Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

Comprehensive Sewer Collection
System Analysis
Comprehensive Sewer Collection Systems Analysis Handbook for

Engineers and Planners. John W. Nicklow, Paul F. Boulos, Misgana K. Muleta
Chapter 1 Types of Sewer Systems,
Separate Stormwater and Sanitary
Slide - 2 Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

Chapter 1 Types of Sewer Systems,
Combined Stormwater and Sanitary

Chapter 1 Components of Sewer Systems

Chapter 1 Fluid Properties

Chapter 1 Laws of Conservation
In fluid dynamics, the continuity equation states that, in any steady
state process, the rate at which mass enters a system is equal to the rate at
which mass leaves the system.
The differential form of the continuity equation is:
where
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
ρ is fluid density,Type equation here. + = 𝟎𝟎
t is time, 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
u is the flow velocity vector field.
In this context, this equation is also one of Euler equations (fluid dynamics).
The Navier–Stokes equations form a vector continuity equation describing
the conservation of linear momentum.
If ρ is a constant, as in the case of incompressible flow, the mass continuity
equation simplifies to a volume continuity equation:[1]
which means that the divergence of velocity field is zero everywhere.
Physically, this is equivalent to saying that the local volume dilation rate is
zero.

Chapter 1 Hydrologic Processes

Chapter 1 Hydrologic Processes

Chapter 1 Sewer System Networks

Chapter 1 Modeling of Sewer Systems
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸

+ ( ) + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄∅ − 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐 + 𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙 𝑲𝑲
where
Q – discharge (𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠)
A – cross sectional area (𝑚𝑚2 )
g – acceleration due to gravity (𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 )
𝜃𝜃 – angle of bed to horizontal (degrees)
𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂 – bed slope
K – conveyance
Equations for ICM SE and ICM

where
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 Q – discharge (𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠)
+ = 𝟎𝟎 A – cross sectional area
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 (𝑚𝑚2 )
g – acceleration due to
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸 gravity (𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 )
+ ( ) + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄∅ − 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐 + 𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎 𝜃𝜃 – angle of bed to
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙 𝑲𝑲 horizontal (degrees)
K – conveyance
Equations for ICM SE, ICM or IWCS

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏

+ + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙
where
x – distance along the conduit (m)
t – time
ℎ𝑙𝑙 – is the local energy loss per unit length of conduit
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 – friction slope
H – hydraulic head of water in the conduit (elevation head plus any possible pressure head)
Equations for InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM5

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏

+ + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙
where
x – distance along the conduit (m)
t – time
ℎ𝑙𝑙 – is the local energy loss per unit length of conduit
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 – friction slope
H – hydraulic head of water in the conduit (elevation head plus any possible pressure head)

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉𝒍𝒍 = 0
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
Depth
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 + Downstream D Cross Sectional Area
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙
𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉𝒍𝒍 = 0 Hydraulic Radius
Depth
Midpoint M Cross Sectional Area
Hydraulic Radius
Depth
Upstream U Cross Sectional Area
Hydraulic Radius

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸

+ ( ) + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄∅ − 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐 + 𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙 𝑲𝑲
Equations for ICM SE and ICM

Chapter 1 Kinematic Wave
𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐

Chapter 1 Muskingum-Cunge
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝑄𝑄
+c +c ( ) =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑐𝑐 2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑐𝑐 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄2 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝜕𝜕 = [1 − (1- ) ]
2𝐵𝐵𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴3 𝑄𝑄
𝑐𝑐 = dynamic wave celerity
B = Top Width at Normal Depth
Q = Flow

Chapter 1 Surcharge
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Simpler Equation
because the pipe full.

Chapter 2 Hydrologic Cycle

The Effect of Climate Change

Chapter 2 Dry Weather Flow
Estimation

Chapter 2 Dry Weather Flow
Estimation
Unpeakable Point Load
Pattern
Coverage
Peakable
Point Load

Chapter 2 Load Estimation

Chapter 2 Peak Flow Estimation

Peaking Factor for Loads

Chapter 2 Wastewater Loading

Chapter 2 Runoff Coefficients by Land Use

Chapter 2 Rational Method
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = K C I A

C in the Rational Method

Chapter 2 Unit Hydrograph Methods

Chapter 2 Physically Based Models

Chapter 3 Energy Principle
The following equation
represents the general
energy equation for
gradually varied flow.

