Additional worked examples

Sizing and cross-section classification

 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
1. Analysis
The analysis of the cantilever subjected to a UDL and point load
simultaneously will be carried out by using the handbook for
structural analysis. However, the handbook only provides the
Qk
gk solution for a cantilever carrying a UDL only and point load
A B only.

L It is possible to solve complex problems like this by applying

the principle of superposition – see Unit 3 (sizing), worked
example on page 18.
gk =2 kN/m
Qk = 250 kN “For linear analysis, any two or more structural
L= 3 m arrangements can be added together (”superposed”) and
the result will be another valid structural arrangement”;
and, conversely, every structural arrangement can be
represented as a sum of two or more other distinct
structural arrangements”.
2
 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
1. Analysis
Therefore, the analysis of the present problem can be broken
down into the two simplistic systems below:
Qk
gk gk Qk
B B B
A

L
= A

L
+
A

Sizing to SLS criteria means that deflections must be

gk =2 kN/m determined.
Qk = 250 kN
L= 3 m Firstly, we will determine the design loads. At SLS, the partial
safety factors are set to one. Therefore,
gd=gk×γg=2×1=2 kN/m Qd=Qk×γq=250×1=250 kN

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 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
1. Analysis
From the handbook, the deflections are:
gk Qk
A B A B
Qk
gk
A B

L δd,UD δd,PL
L
gk =2 kN/m
Qk = 250 kN δd,UDL=pL4/8EI δd,PL=pL3/3EI
L= 3 m
δd,UDL=2×30004/8EI δd,PL=250×103×30003/3EI
δd,UDL=2.025×1013/EI δd,PL=2.25×1015/EI

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 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
2. Superposition principle:

Qk δd,UDL δd,PL
gk
A B
δd,TOT =δd,UDL+ δd,PL =2.27×1015/EI =
L 1.081×1010/I

gk =2 kN/m 3. Design criterion:

Qk = 250 kN δd,TOT ≤ L/180 = 3000/180 = 16.66 mm
L= 3 m

Thus:
1.081×1010/I ≤ 16.66 → I ≥ 648642857.1mm4 =
64864.28 cm4
5
 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
4. Handbook: I ≥ 64864.28 cm4 Therefore: UKB 533x210x109

Qk
gk
A B

gk =2 kN/m
Qk = 250 kN
L= 3 m

UKB 533x210x109
Wel,y = 2480 cm3

6
 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
5. STR check - Analysis
Firstly, we will determine the design loads. At ULS, the partial
safety factors are γg= 1.35 and γq=1.5. Therefore,
Qk gd=gk×γg=2×1.35=2.7 kN/m Qd=Qk×γq=250×1.5=375 kN
gk
A B
From the handbook, the BMDs are
L gk Qk
A B A B

gk =2 kN/m L L
Qk = 250 kN
L= 3 m
MEd,UDL=qL2/2 MEd,PL=PL
UKB 533x210x109
Wel,y = 2480 cm3

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 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
6. STR check - Superposition principle

Qk
+
gk MEd,PL=375 × 3 = 1125 kNm
B
MEd,UDL=2.7 × 32/2=12.15kNm
A
MEd,TOT = MEd,UDL+MEd,PL=12.15 + 1125 = 1137.5 kNm
L
7. STR check – Criterion
σmax < 355 MPa
gk =2 kN/m σmax = MEd,TOT × z /I = MEd,TOT / Wel,y < 355
Qk = 250 kN σmax = 1137.5 × 106 / 2480 × 103 < 355
L= 3 m σmax = 458.52 MPa > 355 – Not OK

UKB 533x210x109 Therefore, the profile UKB 533x210x109 is not adequate.

Wel,y = 2480 cm3

8
 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
7. STR check – Criterion
Let’s then find which is the required elastic modulus Wel,y that
satisfies a
σmax < 355 MPa
Qk
gk
A B σmax = MEd,TOT × z /I = MEd,TOT / Wel,y < 355

L Wel,y > MEd,TOT / 355 = 1137.5 × 106 / 355 = 3203239.437 mm3 =

3203.23 cm3

gk =2 kN/m We then need to select from the handbook a profile that has a
Qk = 250 kN Wel,y > 3203.23 cm3
L= 3 m
There is no need to further check deflections as this second
UKB 533x210x109 profile is bigger with a larger second moment of area Iy.
Wel,y = 2480 cm3
 Worked example 1: Sizing a catilever
Size the cantilever to SLS criteria considering a steel in grade S355 and a deflection
limit of L/180. Use an adequate gauge from the UKB range.
8. Handbook: Wel,y > 3203.23 cm3 Therefore: UKB 457x191x161

Qk
gk
A B

gk =2 kN/m
Qk = 250 kN
L= 3 m

Final answer:
UKB 457x191x161
Iy =79800 cm4
Wel,y = 3240 cm3 10
Worked example 2: Cross-section classification
Classify the profile 533x210x109 in grade 355 from worked example 1 considering the
same loading arrangement.
Qk
gk Data from section tables tf < 40 mm so fy = 355 N/mm2
A B

h = 539.5 mm b = 210.8 mm
tw = 11.6 mm tf = 18.8 mm
r = 12.7 mm d = 476.5 mm
ε=√235/355=0.81

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Worked example 2: Cross-section classification
Classify the profiles 533x210x109 in grade 355 from worked example 1 considering
the same loading arrangement.
Qk
gk Determine slenderness of flat parts c/t
A B
Bottom Flange (compressed):
c = (b-2r- tw)/2 = 86.9 mm
c/tf = 4.62
Web (bending):
d = h - 2tf – 2r = 476.5 mm
d/tw = 41.07
Slice c
Note, from tables cf/tf=4.62 and cw/tw=41.1

Tension

Bending
Compression
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Worked example 2: Cross-section classification
Classify the profiles 533x210x109 in grade 355 from worked example 1 considering
the same loading arrangement.
Qk
gk Determine slenderness of flat parts c/t
A B
Bottom Flange (compressed):
cf/tf=4.62
cf/tfε=5.7

Flange is Class 1

Slice

Tension

Bending
Compression
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Worked example 2: Cross-section classification
Classify the profiles 533x210x109 in grade 355 from worked example 1 considering
the same loading arrangement.
Qk
gk Determine slenderness of flat parts c/t
A B
Web (bending):
cw/tw=41.1
cw/twε=50.74

Web is Class 1

Slice Therefore,
533x210x109 is Class 1

Tension

Bending
Compression
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Worked example 3: Cross-section classification
Classify the simply supported UKB 1016x305x437 in grade S355 shown below.

qd Check classification tw < 40 mm so fy = 355 N/mm2

A B
tf > 40 mm so fy = 335 N/mm2
L Data from section tables
h = 1026.1 mm b = 305.4 mm εw=√235/355=0.81
tw = 26.9 mm tf = 49.0 mm εf=√235/335=0.84
r = 30 mm d = 868.1 mm
Web: d = h - 2tf – 2r = 868.1 mm (bending)
Flange: c = (b-2r- tw)/2 = 109.25 mm (Compressed)

Note, from tables cf/tf=2.23 and cw/tw=32.3

Compression Flange: c/tf ε=109.25/(49×0.84)=2.65<10 , flange is Class 1
Web: d/(tw ε)=868.1/(26.9×0.81)=39.88<72, web is Class 1

Bending Hence the section is Class 1→Resistances based on plastic

criteria

Tension 15