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Atomic Structure
Material Teknik
TI - 203

Roland Silitonga

Introduction
Some of the important properties of solid
material depend on:
• Geometrical atomic arrangement,
• The interactions among atoms or molecules.

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Sifat-sifat Material dipengaruhi oleh Struktur Atom

• Mengapa perlu belajar mengenai ikatan

antar atom?
→ Karena sifat – sifat material (seperti
kekuatan, kekerasan, konduktivitas dll..)
sangat dipengaruhi oleh bagaimana
atom-atom itu tersusun dan terikat satu
dengan lain.
• Apakah yang menentukan ikatan antar
atom?
→ struktur elektron dari kulit terluar
(orbitals) dan atau jumlah elektron dan
tendensi suatu atom untuk menarik atau
melepas elektron.

Atomic Structure

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Atomic Structure
• Each atom consists of very small nucleus:
– Proton (positive electrically charged)
– Neutron (neutral)
• Electron (negative electrically charged)

Atomic Structure
• Proton as well as Neutron have particle mass
approx : 1.67 x 10-27 kg
• Electron has mass : 9.11 x 10-31 kg

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Atomic Number (Z)

• Each chemical element characterized by the
number of protons in the nucleus.
• Called atomic number (Z).
– Which are the number of protons,
– for an electrically neutral, number of protons =
…….. …………. ………..
– Start from Z=1 (Hydrogen) to Z=92 (Uranium) and
so on….

Atomic Mass (A)

• Atomic Mass is a sum of the masses of
protons and neutrons within the nucleus.
• Number of protons is the same for all atoms
of a given element,
• But the number of Neutron (N) may be
variable.
• Hence, atoms of some elements have
different atomic masses, called isotope.
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Atomic Mass (A)

Hydrogen Isotopes
• Atoms of an element that have different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are
called isotopes of that element.
• Isotopes all usually share the same
chemical behavior, but have different
masses.
• The isotopes of hydrogen are protium
(with no neutrons), deuterium (with one
neutron), and tritium (with two neutrons).
• Hydrogen always has one proton in its
nucleus. 9

Atomic Mass (A)

• The atomic mass units (amu) used for
computation atomic weight.
• 1 amu = 1/12 carbon12 (12C) (A=12.00000)
• The masses of protons and neutrons are
slightly greater than unity:

A≈Z+N

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Atomic Mass (A)

• The atomic weight of an element or the
molecular weight of a compound, may be
specified on the basis of amu per atom,
(molecule)
• Or mass per mole.
• 1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 atoms (……………..
……………)

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Atomic Mass (A)

• These two atomic weight schemes are related:
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 atoms (Avogadro number)

1 amu/atom (or molecule) = 1g/mol

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Model Atom Dalton

• Bola pejal yang sangat kecil
• Partikel terkecil unsur (yang
masih punya sifat unsur)
• ………….. …………… …………….. ………
………
• Atom unsur berbeda, sifat &
massa beda
• Tak dapat diciptakan /
dimusnahkan (bukan radioaktif /
bukan reaksi inti)
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Model Atom Thomson

e • Bola pejal (+)

e • Di dalamnya elektron (–)
e e
e

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Model Atom Rutherford

• Inti atom (+)

• Dikelilingi e (–)
+
e • Lintasan e = kulit

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Model Atom Niels Bohr

• Kulit = tingkatan energi

(berlapis)
+ • e dapat pindah kulit
dengan menyerap/
melepas energi

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Atomic Models

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Atomic Models

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Atomic Models
Orbital Electron
• Bohr atomic Models Nucleus

• Quantum mechanical
principle:
that the energies of
electrons are quantized.
• Electron are permitted to have only specific
value of energy.

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Atomic Models (Bohr)

• An electron may change energy,
• But it must make quantum jump either:
– To an allowed higher energy (absorb energy).
– To a lower energy (release energy)
• The electron energy associated with “energy
level” or “states”.

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Atomic Models (Bohr)

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Atomic Models

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Atomic Models: Bohr vs Quantum

Mechanics
• The Bohr Model has some limitation.
• Wave-mechanical model find the resolution.
• The position of electron are described by a
probability distribution or electron cloud.

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Atomic Model Bohr & Wave-Mech.

Wave Mechanical Atom Model

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y
sQfZ48B7rg

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Model Atom Mekanika Kuantum

(Mekanika Gelombang)
• Tiap tingkat energi (kulit/shell) terdiri satu/beberapa
subtingkat energi (subkulit)
• Tiap subtingkat energi (subkulit/subshell) terdiri
satu/beberapa orbital (state)
• Tiap orbital dapat ditemukan paling banyak 2
elektron
• Posisi/kedudukan elektron tidak dapat ditentukan
dengan pasti (ketidakpastian Heisenberg)
• Kebolehjadian/kemungkinan ditemukannya elektron
dalam orbital dapat ditentukan dari bilangan
kuantumnya
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Quantum Numbers
• Every electron in an atom is characterized by
4 parameters Quantum Numbers.
• The size, shape, spatial orientation of an
electron’s probability density are specified
by three of quantum number.

