MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Is a long
Classical Era (1750-1820)
- also called “age of Reason”. The cultural life was
dominated by the aristocracy.
Important Events that happened in the
West during this Era:
 French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars
 American Declaration of Independence in 1776
 American Revolution
Characteristics of Classical Music
- melody is tuneful and easy to remember.
- harmony and texture is homophonic.
- Alberti Bass was practiced
- dynamics of loud and soft were clearly shown
Alberti Bass
- the notes of the chord are presented in the order
Lowest-highest-middle-highest.
Composers of the Classical Period:
1. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) “Father of the
Symphony” and “Father of the string quartet”
2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Child
Prodigy and the most genius in musical history.
3. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) “Prince of
all Composers”
- the composer who bridged the late Classical era
and the early Romantic era.
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works:
- his music veered toward larger orchestras
- all themes in a piece are tied together by one motif
- he developed musical themes and motifs extensively by
means of modulation
- he used more brass instruments and dynamics
- sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of
the violins and cellos to give his music a darker mood
CLASSICAL INSTRUMENTAL
and VOCAL MUSIC
1. Sonata
- from the word” Sonare” which means to make a sound
- a multi-movement work for solo instrument
(keyboard or violin)
- it is usually in 3 or 4 movements:
Fast - Slow - Fast - Fast
2. Concerto
- a multi-movement work designed for an instrumental
soloist and orchestra.
- has three movements : fast-slow-fast
Cadence (cadenza) – a special unaccompanied show piece
where the soloist displays his virtuosity.
3. Symphony – derived from the word “Sinfonia” which
literally means “a harmonious sounding together”
- a multi-movement work for orchestra.
musical composition for the whole orchestra.
- has four movements: fast – slow - medium/fast - fast
Sonata Allegro Form
- The most important form that developed during the
Classical era.
- it is a large ternary structure consisting of main sections
Exposition - first part of the composition. Introduces the theme
Development – where themes are being developed. called free
fantasia because it is where the drama and conflict occur.
Recapitulation - a restatement of the exposition. It repeats the
theme as they first emerge in the opening exposition
4. Opera - is a drama set to music where singers and
musicians perform in a theatrical setting
Two distinct Styles:
a. Opera Seria (serious opera) – usually implies heroic
or tragic drama that employs mythological characters
Ex. “Idomeneo” by Mozart
b. Opera Buffa (Comic Opera) – from Italy. It made use
of everyday characters and situations, and typically
employed spoken dialogues, lengthy arias and
spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social
satire.
Ex. Mozart’s “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic
Flute”, and “Don Giovanni”.
ARTS
Renaissance art
- the art of Calm and beauty. Its creations are perfect-
they reveal nothing forced or inhibited, uneasy and
agitated.
Human Philosophy – the most common subject of
Renaissance period
A. Renaissance Architecture
- was characterized by its symmetry and balance.
B. Renaissance Painting
- more realistic and showed real human forms.
C. Renaissance Sculpture
- statues were usually nude and stood free of any
architectural background.
- Sculptures were naturalistic portraits of human
beings.
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE ARTISTS AND
ARTWORKS
A. Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni)
- He was a sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.
- considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime.

Outstanding Works:
- “David” - “Last Judgment”
- “Pieta” – his only signed work, a masterpiece that
portrays pain and idea of redemption
- Ceilings of the Sistine Chapel- scenes from Genesis
- Dome of Saint Peter’s Basilica
B. Leonardo (Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci)
- a painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician.
- he is known as the ultimate “Renaissance man”
because of his intellect, interest, talent and expression
of Humanist and Classical values.
- widely considered to be one of the greatest painter of
all time.
Outstanding Works:
- Vitruvian Man - Virgin of the Rocks
- Mona Lisa - the most famous and most parodied
portrait
- The Last Supper - The most reproduced religious
painting of all time
C. Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)
- Italian painter and architect
- his main contribution to arts were his unique
draftsmanship and compositional skills.
Outstanding Works:
- “The Schools of Athens” - “Sistine Madonna”
- “The Transfiguration”
D. Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi)
- Known for his work in bas-relief, a form of shallow
relief sculpture
Outstanding Works:
“David”– 1st known free-standing statue cast in bronze
“Zuccone” - known as Statue of the Prophet Habakkuk
Gattamelata
Baroque Art (1600-1800)
- from the Portuguese word “barocco” which means
“irregularly shaped pearl or stone
- a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion,
drama, tension, and grandeur.
