MECHANICAL VIBRATION

Harmonically
Excited Vibration
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The equation of motion can be obtained using

Newton’s second law.

This equation is nonhomogeneous, its general solution x(t)

is given by the sum of the homogeneous solution ,
and the particular solution
The homogeneous solution

The free vibration of the system and was discussed in

Chapter 2
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It can be seen that dies out and x(t)

becomes after some time ()
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Response of an Undamped System Under

Harmonic Force
If a force acts on the mass m of an
undamped system, the equation of motion, the full
equation reduces to:

The homogeneous solution of this equation is given by

The natural frequency of the system

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Response of an Undamped System Under

Harmonic Force
The particular solution is also harmonic and has the same
frequency. Thus we assume a solution in the form

By substituting Equation above into Equation in previous

slide and solving for X, we obtain
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Response of an Undamped System Under

Harmonic Force
Thus the total solution of Eq. (3.3) become
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Response of an Undamped
System Under Harmonic Force
Maximum amplitude X

Case 1. When
The harmonic response of the
system is said to be in phase with
the external force.
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Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic

Force
Case 2. When the

Where the amplitude of motion X is redefined to be a

positive quantity

As Thus
the response of the system
to a harmonic force of very
high frequency is close to
zero.
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Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic

Force
Case 3. When the amplitude X given by Eq.
above becomes infinite. The forcing frequency is equal to
the natural frequency of the system is called
resonance
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Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic

Force
Case 3. When the amplitude X given by Eq.
above becomes infinite. The forcing frequency is equal to
the natural frequency of the system is called
resonance

The amplitude of the

response can be seen
to increase linearly
with time
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Beating Phenomenon
If the forcing frequency is close to the natural frequency
of the system, a phenomenon known as beating may
occur.
If the initial conditions are taken as . The
Equation reduces to.
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Beating Phenomenon
Let the forcing frequency  be slightly less than the
natural frequency:

Since  is small, the function varies slowly; its period, equal to is

large. The Equation may be seen as representing vibration with period
and of variable amplitude equal to.
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
If the forcing function is given by the
equation of motion becomes.

We assume it in the form

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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
Solution of Equation above give
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
Solution of Equation above give
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
The quantity is called the magnification factor,
amplification factor or amplitude ratio.
The following characteristics of the magnification factor.
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force

The maximum value of X (when ) is given by

This equation can be used for the
experimental determination of the measure
of damping present in the system
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
Total Response
The complete solution is given by
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
X and  are given by Equation above, and and can
be determined from the initial condition.
For the initial condition
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Response of a Damped System Under

Harmonic Force
X and  are given by Equation above, and and can
be determined from the initial condition.
For the initial condition
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Example
Total Response of a System

Solution
From the
given data,
we obtain
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Example
Solution
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Example
For free vibration, the total response is given by

Using the initial conditions:

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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Sometimes the base or support of a spring-mass-damper
system undergoes harmonic motion, as shown in Figure
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
If equation above becomes

where

The steady-state response of the mass

where
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Rewritten in a more convenient form as

Where X and  are given by

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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
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Problem
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Force Transmitted
Force, F, is transmitted to the base or support due
to the reactions from the spring and the dashpot.
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Force Transmitted
Force, F, is transmitted to the base or support due
to the reactions from the spring and the dashpot.
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Force Transmitted

Note that the transmitted force is in phase

with the motion of the mass x(t).
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Relative Motion z = x - y
If z denotes the motion of the mass relative to the
base, the equation of motion, The equation can be
rewritten as
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Response of a Damped System Under the

Harmonic Motion of the Base
Relative Motion z = x - y
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Problems
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Problems

The displacement amplitude of the vehicle is given by

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Problems
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Response of a Damped System Under Rotating

Unbalance
The total mass of the machine is M, and there are two
eccentric masses m/2 rotating in opposite directions with a
constant angular velocity . The centrifugal force due to
each mass will cause excitation of the mass M.
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Response of a Damped System Under Rotating

Unbalance
The total vertical component of the excitation is
always given by

If we replace m and Fo by M and me2 respectively

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Response of a Damped System Under Rotating

Unbalance
Define

and
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Response of a
Damped System
Under Rotating
Unbalance
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Response of a Damped System Under Rotating

Unbalance

does not attain a maximum. Its

value grows from 0 at to 1 at r Yh .

The force transmitted to the foundation due to rotating

unbalanced force (F) can be found as
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Problems
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Problems
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