Ù·ÙË ÎÚ›ÛË fiÙ·Ó Ë ›ÂÛË Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË Î·È Ë ‰È·¯Â›-
ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÓÂ·Ú΋˜. ∏ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·
ÙÔ˘ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó. ∏ ·-
ÚÔ¯‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋, Ë „˘¯ÔıÂÚ·›·,
Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ì Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂ-
ˆÓ, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÌÊÈÏȈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi
ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì›·
fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·.
∏ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘Â-
›‰Ë. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ·ÔÌ˘ıÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Î¿-
ÔÈÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘
„˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ÓË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-
‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Murray,
1988). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤Ó˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÙ¿ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ο-
ı ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜
Ó· ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂÈ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘È΋˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÚÔ˜
Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ›ıÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ
·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Î·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›-
ÓÂÈ Ù›ÔÙ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı›. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ‘¿ÚÓËÛË’
‡·Ú͢ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Û ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ¿ÏÏÔÈ
ÁÔÓ›˜ ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË Î·È ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘
·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È ÁÔÓ›˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ ·È‰›, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÔχÏ¢ÚË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.
∫·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÈÔ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¿Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔ-
Ó›˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· (.¯., „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘)
Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ¿ÌÂÛ· Î·È Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÈ· ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
Ï›· Î·È Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ. ∏ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Â¿Ó
ηÓ›˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ·È‰› fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈ-
ÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∏
ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘-
‰·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â-
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 215

ÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙÔ ·È‰›, ÒÛÙ ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ Û·-

ʤ˜ ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›-
ÓÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó. ∞˘Ùfi ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ-
· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó.
∂Í›ÛÔ˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜
Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È ‘ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹’ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ο-
ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó. ™Â
ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ηÓ›˜
Ó· Ù· ıˆڋÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ· Î·È ¿Ó¢ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó „˘¯ÔÏfi-
ÁÔ. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›-
Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ (Î·È Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤-
ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ·
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ, ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤Ó·Ó
ÛÔ‚·Úfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Âȉ›ӈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ·fi ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔ-
ÁÈ΋ ›ÂÛË, ÙfiÙ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ï¤ÍË ‘‘Úfi‚ÏËÌ·’’, ‘‘‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·’’,
‘‘Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜’’ Î.Ï. ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì›· ·Ï˘Û›‰· ·Ú-
ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ·fi ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÈÒ-
ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ¯Ï¢·ÛÌfi ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÌfi ÙfiÛÔ ·fi
ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ™Â ÔÚÈ-
Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ·, οو ·fi ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜
ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ó
ÙÔ ı˘Ìfi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· οÔÈ· ·fi Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ (‹ ·ÎfiÌË Ë ÁÂÓÈ-
ÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜) Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰ËÎÙÈο Î·È ÚÔÛ‚ÏËÙÈο.
∏ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¤¯ÂÈ, ‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
¤¯ÂÈ, ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙË
Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ οı ̤-
ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·-
ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Û ÈÔ ÌfiÓÈÌË ‚¿ÛË.
π‰È·›ÙÂÚË Ì¤ÚÈÌÓ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· ÂȉÂȯı› Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋
˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË Î·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ηıË-
ÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·È‰› ·˘Ùfi. √ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Î·È ÙfiÔ˜ Ô˘
ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Û˘¯Ó¿
‰È·Ï›ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÂÍÔÈÎÔ-
ÓfiÌËÛË ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹-
216 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿·˘Û˘ Î·È ·Ó·„˘¯‹˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È fiÏ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ-
Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜, Â›Ó·È ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ¤Ó·˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ÌÔ-
Ú› Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
ÙÔÓÈÛı›, Â›Û˘, ˆ˜ Ë ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛË
ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
Â›Ó·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, ÒÛÙ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó
ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, Ô „˘-
¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙÂÚË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â-
Ú›ÛÙ·ÛË ·fiÊ·ÛË.

∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡

„˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘

∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·-

¿Óˆ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈˆÓ ‰˘-
ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ
·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÏfi-
ÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿,
fiˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, Î·È ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÔÏ˘Â›‰·, Î·È Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ
ηٿÏÏËÏË Ì¤ÚÈÌÓ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÎÚ›ÛË fiÏË ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ∏
·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ·˘Ù·fi‰ÂÈÎÙË. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈ-
ÙÂϤÛÂÈ Ô „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË
ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ-
ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÂÍÈÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ fiÛÔ
Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ fiÏ˘ Ù˘
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∏ ı¤ÛË Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ „˘-
¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÂÍÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ-
ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ (‚Ï. ™¯‹Ì· 2).
∏ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔ-
ÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏfi Â›Â‰Ô ÂÈ-
ÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ηÈ
„˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÈηÓfi Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-
ÚÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó· Ì·ıË-
Ù‹, Ì›· Ù¿ÍË, ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ‹ ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ¶ÈÔ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÚÈ-
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ
¢ڇÙÂÚË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋, Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·È-
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 217

™¯‹Ì· 2. ∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘.