The Roman Catholic Church highly encouraged the
Baroque style to propagate Christianity or inspire
religious devotion
The aristocracy used the baroque art to impress visitors,
display their glory and power, and stir feelings of
patriotism.
A. Baroque Architecture
- was designed to create spectacle and illusion. Straight
lines of the Renaissance were replaced with flowing
curves
B. Baroque Sculpture
- are typically larger than life size, marked by a similar
sense of dynamic movement, along with an active use
of space
C. Baroque Painting
- illustrated key elements of the Catholic Dogma
2 famous Baroque masterpiece Techniques:
a. Chiaroscuro technique - the use of light and shadow
to create the illusion of light from a specific source
shining on the figures and objects in the painting.
b. Tenebrism - is the use of extreme contrast of light and
dark in figurative compositions to heighten their
dramatic effect
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE ARTISTS
AND ARTWORKS
1. Michelangelo Merisi (or Amearighi) da Caravaggio
- better known as Caravaggio.
- He was an outcast in his society because of his own
actions and lack of modesty and reverence for
religious subjects in his paintings.
2.Gian Lorenzo Bernini
- child prodigy. He was an architect, sculptor, painter,
stage designer and playwright.
3. Peter Paul Rubens
- Flemish baroque painter. He was well-known for his
mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits,
and counter- reformation altarpieces
4. Rembrandt Van Rijn
- Most brilliant of the Dutch Realist, he was a painter
and an etcher.
5. Diego Velasquez
- One of the finest masters of composition and the most
important painters of the Spanish Golden age
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Social Dances and Dance mixers
- are dances intended primarily to get to know other
people in attendance to a certain social function.
Dance Mixers
- are social dances which allow group of performers to
change partners periodically while dancing to allow
chance to get to know other members of the performing
group.
Dancesport (competitive ballroom dancing)
- Performed in competitions and has established rules of
different levels of difficulty and limited to 5 dances per
category
2 Major Classification of Social Dance
A. Latin American Dances
- Costumes worn by performers are somewhat
revealing, tight-fitting, sexy yet sophisticated in nature
- movements are freer and can be performed in close a
and open hold
B. Modern Standard Dances
- costumes are formal wear, ankle length gowns for
female and coat and tie for male
- movements are restricted to close ballroom position
with partner.
Dance etiquette – is a set of guidelines that help you
navigate the social dimensions of dancing.

CHA-CHA-CHA BASIC STEPS
WALTZ BASIC STEPS
HEALTH
Common Concepts in Drug Education
Drugs - are any substances or chemicals which when
taken into the body either through nasal, oral, transdermal
or intravenous way have psychological, emotional and
behavioral effects on a person
3 drugs of abuse in the Philippines:
- shabu, marijuana and inhalants (solvents)
Drug Abuse
- means the use of any drug, medically speaking, to the
point when it seriously interferes with the functioning of
the drug user or others affected by the drug user’s
behavior
Drug Use
- means the use of drug for its intended purposes with
appropriate amount, frequency, strength and manner
Drug Misuse
- the incorrect use of medicine which is being taken for
health reasons
Drug Dependence
- is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive
phenomena of variable intensity in which the use of a
drug takes on a high priority thereby creating a strong
desire to take the substance
Drug Tolerance
- the condition of the body to adapt to the effects of
substances to the body thus requiring an even larger
amount of the substance to experience the same
physiological and mental effect experienced when
taking the smaller dosage
Risk factors- those influences which increase the chances
of using, misusing and abusing drugs
Protective factors- those influences which decrease the
chances of using, misusing and abusing drugs
The Six Classifications of Drugs of Abuse
1. Gateway drugs - such as cigarettes and alcohol are
legal drugs that a non- drug user might try, which
can lead him/her to more dangerous like
marijuana or shabu.
a. alcohol
b. cigarette
2. Depressants drugs- “downers”; slow down a person’s
central nervous system; commonly prescribed by
doctors to help certain persons to be less angry,
tensed or stressed; help muscles and nerves to be
relaxed; include alcohol, barbiturates and
tranquilizers
3. Stimulant drugs- “uppers or speeders”; speed up a
person’s CNS; negative effects include depression
and tiredness; these include shabu, caffeine, nicotine
and cocaine
4. Narcotics- “painkillers”; relieve pain and induce
sleepiness; in medicine, these drugs are administered
in moderation to patients with mental disorders and
those in severe pain like cancer; these include
morphine, codeine, opium, heroin
5. Hallucinogens- drugs which distorts reality and facts;
include Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin
obtained from mushrooms and mescaline.
Hallucination- perceive illusions
6. Inhalants- these are found in ordinary household
chemical products and anesthetics