Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

Base excitation
Machines, or parts of machines, are harmonically excited through elastic
mountings, which can be modelled by springs and dashpots.

Examples

• Automobile suspension system is excited harmonically by

a road surface through a shock absorber, which may be
modelled by a linear spring in parallel with a viscous
y
damper.

• Rubber motor mounts that separate an automobile

engine from its frame.

Such systems can be modelled by considering the system to be excited by the

motion of its support. This forms the base-excitation or support-motion

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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

Summing the relevant forces on the mass

𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑥ሶ − 𝑦ሶ = 0 Eq.30

𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥ሶ = 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦ሶ

Using the method of complex algebra Without complex approach

𝑦 = 𝑌𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑋𝑒 𝑖(𝜔𝑡−𝜙) 𝑥 = 𝑋𝑒 −𝑖𝜙 . 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑥𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)

Differentiating and substituting these into differential equation 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

Giving excitation to the

(−𝑚𝜔2 + 𝑖𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘)𝑋𝑒 −𝑖𝜙 = (𝑘 + 𝑖𝜔𝑐)𝑌 Eq.31
base is equivalent to
applying a harmonic
𝑋𝑒 −𝑖𝜙 𝑘 + 𝑖𝜔𝑐 force to the mass
Amplitude ratio = Eq.32
𝑌 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜔 2 + 𝑖𝜔𝑐

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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

The absolute value of the amplitude ratio is then

1
2 2 2
𝑋 𝑘 + (𝑐𝜔) Eq.33
= =
𝑌 (𝑘 − 𝑚𝜔 2 )2 +(𝑐𝜔)2

To find the phase angle 𝜙, put 𝑒 −𝑖𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 and equate the real and imaginary
parts of Eq. 32

Eq.34

Td describe how motion is transmitted from the base to the mass as a function
of the frequency ratio ω/ωn. This ratio is plotted in Figure.

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Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

larger ζ

larger ζ

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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

• The value of Td is unity at r=0 and close to unity for small values of r.
• r = ω/ωn = 1, or resonance, the maximum amount of base motion is transferred
to displacement of the mass
• for 𝑟 < 2 the transmissibility ratio is greater than 1, indicating that for these
values of the system’s parameters (ωn) and base frequency (ω), the motion of
the mass is an amplification of the motion of the base. Notice also that for a
given value of r, the value of the damping ratio ζ determines the level of
amplification. Specifically, larger ζ yields smaller transmissibility ratios.
• For values 𝑟 > 2 the transmissibility ratio is always less than 1 and the motion
of the mass will be of smaller amplitude than the amplitude of the exciting
base motion. In this higher-frequency range, the effect of increasing damping is
just the opposite of that in the low-frequency case. Increasing the damping
actually increases the amplitude ratio in the higher-frequency range. However,
the amplitude is always less than 1 for underdamped systems.
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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

Force Transmitted
The force transmitted to the mass is through the spring and damper. Hence, the
force transmitted to the mass is the sum of the force in the spring and the force in
the damper,

𝐹
Force transmissibility ratio, 𝑇 , expresses a dimensionless measure of how
𝑘𝑌
displacement in the base of amplitude Y results in a force magnitude applied to
the mass.
Unlike the displacement transmissibility, the force transmitted does not
necessarily fall off for 𝑟 > 2. In fact, as the damping increases, the force
transmitted increases dramatically for 𝑟 > 2.

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Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

Example 1

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 Single Degree of freedom system – Forced Vibrations

Example 2

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