Chapter 3 Continuity Principle

Chapter 3 Momentum - Gradient

Chapter 3 Momentum - Divergence

Chapter 3 Momentum - Curl

Chapter 3 Momentum - Curl
The momentum
equation in any
direction s is
the fluid density (rho)

times Flow (Q) * (
Velocity Difference
between the
downstream and
upstream cross
sections)
Source:
http://scienceblogs.com/start
swithabang/2010/01/22/tran
slating-math-geek-into-eng/

Chapter 3 Momentum Principle
The following four equations can
be used to compute average
velocity based on uniform flow
conditions. The Manning Equation
1. The Manning Equation

2. The Chezy Equation The Chezy Equation
3. Hazen-Williams Formula
4. Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-
White) Formula Hazen-Williams Formula
Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-
White) Formula

Chapter 3 Critical Flow

Chapter 3 Typical Values of
Resistance Coefficients

Chapter 3 Chezy (Kutter) Equation

Chapter 3 Manning’s Equation

Chapter 3 Hazen-Williams Formula

Chapter 3 Darcy-Weisbach Formula

Chapter 3 Summary of the classification of open-
channel flow
Summary of the classification of open-channel flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Varied flow
Gradually varied flow
Rapidly varied flow
Unsteady flow
Unsteady uniform flow (rare)
Unsteady flow (“unsteady varied flow” should be here, but it is a
practically impossible condition, so it is known simply as unsteady flow)
Gradually varied unsteady flow
Rapidly varied unsteady flow

Chapter 3 Uniform Flow
Uniform flow – The depth of
flow is the same at every section
of the channel. Uniform flow can
be steady or unsteady,
depending on whether or not the
depth changes with time,
(although unsteady uniform flow
is rare).

Chapter 3 Gradually Varied Flow
Gradually varied flow –
The depth changes over a
long distance

Chapter 3 Gradually Varied Flow
Equation

Chapter 3 Classification of Water Surface Profiles
These are the typical
gradually varied flow
profiles on various
slopes.

Chapter 3 Mixed Flow Profiles

Chapter 3 Direct Step Method
The direct step method uses either the direct step method to
determine distance given water depth (direct step) at the end of the
reach. Both rectangular channels and trapezoidal channels are
supported.

Chapter 3 Form Losses
𝑉𝑉 2
ℎ𝑙𝑙 = 𝐾𝐾 2𝑔𝑔
𝑉𝑉 = Mean Velocity in the link

𝐾𝐾 = loss coefficient
𝑔𝑔 = gravity

Chapter 3 Hydraulic Gradient Evaluation

Chapter 3 Rapidly Varied Flows
Rapidly varied flow -
The depth changes
abruptly over a
comparatively short
distance. Rapidly varied
flow is known as local
phenomenon. Examples
are the hydraulic
jump and the hydraulic
drop.

Chapter 3 Hydraulic Jumps
Input for hydraulic jump:

• Flow Unit – Select the desired flow unit.
• Solving Target – Discharge, upstream depth or downstream depth.
• Upstream Depth – Supercritical flow depth at upstream of the jump.
• Downstream Depth – Subcritical flow depth at downstream of the jump.
• Discharge – Channel flow rate.
• Channel Bottom Width – Bed width of the channel.
Output for hydraulic jump:
• Area (Upstream/Downstream) – Flow area at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Velocity (Upstream/Downstream) – Flow velocity at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Froude Number (Upstream/Downstream) – Froude number at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Critical Depth – Flow depth corresponding to the minimum specific energy for the flow rate.
• Head Loss in the Jump – Difference in specific energy at the upstream end and the downstream end of the jump.