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Quantum Numbers
• Bohr energy level separate into electron sub-
shell.
• Quantum Numbers dictate the number of
states within each sub-shell.
• Shell is specified by a principle quantum
number “n”.
• Shell is related to the distance of an electron
from the nucleus or its position.
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Quantum Numbers

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Atomic Models (Bohr)

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Quantum Numbers

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Wave Mechanics
• A complete energy level diagram for the various shell and
sub-shell

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Electron Configurations
• Value of energy permitted by electrons and its
states.
• Other quantum mechanical concept: Pauli exclusion
principle:
– “Each electron state can hold no more than two
electrons”.
– “Each electron has opposite spin”.
• Hydrogen, helium, sodium: 1s1, 1s2, 1s22s22p63s1
• Valence electrons are those that occupy the
outermost filled shell: bonding, properties.
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Electron
Configurations

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The Periodic Table

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Atomic Bonding in Solid

• Three different types of primary or
chemical bond are found in solid are:
– ionic bonding.
– covalent bonding.
– metallic bonding.

• The secondary is:

– Van Der Waals
– Hydrogen 39

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Ionic Bonding
• Atoms in metallic elements give up their valence electrons to the non-
metallic atoms.
• The bonding forces are coulombic

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Electronegative

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Electronegative
• High Electronegative:
– memiliki tendensi yang kuat menerima sebuah elektron (contoh :
golongan VIIA).
• Low Electronegative
– sering disebut “electropositive” memiliki tendensi yang kuat melepas
sebuah elektron (contoh : golongan IA).

Ke“elektronegative”an dari sebuah atom ditentukan dari distribusi

elektron pada atom tersebut dan jenis ikatan antar atom yang dimiliki.

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Ionic Bonding

• Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

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Ionic Bonding
• Found in metallic and non-metallic elements
that are horizontal extremities of the periodic
table.

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Covalent Bonding
• Stable electron configuration share electron between adjacent atoms.
• Two atoms that covalently bonded will contribute at least one electron to
the bond.
• The shared electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms.

Bohr model

Quantum
Mechanic
model

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Covalent Bonding
• Example: Methane CH4
C has 4 valence e, 4 shared electron
Need 4 more H from Carbon atom
4 H has 1 valence e,
Need 4 more
H C H
Electronegative
are comparable
4 shared electron
H from Hydrogen atom

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Covalent Bonding
– Non-metallic elemental molecules:
H2, Cl2, F2, etc.
– Molecules dissimilar atoms:
CH4, H20, HNO3 and HF
– Covalent bond may be very strong as in Diamond, which very hard and
high melt 3550oC

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Metallic Bonding (Ikatan Logam)

• Ciri:
– Ikatan ini merupakan ikatan utama yang terjadi
antar atom logam
– Ikatan dihasilkan oleh “lautan elektron”
(electron sea) yang disumbangkan oleh masing
- masing atom (sebanyak 1, 2 atau 3 elektron).
– Elektron Valensi tersebut tidak terikat secara
kuat pada suatu atom tertentu, melainkan
‘bebas’ bergerak antar atom → hal ini yang
mengakibatkan logam merupakan konduktor
listrik dan panas yang baik.
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Metallic Bonding
The free electrons shield the positive charged ion cores.
Electrostatic forces.

This free electrons

act as “glue” to
hold the ion core
together.

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Metallic Bonding
• The free electrons shield the positively charged ion cores from mutually
repulsive electro-static force.
• These free electron acts as a glue to hold ion cores together.

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Metallic Bonding
Example :
• Silver, a typical metal, consists of a regular array of silver atoms that have
each lost an electron to form a silver ion.
• The negatively charged electrons distribute themselves throughout the
entire piece of metal and form nondirectional bonds between the positive
silver ions.
• This arrangement, known as metallic bonding, accounts for the
characteristic properties of metals: they are good electrical conductors
because the electrons are free to move from one place to another, and
they are malleable (as shown here) because the positive ions are held
together by nondirectional forces.
• A force applied to a malleable substance shifts the positions of the atoms
without breaking the bonds that hold them together.

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Metallic Bonding

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Summary of Bonding Energy

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Van Der Waals Bonding

• It is secondary bonding.
• Physical bond are weak compare to the primary bond.
• Bonding energies ≈ 10kJ/mol
• Dipole interaction occurs in induced dipoles and between induced dipoles,
• and polar molecules and between polar molecules.

+ +
Atomic or Atomic or
Molecular dipoles Molecular dipoles

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Tugas II (kelompok: maksimum 5)

• Sebutkan dan beri contoh tiga kelompok utama material.
• Jelaskan dan berikan contoh (dengan sketsa) ikatan kovalen,
(contoh tidak boleh sama dengan slide).
• ……………………………………….. …………………
• ………. ……………. ……………… ………………. ……………
• Jelaskan simbol, nomor atom dan konfigurasi elektron serta
jumlah elektron valens dari:
– Phosphorus
– Aluminium
– Gold

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