CHAPTER # 3-2

Harmonically Excited
Vibration
 𝒊𝒘𝒕
Response of a Damped System Under 𝑭 𝒕 = 𝑭𝟎 𝒆
If the harmonic forcing function represented in complex form
𝑭 𝒕 = 𝑭𝟎 𝒆𝒊𝒘𝒕

Multiply by
The conjugate

∵ where

Thus the steady-state solution

 𝒊𝒘𝒕
Response of a Damped System Under 𝑭 𝒕 = 𝑭𝟎 𝒆
Complex Frequency Response
rewritten as

Where 𝐻(𝑖𝜔) is known as the complex frequency response of the

system. The absolute value of 𝐻(𝑖𝜔) given by

∵
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
 Sometimes the base or support of a spring-mass-damper system
undergoes harmonic motion, as shown.
 Let 𝑦(𝑡) denote the displacement of the base and 𝑥(𝑡) the displacement
of the mass from its static equilibrium position at time t.
 Then the net elongation of the spring is 𝑥 − 𝑦 and the relative velocity
between the two ends of the damper is 𝑥 − 𝑦.
 From the free-body diagram, we obtain the equation of motion:

If
Or where
 This shows that giving excitation to the base is equivalent to applying a
harmonic force of magnitude A to the mass.

where
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
Using trigonometric
identities

Where

The ratio of the amplitude of the response 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) to that of the base motion 𝑦(𝑡) ,
𝑋
is called the displacement transmissibility 𝑇𝑑 =
𝑌
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
𝑋
Motion of the Base
The variation of 𝑇𝑑 = with damping ratio (𝜁) and frequency ratio (𝑟) are shown
𝑌
 The value of 𝑇𝑑 is unity at 𝑟 = 0 and close to unity for
small values of 𝑟.
 For an undamped system ζ = 0 , 𝑇𝑑 → ∞ at resonance
𝑟=1
 The value of 𝑇𝑑 is less than unity (𝑇𝑑 < 1) for values of
𝑟 > 2 (for any amount of damping 𝜁).
 The value of 𝑇𝑑 is unity for all values of 𝜁 at 𝑟 = 2
 For 𝑟 < 2 smaller damping ratios lead to larger values
of 𝑇𝑑 , on the other hand,
 For 𝑟 > 2 smaller values of damping ratio lead to
smaller values of 𝑻𝒅
 The displacement transmissibility, 𝑇𝑑 attains a maximum
for 0 < 𝜁 < 1 at frequency ratio 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑚 < 1
given by (see Problem 3.60):
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base

The variation of phase angle (𝜙) with

damping ratio (𝜁) and frequency ratio
(𝑟) are shown
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
Force Transmitted
A force, F, is transmitted to the base or support due to the
reactions from the spring and the dashpot.
∵

Note that the

∵ transmitted force is in
phase with the motion
of the mass x(t).

𝐹𝑇
The ratio is known as the force transmissibility
𝑘𝑌
 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Relative Motion
Motion of the Base
If 𝑧 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) denotes the motion of the mass relative to the
base, the equation of motion
Example
The figure shows a simple model of a motor vehicle that can vibrate in the vertical direction
while traveling over a rough road. The vehicle has a mass of 1200 kg. The suspension system has
a spring constant of 400 kN/m and a damping ratio of 𝜁 = 0.5. If the vehicle speed is 20 km/hr,
determine the displacement amplitude of the vehicle. The road surface varies sinusoidally with
an amplitude of 𝑌 = 0.05 and a wavelength of 6 m.
Response of a Damped System Under Rotating Unbalance
Unbalance in rotating machinery is one of
the main causes of vibration.
Consider the system shown, we consider
two equal masses m/2 rotating in opposite
directions in order to have the horizontal
components of excitation of the two
masses cancel each other.
Hence the excitation force is given by:
 Response of a Damped System Under Rotating Unbalance

𝑀𝑋
The variation of with 𝑟 for different values of 𝜁 is shown
𝑚𝑒
Variation of 𝜙 ?
 All the curves begin at zero amplitude (𝜔 = 0).
 The amplitude near resonance (𝜔 = 𝜔𝑛 ) is markedly
affected by damping. Thus if the machine is to be run near
resonance, damping should be introduced purposefully to
avoid dangerous amplitudes.
 At very high speeds (𝜔 large), 𝑀𝑋/𝑚𝑒 is almost unity, and
the effect of damping is negligible.
 For 0 < 𝜁 < 1 2 , the maximum of 𝑀𝑋/𝑚𝑒 occurs when

For 𝜁 > 1 2 , [𝑀𝑋/𝑚𝑒] does not attain a maximum. Its value grows from 0 at 𝑟 = 0 to 1 at 𝑟 → ∞.
The force transmitted to the foundation due to rotating unbalanced
can be found as 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑥 𝑡 . The magnitude (or maximum
value) of 𝐹 can be derived as (see Problem 3.73):
Example
An electric motor of mass M, mounted on an elastic foundation, is found to vibrate with a deflection of 0.15 m at
resonance. It is known that the unbalanced mass of the motor is 8% of the mass of the rotor due to manufacturing
tolerances used, and the damping ratio of the foundation is 𝜁 = 0.025. Determine the following:
a. the eccentricity or radial location of the unbalanced mass (e),
b. the peak deflection of the motor when the frequency ratio varies from resonance, and
c. the additional mass to be added uniformly to the motor if the deflection of the motor at resonance is to be
reduced to 0.1 m.
 Homework # 5

3.55 , 3.59 , 3.61 , 3.66 , 3.76