Hydraulic Jump
Descriptive Hydraulic Jump Characteristics
Characteristic Before the jump After the jump
supercritical (faster than the
subcritical also known as
fluid speed wave speed) also known as
tranquil or subundal
shooting or superundal
fluid height low high
typically turbulent flow (rough
flow typically smooth turbulent
and choppy)

Chapter 3 Hydraulic Jumps
Input for hydraulic jump:

• Flow Unit – Select the desired flow unit.
• Solving Target – Discharge, upstream depth or downstream depth.
• Upstream Depth – Supercritical flow depth at upstream of the jump.
• Downstream Depth – Subcritical flow depth at downstream of the jump.
• Discharge – Channel flow rate.
• Channel Bottom Width – Bed width of the channel.
Output for hydraulic jump:
• Area (Upstream/Downstream) – Flow area at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Velocity (Upstream/Downstream) – Flow velocity at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Froude Number (Upstream/Downstream) – Froude number at upstream section and downstream section of the jump, respectively.
• Critical Depth – Flow depth corresponding to the minimum specific energy for the flow rate.
• Head Loss in the Jump – Difference in specific energy at the upstream end and the downstream end of the jump.

Hydraulic Jump
When the flow is
supercritical in an
upstream section of a
channel and is then
forced to become
subcritical in a
downstream section, a
rather abrupt change in
depth usually occurs and
considerable energy loss
accompanies the
process. This flow
phenomenon, is known
as a hydraulic jump.

Conservation of Energy (3)

Conservation of Energy
Conservation of energy involves a balance in total energy, expressed as
head, between any upstream point of flow and a corresponding downstream
point, including head losses caused by friction and the viscous dissipation of
turbulence at bends and other appurtenances (i.e., form losses or minor
losses). The energy equation states that the incoming energy plus the energy
gain (addition) equals the outgoing energy plus the energy loss.

Conservation of Energy (2)
Energy Relation for
Closed Conduit Flow

Chapter 4 Unsteady Flow Hydraulics

Chapter 4 Governing Equations in ICM SE
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
+ = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸

+ ( ) + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄∅ − 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐 + 𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑨𝑨 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙 𝑲𝑲
where
𝜃𝜃 – angle of bed to horizontal (degrees)
K – conveyance

Chapter 4 Method of Characteristics

Chapter 4 Finite Difference
Techniques

Chapter 4 Kinematic Wave
𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐

Chapter 4 Muskingum-Cunge
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝑄𝑄
+c +c ( ) =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑐𝑐 2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑐𝑐 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄2 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝜕𝜕 = [1 − (1- ) ]
2𝐵𝐵𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴3 𝑄𝑄
𝑐𝑐 = dynamic wave celerity
B = Top Width at Normal Depth
Q = Flow

Chapter 4 Surcharge
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Simpler Equation
because the pipe full.

Chapter 4 Unsteady Flow Hydraulics

Chapter 5 Water Quality Analysis
Buildup Runoff
1st Order
Washoff
Decay
CSTR BMP
Mixing Removal
Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

Slide - 71
Chapter 5 Water Quality Analysis
Buildup Washoff
None None
Power Exponential
Saturated Rating Curve
Exponential EMC
External

Chapter 5 Flow Age
𝐿𝐿
𝑇𝑇𝐽𝐽 = 𝑇𝑇𝐽𝐽−1
𝑉𝑉
L = length
V = velocity
T = age of water at a section

Chapter 5 Transport of Conservative Constituents
in ICM SE

Chapter 5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is
the amount of dissolved oxygen needed
by aerobic biological organisms in a
body of water to break down organic
material present in a given water sample
at certain temperature over a specific
time period. The term also refers to a
chemical procedure for determining this
amount. This is not a precise
quantitative test, although it is widely
used as an indication of the organic
quality of water.[1] The BOD value is
most commonly expressed in milligrams
of oxygen consumed per litre of sample
during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and
is often used as a robust surrogate of
the degree of organic pollution of water

Chapter 5 Sediment Movement
Passive Layer
The passive layer of sediment is
considered to be fixed and remains
unchanged during any simulation. It
effectively just acts as a constriction on
the pipe.
Active Layer
The active layer is made up of mobile
sediment that can be eroded,
transported, and deposited during a
simulation.

