PARALLAX ERROR

The above two views of the buret are taken with the
eye at the same level as the liquid level.
If your eye is either higher or lower than the liquid level,
you will make an error in reading the liquid level. This is
referred to as a parallax error
On the left, the buret is being red with the eye well
above the liquid level (15.30 mL). On the right, the
buret is being read with the eye well below the liquid
level (15.60 mL).
Since, except for the 90 angle where no parallax error
occurs, you probably will not reproduce an arbitrary
angle at which you read the meniscus. Therefore, this
will cause an error.
A buret
These are usually attached with a clamp to a ring stand,
as shown in the picture below. Burets are set up by
using a buret clamp in combination with a ring stand,
discussed below.
Droppers
These are small glass tubes with narrow tips on one end
and a rubber bulb on the other. Some droppers have to
mark to measure the volume of liquid dispensed. The
rubber head sucks up liquid that can then be squeezed
out in small drops.
A dropper, also known as a Pasteur pipette, or dropper,
is a device used to transfer small quantities of liquids.
They are used in the laboratory and also to dispense
small amounts of liquid medicines. The commonly
recognized form is a glass tube tapered to a narrow
point and fitted with
a rubber bulb at the top, although many styles of both
plastic and glass droppers exist.
Ring Stands, Rings, and Clamps
The Iron ring stand is used to suspend burets, beakers,
flasks, crucibles, etc. above other containers or, in some
cases, a heat source (such as a Bunsen burner). Wire
mesh is laid across the iron ring to distribute evenly
heat and support the beaker. A clay triangle with an
open center is used to suspend crucibles.
Iron Clamp: It is for mounting the buret, to mount a
flask
Iron stand and iron clamp: It is used to mount the
distillation setup.
Wire Gauze
It is the iron wire gauze piece posted with asbestos in
the center. It is placed on the tripod stand so that the
flame does not touch the glass apparatus directly,
reducing the danger of its breaking.
Clay Triangles
These are placed on a ring that is attached to a stand
that provides support for a crucible.
Tongs
Tongs and forceps are for grabbing things that should
not be touched by hand. Some tongs are
specially made to hold beakers, others to hold test
tubes, and so on.
Forceps
These are used to grab small things like solid chemicals
that are broken into chunks, so they can
be safely handled and added to containers.
Laboratory Tripod Stand
A laboratory tripod is a three-legged equipment,
generally used as a platform of some sort. The word is
derived from the Greek word tripous, meaning “three
feet”. A tripod stand has three legs and is widely used in
laboratories to conduct various experiments. This lab
equipment is used to support and hold various flasks,
beakers and other glassware when not in use and also
during experiments. The stands are specially
constructed using light metals for light weight and ease
of carrying.
(http://www.edulabworld.com/news/item_1373.html)
It is usually made of stainless steel or Aluminium having
three supporting legs. The apparatus to be heated is
placed on the tripod stand. It is mainly used to support
or hold the beakers or flasks during the experiments. A
Bunsen burner is placed underneath the tripod stand
due to its height.
Spatulas
Spatulas and scopulas are for scooping solid chemicals.
They are typically used to scoop a chemical out of its
original container onto a weigh boat so that it can be
weighed on a balance.
Wash Bottle
Nowadays polythene wash bottles are used in the
laboratory for storing distilled water for various
operations such as transferring precipitates from a
container to filter paper or washing the precipitates.
When the bottle is pressed by hand, water comes out
through the jet in the form of a fine stream.
Flat bottomed – Florence flasks, AKA boiling flasks
It is also known as a boiling flask. It is used for holding
liquids and can easily be heated and swirled. It can also
be capped by glass or rubber stoppers easily.
Laboratory Centrifuge
A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory
equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid
samples at high speed. Centrifuges are most often used
to separate different liquids and solid particulates from
liquids.
(https://beta-static.fishersci.com/images/euimages/
F85918~wl.jpg)
FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE:
Thermometers
A laboratory thermometer is used for measuring the
temperature. We have different types of thermometers.
One type is the ◦ C scale or ◦ F scale. We also have the
wall mounted to measure the room
temperature. In our laboratory, we still have the
mercury type to measure temperatures from – 20 to
100 + ◦ C temperatures. Since mercury-type
thermometers are under control, we have the
electronic type as below.

AUTHORIZATION
TO WHOM THIS MAY PRESENT:

This is to authorize MS. RWYNN MEMORY L. CADAP, to claim on my behalf my package at LBC, La
Trinidad, Benguet.

Done this 27th day of January 2023 at Buguias, Benguet.

Very truly yours;

MARCIANA B. BASILIO
CP# 09102376663