GATE - TEST - HOUSE - FLuid - Mechanics - Solution

GATE Test House Chemical Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

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Answer 1: Option (d)
Falling drops of rain acquire spherical shape on account of surface tension.
Explanation:
The intermolecular forces of cohesion between water molecules tend to exert a combined effort to pull up a
shape that has smallest surface to volume ratio for a specific volume and that shape is sphere. The
property caused by that is called surface tension.
Answer 2: Option (a)
Explanation:
The buoyant force acting on a solid body, when it sink deeper into the water remains same. As buoyant
force doesn’t depend on the depth of the submerged body, It only depends on Volume of submerged body
and density of liquid. Buoyant force acts in opposite direction of body force and cause the weight of body
reduced called apparent weight. This was first proposed by Archimedes called Archimedes principle.
Archimedes principle: When a body is immersed in a fluid an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the
body. This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called force of
buoyancy.
Explanation:
Incase of incompressible flow the Mach no will be less than 0.3. It is difficult to maintained a flow to be
incompressible since even liquid can have their density increased through application of sufficient pressure.
The density change in a flow will be negligible if Mach number is less than 0.3.
Mach number is defined as the ratio of fluid velocity to the acoustic velocity in the flowing medium at the
condition.
Answer 4: Option (b)
Explanation:
In General, Inverted U-Tube Manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in a flow. If the density
of fluid flowing is higher than monometric fluid. Incase normal U-tube manometer is used can cause mixing
of both monometric fluid with flowing fluid because of gravity force.
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Equilibrium of a floating body:
Stable equilibrium: A floating body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if metacenter(M) lies above center of
gravity(G).
Unstable equilibrium: A floating body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if metacenter(M) lies below center
of gravity(G).
Neutral equilibrium: A floating body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if metacenter(M) coincides with center
of gravity(G).
Metacenter: It is defined as the point about which a floating body starts oscillating when the body is tilted by
a small angle. The metacenter(M) is found at a point at which the line of action of the force of buoyancy(B)
will meet the normal axis of the body(see figure). When the body is given a small angular displacement.
Answer 6:
Let h be the head of air column corresponds to 10m of water column.
( )
( )
√ √
Point to Note : To find the value of head of flowing fluid corresponds to monomeric fluid is important for
GATE. This concept is widely use in venturimeter, pitot tube and in orifice meter problems. Try to solve
good numbers of question to develop more concepts on that.

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Answer 7:
Given:
Let us consider the fall of rain water in stokes law regime then,
Total weight = drop force
Check for stokes law
Hence our assumption was valid.
Answer 8:
At terminal Velocity
Net force acts on the body is zero
( )
As it is stokes law regime

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( )
From question:
( )
Point to Note : When the body is allowed to fall freely in fluid, its velocity increases due to body
force(acting downward). With increase in velocity the drag force (acting in the opposite direction of motion)
also increases. A stage will reach where force due to buoyancy and drag force acting upward
counterbalance the body force acting downward. At this stage the net force is zero and body travels with
constant velocity called terminal velocity.
Answer 9:
Net positive suction head is calculated from
Here,
Press head in suction line ………..
Velocity head in suction line
suction Static head
Head loss in pipe
Vapor pressure head

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Point to Note: The total suction head must be greater than vapour head at working temperature to avoid
cavitation. Cavitation occurs when total suction head equals to the vapour pressure at working temperature
cause vaporization of liquid that forms bubbles. At some point in flow these bubbles collides and exerts high
force that can damage pump system. Finding NPSH questions are important for GATE and for PSU
interviews. One should have a clear cut concept on NPSHa and NPSHr.
Answer 10:
Volume of the solid particles will always constant
Hence,
( )
( ) ( )
Point to Note: The above formula is very important for GATE as questions are asked several times in
GATE from that.
Answer 11:
Apply Bernoulli equation at point 1 & 2:
√ ( )
As diameter of the pipe is same

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The total pressure at point A will be found from applying Bernoulli’s equation at point 1 & A
Gauge pressure at A is
( )
Same way we can find pressure at C
( )
Point to Note: To use Bernoulli equation correctly we must constantly remember the basic assumptions
used in its derivation:
1- Viscous effects are assumed negligible,
2- The flow is assumed to be steady,
3- The flow is assumed to be incompressible,
4- The equation is applicable along a streamline.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that in a steady
flow the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline. In the derivation of the Bernoulli equation, we assume that the flow takes place in a plane.
In general, this equation is valid for both planar and three-dimensional flows, provided it is applied along the
streamline.
Answer 12:
The Total vertical force F, tending to lift the dome is the pressure applied over the horizontal projected area
Gauge pressure within the vessel.