Chapter 5 Hydrogen Sulphide


HYDROGEN SULFIDE PARAMETERS
These parameters are available when the H2S option is selected. Hydrogen Sulfide results are generated in addition to any
other pollutants entering the system. Note that BOD must be defined as a pollutant and enter the system to simulate
Hydrogen Sulfide generation and propagation.
Pollutant - Enter the pollutant ID used to predict Hydrogen Sulfide buildup and transport. This pollutant (BOD) must enter
the drainage system via runoff, groundwater, or node inflow for any hydrogen sulfide buildup or corrosion prediction to occur.
Reaction Rate Coefficient - A first order coefficient (per day) which varies with the type of waste. The default value is
0.23/day.
Temperature - average daily temperature for the region (in oC).
pH - The pH of the wastewater. The normal pH range of municipal wastewater ranges from 6.0 to 8.0.
Sulfide Flux Coefficient - The effective sulfide flux coefficient for sulfide generation by the slime layer in gravity sewers
(meter/hour). For conservative analysis (i.e., observed sulfide buildup generally less than predicted), the suggested values of
this parameter is 0.00032.
Sulfide Loss Coefficient - A dimensionless coefficient to account for sulfide losses by oxidation and escape to atmosphere.
For conservative analysis (i.e., observed sulfide buildup generally less than predicted), the suggested values of this
parameter is 0.64. For moderately conservative analysis a value of 0.96 is suggested.
Ionization Coefficient - A logarithmic ionization constant for hydrogen sulfide (unit less), a function of temperature and
specific electrical conductance of the waste water. Its value generally varies from 6.67 (at a temperature of 40oC and specific
electrical conductance of 50,000 micromhos/cm) to 7.74 (at a temperature of 10oC and specific electrical conductance of 0
micromhos/cm).
Soluble Sulfide (%) - The percent of total sulfides that occur in the soluble (dissolved) form for the wastewater, most
frequently known to vary from 70 to 90 percent.

Chapter 5 Corrosion

Chapter 5 Corrosion
CORROSION PARAMETERS
These parameters are available when the Corrosion option is
selected. Corrosion results are generated in addition to Hydrogen Sulfide and
any other pollutants entering the system.
Material-Type - The conduit material ( i.e., cement-bonded or ferrous) for
gravity pipes.
Cement-bonded Alkalinity - The alkalinity of the conduit material expressed as
CaCO3 equivalents (for cement-bonded materials only). This value
approximately ranges from 0.18 to 0.23 for granitic aggregate concrete, 0.9 for
calcareous aggregate, 0.4 for mortar linings, and 0.5 for asbestos cement.
Acid Reaction Coefficient - The coefficient of efficiency for acid reaction
considering the estimated fraction of acid remaining on the wall. This value
could be as low as 0.3 and will approach 1.0 for a complete acid reaction.
Relative Saturation - The relative saturation of Hydrogen Sulfide in the air
compared to equilibrium concentration (typically 2 to 20 percent), expressed as
decimal fraction.

Chapter 6 Detention and Retention Systems
Wet Ponds or Retention Systems are frequently used for water quality
improvement, groundwater recharge, flood protection, aesthetic improvement or
any combination of these. Sometimes they act as a replacement for the natural
absorption of a forest or other natural process that was lost when an area is
developed. As such, these structures are designed to blend into neighborhoods
and viewed as an amenity.
Dry Ponds or Detention Systems temporarily stores water after a storm, but
eventually empties out at a controlled rate to a downstream water body.

Chapter 6 Infiltration Basins
An infiltration basin (also known as a recharge basin or in some areas,
a sump), is a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to
manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and
improve water quality in an adjacent river,stream, lake or bay. It is essentially a
shallow artificial pond that is designed to infiltratestormwater though permeable
soils into the groundwater aquifer. Infiltration basins do not release water except
by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions.

Chapter 6 Subsurface Detention Systems

Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

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Comprehensive Sewer Collection Systems Analysis Handbook for

Slide - 2 Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

Slide - 3 Comprehensive Sewer Collection System Analysis

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𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸

Equations for ICM SE and ICM

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Equations for ICM SE, ICM or IWCS

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𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏

Equations for InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM5

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𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏

Equations for InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM5

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Equations for InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM5

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Equations for InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM5

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𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝑸𝑸 𝑸𝑸

Equations for ICM SE and ICM

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𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐

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𝑐𝑐 = dynamic wave celerity

B = Top Width at Normal Depth

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Unpeakable Point Load

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the fluid density (rho)

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1. The Manning Equation

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