Ministry of Higher Education

Afghan International University

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Structural Dynamics

Lecturer: Dr. Mohammad Haroon “SARWARY”

Phone number: 0748168613
Email: mharoonsa@gmail.com
 FORCE VIBRATION

Harmonic vibration with viscous damping

Force transmission and vibration isolation
• Consider the mass–spring–damper system shown in the left inset in
Figure, subjected to a harmonic force. The force transmitted to the
base is

Substituting

Gives
The maximum value of fT (t) over t is
 …

After using (ust)o = po/k and ζ =c/2mωn, can be expressed as

Substituting Rd,

Gives an equation for the ratio of the maximum transmitted force to the
amplitude po of the applied force, known as the transmissibility (TR) of the
system

• If the spring is rigid, ωn = ∞ and TR = 1, implying that (fT)0=p0.

• Damping reduces the transmitted force only if ω/ωn >√2.
• For, TR be less then 1, the stiffness of the support system should be
small enough so that ω/ωn >√2.
• This implies a trade-off between a soft spring to reduce the transmitted
force and an acceptable static displacement.
Response to ground motion and vibration isolation
In this section we determine the response of an SDF system to
harmonic ground motion.

where the forcing function is

peff(t)= −mϋg(t)=−mϋgo sinωt,
for an applied harmonic force
with po replaced by −mϋgo

Making this substituting

Gives
 …

The acceleration of the mass is

• The ratio of acceleration ϋto transmitted to the mass and amplitude ϋgo of
ground acceleration is also known as the transmissibility (TR) of the
system
• If the excitation frequency ω is much lower than the natural frequency
ωn of the system, ϋto ≈ϋgo (i.e., the mass moves rigidly with the ground)
• This is the basic concept underlying isolation of a mass from a moving base
by using a very flexible support system.
• For example, buildings have been mounted on natural rubber bearings to
isolate them from ground-borne vertical vibration—typically with
frequencies that range from 25 to 50 Hz—due to rail traffic
Example:
Example:
…
Energy dissipating in viscous damping

Consider the steady-state motion of an SDF system due to p(t)=po sinωt.

The energy dissipated by viscous damping in one cycle of harmonic
vibration is

The energy dissipated is proportional to the square of the amplitude of

motion.
In steady-state vibration, the energy input to the system due to the applied
force is dissipated in viscous damping. The external force p(t) inputs energy
to the system, which for each cycle of vibration is
…

Utilizing for phase angle, this equation can be rewritten as

potential energy and

kinetic energy

The preceding energy concepts help explain the growth of the

displacement amplitude caused by harmonic force with ω=ωn until steady
state is attained.
…

For ω=ωn, φ=90◦

The input energy varies linearly with
the displacement amplitude

the dissipated energy varies quadratically

with the displacement amplitude
 …

We will now present a graphical interpretation for the energy

dissipated in viscous damping

which is the equation

of the ellipse
fD –u curve is not a single-valued function
but a loop known as a hysteresis loop.
The area enclosed by the ellipse is π(uo)
(cωuo)=πcωu02,
…

Total (elastic plus damping) resisting force

A plot of fS + fD against u is the ellipse The

energy dissipated by damping is still the
area enclosed by the ellipse because the
area enclosed by the single-valued elastic
force, Fs = ku, is zero.
Equivalent viscous damping

The simplest definition of equivalent viscous damping is based on the

measured response of a system to harmonic force at exciting frequency
ω equal to the natural frequency ωn of the system. The damping ratio
ζeq is calculated

The most common method for defining equivalent viscous damping is to

equate the energy dissipated in a vibration cycle of the actual structure and
an equivalent viscous system
The energy dissipated in the actual structure is given by the
area ED enclosed by the hysteresis loop. Equating this to the
energy dissipated in viscous damping given by leads to
where the strain energy, ESo=ku02/2