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Total Pressure at the bottom will be:
Point to Note: Here one point to notice is that Total force acting to lift the dome is not product of pressure
acting on dome and total surface area of dome. Because to lift the dome total force will act on the upward
direction which will be equal to product of pressure on the dome and projected area.
Answer 13:
Apply Newton’s law of viscosity
Given data: U = 4 m/s; y = 1.8 cm,
Put the values in above equation we will get
97.8 Pa
Point to Note: Newton’s law of viscosity is important for GATE, which says that shear stress is directly
proportional to shear strain.
Answer 14:
Given Data:
Velocity V = ( )

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i.e
Entrance length for turbulence flow is given by,
( ) ⁄
For turbulent flow.
( ) For laminar flow.
( ) ⁄
Point to Note: When fluid flows into the entrance of a long pipe or tube, it does not immediately achieve
the parabolic velocity distribution of circular Poiseuille flow. Instead, a boundary layer begins to develop
along the pipe walls, The entrance region refers to that portion of pipe until the velocity profile is fully
developed as sketched in figure. When the boundary layer thickness grows to about half the pipe radius,
the velocity profile in the pipe will have about reached its steady form Poiseuille flow.
At the entrance region:
The velocity gradient is steeper at the wall, causing a higher value of shear stress as compared to a
developed flow
Momentum flux across any section is higher than that typically at the inlet due to the change in shape of the
velocity profile.
Arising out of these, an additional pressure drop is brought about at the entrance region as compared to the
pressure drop in the fully developed region.
Answer 15:
Apply the force balance

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Here
𝐹𝑇
( ) 𝐹𝐵
( )
mg
( )
Point to Note: The buoyant force acting on a solid body, when it sink deeper into the water remains same.
As buoyant force doesn’t depend on the depth of the submerged body, It only depends on Volume of
submerged body and density of liquid. Buoyant force acts in opposite direction of body force and cause the
weight of body reduced called apparent weight. This was first proposed by Archimedes called Archimedes
principle.
Archimedes principle: When a body is immersed in a fluid an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the
body. This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called force of
buoyancy.
Answer 16:
Φ = 3xy
So, the velocity potential ( ) is given by:-
( )
Where C = f(x) as differentiating with y will give zero

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Point to Note: Velocity potential is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative
derivate with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. For irrotational,
incompressible, two-dimensional flows, the stream function and the velocity potential obey the same
differential equation Φ = 0.
Answer 17:
Apply Bernoulli’s Theorem at 1 and 2:
( ) ( )
Head power added to the water
Point to Note: is called static suction head resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to the pump
centerline. If the liquid level is above pump centerline, Z is positive. If the liquid level is below centerline Z is
negative, commonly said as suction lift. Concept on pump & practice of questions are very important for
GATE. Most of the year GATE asks question from Pump.

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Answer 18:
Head development by pump depends on N(No of RPM) & D(diameter of impeller)
Hα( )
( )
( )
From Question;
To find volumetric capacity
So, as head developed is same
( )
Point to Note: The affinity laws are mathematical expression that defines change in pump capacity, Head
& BHP (Brake Horse power), When a change is made to pump speed, impeller diameter or both.
Answer 19:
Given: D= 250 mm=0.25 m
Let ; Discharge in old pipe
Diameterof each of the new pipes
Since the new pipes are of the same length, diameter have identical value of friction factor, thus
they have equal discharge.
Discharge in new pipe = ⁄

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Loss of head in old pipe =
( )
Head loss in new pipes
( ⁄ )
( )
As head loss in both the pipes (new and old) will be same equating equation (1) and (2)
Point to Note: For flow in parallel pipes the head loss of each parallel pipes will be same. This is very
important concept and shall be used to solve most of the parallel pipe problems.
Answer 20:
Given:
Length of the pipe (L) = 1000 m;
Diameter (D) = 0.1 m;
Discharge (Q) = 0.01
Viscosity ( ) = 0.8 Ns/
Loss of pressure head from hygen poiseuille formula
And powder required = X , Average velocity will be calculated from Q/A
Put the value given in above equation we will get
Power required = 32.58KW
Answer 21:
Consider a tank of uniform cross-section A, through an orifice of area located in the case of the tank, an
steady state mass balance on the tank for no inflow of liquid relates the rate of flow from the tank through
the orifice to the change of capacity of the tank. H is the height of liquid at any time t

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Here √ is the velocity at the orifice which derived using Bernoulli’s equation at (1) & (2).
√
H1
⁄
∫ ∫
√
⁄ ⁄
√ ⁄ ( ) 𝑎
At total drainage
Therefore,
t= 2120 sec.
Answer 22:
Discharge through venturimeter is given by
√ And
√
Height of flowing fluid corresponding to height of manometric fluid is given by the equation if
manometric fluid density is higher than flowing fluid density
( )
( )

