Crucibles

A crucible is a small clay cup made of a material that

can withstand extreme temperatures. They are used for
heating substances and come with lids.
Mortar and Pestle: It is predominantly used to crush
and blend substances.
Funnels
A lab funnel can be made of plastic or glass and can
have either a short stem or a long stem, depending on
what they are needed for. It is used to hold the filter
paper during filtration. It is also used to direct liquids
being transferred into a container with a small opening.

TO MEASURE VOLUMES OF LIQUIDS (SI unit of measure:

milliliter ml, liter, Li):
Graduated Cylinder
A measuring tool for the volume of a liquid. There are
several markings up and down the length of the
container with specific increments. Graduated cylinders
come in many sizes. The smaller they are in diameter,
the more specific the volume measurements will be.
When reading the volume from a graduated cylinder,
you will notice that the liquid seems to have an
indentation. The liquid around the edges will be higher
than the liquid in the center, sloping down like the sides
of a trampoline when someone is standing in the
middle. This is called the meniscus. Line the lowest
point of the meniscus up with the nearest marking,
keeping the cylinder level to properly read the volume.
The reading is read at eye level of the lower meniscus.
Volumetric Flask (type of laboratory flask)
A volumetric flask is a piece of laboratory apparatus, a
type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise
volume at a certain temperature. Volumetric flasks are
used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard
solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a
flat bottom, and made of glass or plastic. The flask’s
mouth is either furnished with a plastic snap/screw cap
or fitted with a joint to accommodate a PTFE or glass
stopper. The neck of volumetric flasks is elongated and
narrow with etched ring graduation marking. The
marking indicates the volume of liquid contained when
filled up to that point. The marking Is typically
calibrated “to contain” at 20 °C and indicated
correspondingly on a label. The flask’s label also
indicates the nominal volume, tolerance, precision
class, relevant manufacturing standard, and the
manufacturer’s logo. Volumetric flasks are of various
sizes, containing from 1 milliliter to 20 liters of liquid.
Remember that temperature affects volume; therefore,
avoid using liquids that will fluctuate in temperature
(hot water that will cool, for example).
For an accurate volume, the level of the lower meniscus
must be on the small line at the neck.

AUTHORIZATION
TO WHOM THIS MAY PRESENT:

This is to authorize MS. RWYNN MEMORY L. CADAP, to claim on my behalf my package at LBC, La
Trinidad, Benguet.

Done this 27th day of January 2023 at Buguias, Benguet.

Very truly yours;

MARCIANA B. BASILIO
CP# 09102376663