‰ÈÒÓ, Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Â›‰ÔÛ˘, ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈ

Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Èη-
ÓfiÙËÙ˜ (Farrell & Lunt, 1994).
ŒÓ· ÂÈϤÔÓ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘, ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ› ·fi ¿ÏϘ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ Â·ÁÁ¤Ï-
Ì·Ù·, Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÎÏÈÓÈΤ˜
‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÎÏËı› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Î·È Ô˘
¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂ-
Á¿ÏÔ˘ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ: Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ, ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, ÚÔ-
ÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Î.Ï. (Fagan & Wise, 2000). ∏ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹
ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ù¤ÙÔÈ·, ÒÛÙ Û ÔÏÏ¿ Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ (.¯., ∞ÁÁÏ›·,
∞ÌÂÚÈ΋) ¤Ó·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ ‰È-
η›ˆÌ· Ó· ÚÔ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ
Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ‹ ¿ÏϘ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍȷΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ (.¯., ·˘ÙÈÛÌfi)
ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó· ÌÂÚÈÌÓ¿ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ.
∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·
·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÊÔÈÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û’ ·˘Ùfi, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ fiÔÈˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜
218 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

Û ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi, Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi, Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈ-

ÛıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ›-
Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›· Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Û Â͈ۯÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘ ηÈ/‹ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· Ù˘ ¿ÌÂ-
Û˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂ
¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ ÎÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi. ™Â Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ·˘Ùfi ÛË-
Ì·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙȘ Â-
ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ÛÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜
˘Ô-ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜. ™Â ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Î·È ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ë
·ÚÔ¯‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ
ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Û ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (ÌÂٷ͇ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi),
›Ù ÏfiÁˆ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÛÙÂϤ¯ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌfi-
‰ÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·ÓÂ·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÎÙ›ÓˆÛ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÛÙ· Â·Ú¯È·-
ο ‰È·ÌÂÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜, Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ Ì›· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û˘Ó¿Ì· ‘ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋’
χÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â·Ú΋ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Â›Ù οÔÈˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÏËı˘-
ÛÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ (fiˆ˜ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘) ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÏÔÈ-
Ô˘ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡.
¢Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Û ˙ËÙ‹-
Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ¯ÚfiÓȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Hammil, 1990. Siegel &
Smythe, 2006. ∆˙Ô˘ÚÈ¿‰Ô˘ & ª¿ÚÌ·˜, 2003) Î·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÈÛ¯‡-
Ô˘Û· ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÚԂϤÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ·ÚÈı-
ÌÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· –.¯.,
ÚÒÙË ÚfiÛÏË„Ë 50 Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ÙÔ 1988 (¡fiÌÔ˜ 1566/1985) ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÒÓ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û ÂȉÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ/Û¯ÔÏ›·–, ¤Ó·˜ ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÒÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ, ·fi ÙË ÌÈ·,
ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙȘ fiÔȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜
ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ó·
·Ê˘Ó›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Èı‡ÓÔÓÙ˜ ˆ˜ ÔÈ ‘‘ͯ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ’’ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó Ì›· ·ÎfiÌË ·ÍÈfi-
ÈÛÙË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ χÛË ÛÙȘ ÙfiÛ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î¿ı ̤-
Ú· ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. °›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ ˆ˜ Ô ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ Â›-
ÛËÌÔ˜ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ¯ÚfiÓȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
Î·È ÔÈ fiÔȘ ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ·fi ÙË ÓÔ-
ÌÔıÂÛ›· ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ –.¯., ÂÈϤÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ‰˘-
Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂͤٷÛ˘ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÁÚ·Ù‹– ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜
¤Ó·Ó ÔÚıfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿, ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, ‰ÂÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÂ
η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
 √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ 219

ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Î·È ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ÈÔ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿-
ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ıÂÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯Ô-
ÏfiÁÔ˘ (Dimakos, 2006) ·’ fi,ÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ (Nikolopoulou & Oakland,
1990) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ̤۷ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ó¤-
ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ· (Garbarino, 1995. Indoe, 1998. Kurtz, Thornes, & Wolkind,
1995. Rutter & Smith, 1995), Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ
„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, ÙȘ ÔÈ-
ÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·ı›ÛÙ·-
Ù·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙȘ Ë̤Ú˜ Ì·˜.

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224 ¢. ™. ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REPERCUSSIONS

OF LEARNING DIFFICULTIES ON THE CHILD
AND THE FAMILY:
THE ROLE OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST
IN THEIR MANAGEMENT

Dimitris S. Nikolopoulos
University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece

Abstract: This paper attempts a brief overview of the psychological repercussions that long-
standing learning difficulties may have not only to the child but also to the family. What is
concluded from this overview is that the learning difficulties may severely affect the emotional
balance and self-concept of the child as well as the quality of his/her interpersonal relation-
ships within the family. The paper is concluded with a short reference to various ways of
supporting the child with learning difficulties and the other members of his/her family, as well
as with the proposal that the school psychologist may decisively contribute to the management
of these problems due to his/her constitutional role and his/her multi-faceted erudition and
clinical training.

Key words: Family, Learning difficulties, School psychologist.

Address: Dimitris Nikolopoulos, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Gallos

University Campus, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece. E-mail: nikolopoulos@psy.soc.uoc.gr