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Now, considering the pressure at the datum line we get ( ) ( )
( )
Point to Note: In venturimeter & orificemeter application of Bernoulli’s equation with continuity equation is
important for GATE. One should have hand on practice in driving this equation
Answer 23:
From question
Force normal to the plate
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
From (1) & (2)
650 =
( )
Point to Note: The above formula to find the force acting from a jet flow is very important for GATE.
Answer 24:
From Erqun Equation:
( )
( )
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
As for gases is very small will be high and hence we can neglect the pressure drop due to laminar flow.
Then,

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( )
Now flow rate is increased by 25% hence,
As,
Hence,
( )
Point to Note: As fluid flows through a packed bed it experiences a pressure loss due to friction. It was
describes using Carman-Kozeny and Ergun equations for the calculation of pressure drop through a
randomly packed bed. The Ergun equation combines both the laminar and turbulent components of the
pressure loss across a packed bed. In laminar flow conditions the first component of the equation
dominates with the Ergun equation essentially reducing to the Carman-Koreny equation although with a
slight variation in the constants used due to variations in the experimental data with which the correlations
was developed. In the laminar region the pressure drop through the packed bed is independent of fluid
density and has a linear relationship with superficial velocity. Plot given below shows variation of superficial
velocity with pressures drop and height of bed.

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Answer 25:
Apply unsteady state balance for the vessel
a:- Area of the pipe
V:- Velocity of the pipe
A:- Cross-section area of the vessel
If the head in the vessel is used to overcome the viscous resistance of the pipe, the avg velocity of
the flowing liquid is therefore given by:-
Therefore,
∫ ∫
( ) ( )
V:- Volume of the liquid discharged.
( )
Hence putting all these values in equation (1), we get,
Point to Note: In this question friction head overcomes by pressure head develop at the bottom of the tank.
This is very important concept for GATE
Answer 26:
Energy required (KW/ton) to reduce a unit weight feed from a large size to small size x is given by

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; Where k is a constant.
√
√ ; so = 18 Kwh/ton
Answer 27:
From Newton’s law of viscosity:
W = 250 N
215.61 =
Answer 28:
Given Data:
Length of the pipe (l) = 600 m
Hence, flow is turbulent.
Co efficient of friction

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Head loss due to friction:
Power required to maintain the flow is
Point to Note: Friction loss in pipe is very important for GATE. Power required to maintain the flow will be
equal to the rate of loss of energy due to friction in flow. The above formula to find power loss is very
important.
Answer 29:
Apply Bernoulli’s equation at (1) & (2)
Since, and are same;
and =0
( )
Now, power required (in hp) by pump will be,
Point to Note: Power required by pump to maintained the flow will be calculated from above concept. Just
apply Bernoulli’s equation at suction and discharge point including all losses and head developed by the
pump. Find the head developed by the pump and then power required from above formula. This is
important for GATE.

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Answer 30:
Match the followings:
a. Gyratory Crusher ------------ Compression Force
b. Hammer mill ------------------- Impact
c. Buhrstone mill ----------------- Shear Force
d. Fluid energy mill --------------- Attrition
------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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GATE Test House Chemical Engineering

FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Answer 1: Option (d)

Falling drops of rain acquire spherical shape on account of surface tension.

Answer 2: Option (a)

Answer 3: Option (a)

Answer 4: Option (b)

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Answer 5: Option (a)

Equilibrium of a floating body:

Let h be the head of air column corresponds to 10m of water column.

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Total weight = drop force

Check for stokes law

Hence our assumption was valid.

Net force acts on the body is zero

As it is stokes law regime

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Net positive suction head is calculated from

Press head in suction line ………..

Velocity head in suction line

suction Static head

Head loss in pipe

Vapor pressure head

www.gatetesthouse.com +91-99628 03001 044-6888 8068 support@gatetesthouse.com

FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Volume of the solid particles will always constant

Apply Bernoulli equation at point 1 & 2:

As diameter of the pipe is same

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Same way we can find pressure at C

1- Viscous effects are assumed negligible,

2- The flow is assumed to be steady,

3- The flow is assumed to be incompressible,

4- The equation is applicable along a streamline.

Gauge pressure within the vessel.

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Total Pressure at the bottom will be:

Apply Newton’s law of viscosity

Given data: U = 4 m/s; y = 1.8 cm,

Put the values in above equation we will get

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Entrance length for turbulence flow is given by,

( ) For laminar flow.

At the entrance region:

Apply the force balance

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

So, the velocity potential ( ) is given by:-

Where C = f(x) as differentiating with y will give zero

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Apply Bernoulli’s Theorem at 1 and 2:

Head power added to the water

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FLUID MECHANICS & MECHNICAL OPERATION

Head development by pump depends on N(No of RPM) & D(diameter of impeller)