ENV 1993-1-1:1992

Table E.3 — Approximate formulae for reduced beam stiffness

coefficients due to axial compression
Conditions of rotational restraint at
far end of beam
Fixed
Pinned
Rotation as at near end
(double curvature)
Rotation equal and opposite to that at
near end (single curvature)
In this table NE = Ï2 El/L2
Effective beam stiffness coefficient K
(provided that beam remains elastic)
1,0 l/L (1 – 0,4 N/NE)
0,75 l/L (1 – 1,0 N/NE)
1,5 l/L (1 – 0,2 N/NE)
0,5 l/L (1 – 1,0 N/NE)

(12) The following empirical expressions may be used as conservative approximations instead of reading
values from Figure E.2.1 and Figure E.2.2:
a) non-sway mode (Figure E.2.1)
=/L = 0,5 + 0,14 (½1 + ½2) + 0,055 (½1 + ½2)2 (E.5)
or alternatively:
(E.6)

b) sway mode (Figure E.2.2)

(E.7)

Annex F (informative)
Lateral torsional buckling
F.1 Elastic critical moment
F.1.1 Basis
(1) The elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling of a beam of uniform symmetrical
cross-section with equal flanges, under standard conditions of restraint at each end, loaded through its
shear centre and subject to uniform moment is given by:
(F.1)

E -
where G = --------------------
2(1 + v)
It is the torsion constant
Iw is the warping constant
Iz is the second moment of area about the minor axis
and L is the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint.
(2) The standard conditions of restraint at each end are:
• restrained against lateral movement
• restrained against rotation about the longitudinal axis
• free to rotate in plan

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F.1.2 General formula for cross-sections symmetrical about the minor axis
(1) In the case of a beam of uniform cross-section which is symmetrical about the minor axis, for bending
about the major axis the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is given by the general
formula:

(F.2)

where C1, C2 and C3 are factors depending on the loading and end restraint conditions
k and kw are effective length factors
zg = za – zs
zj = zs – 0,5 \A (y2 + z2) z dA/Iy
za is the coordinate of the point of load application
zs is the coordinate of the shear centre
NOTE See F.1.2(7) and (8) for sign conventions and F.1.4(2) for approximations for zj
(2) The effective length factors k and kw vary from 0,5 for full fixity to 1,0 for no fixity, with 0,7 for one end
fixed and one end free.
(3) The factor k refers to end rotation on plan. It is analogous to the ratio =/L for a compression member.
(4)The factor kw refers to end warping. Unless special provision for warping fixity is made, kw should be
taken as 1,0.
(5) Values of C1, C2 and C3 are given in Table F.1.1 and Table F.1.2 for various load cases, as indicated by
the shape of the bending moment diagram over the length L between lateral restraints. Values are given
corresponding to various values of k.
(6) For cases with k = 1,0 the value of C1 for any ratio of end moment loading as indicated in Table F.1.1, is
given approximately by:
C1 = 1,88 – 1,40 Ò + 0,52Ò2 but C1 k 2,70 (F.3)
(7) The sign convention for determining zj, see Figure F.1.1, is:
• z is positive for the compression flange
• zj is positive when the flange with the larger value of Iz is in compression at the point of largest
moment.
(8) The sign convention for determining zg is:
• for gravity loads zg is positive for loads applied above the shear centre
• in the general case zg is positive for loads acting towards the shear centre from their point of
application.
F.1.3 Beams with uniform doubly symmetric cross-sections
(1) For doubly symmetric cross-sections zj = 0, thus:

(F.4)

(2) For end-moment loading C2 = 0 and for transverse loads applied at the shear centre zg = 0. For these
cases:

(F.5)

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(3) When k = kw = 1,0 (no end fixity):

(F.6)

Table F.1.1 — Values of factors C1, C2 and C3 corresponding to values of factor k: End
moment loading
Loading and support Values of factors
Bending moment diagram Value of k
conditions C1 C2 C3

1,0 1,000 1,000

0,7 1,000 — 1,113
0,5 1,000 1,144

1,0 1,141 0,998

0,7 1,270 — 1,565
0,5 1,305 2,283

1,0 1,323 0,992

0,7 1,473 — 1,556
0,5 1,514 2,271

1,0 1,563 0,977

0,7 1,739 — 1,531
0,5 1,788 2,235

1,0 1,879 0,939

0,7 2,092 — 1,473
0,5 2,150 2,150

1,0 2,281 0,855

0,7 2,538 — 1,340
0,5 2,609 1,957

1,0 2,704 0,676

0,7 3,009 — 1,059
0,5 3,093 1,546

1,0 2,927 0,366

0,7 3,009 — 0,575
0,5 3,093 0,837

1,0 2,752 0,000

0,7 3,063 — 0,000
0,5 3,149 0,000

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Table F.1.2 — Values of factors C1, C2 and C3 corresponding to values of factor k:

Transverse loading cases
Loading and support Values of factors
Bending moment diagram Values of k
conditions C1 C2 C3

1,0 1,132 0,459 0,525

0,5 0,972 0,304 0,980

1,0 1,285 1,562 0,753

0,5 0,712 0,652 1,070

1,0 1,365 0,553 1,730

0,5 1,070 0,432 3,050

1,0 1,565 1,267 2,640

0,5 0,938 0,715 4,800

1,0 1,046 0,430 1,120

0,5 1,010 0,410 1,890

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Figure F.1.1 — Sign convention for determining zj

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F.1.4 Beams with uniform monosymmetric cross-sections with unequal flanges

(1) For an I-section with unequal flanges:
Iw = ¶f (1 – ¶f) Iz hs2 (F.7)
where ¶f = I fc
------------------
-
I fc + I ft
Ifc is the second moment of area of the compression flange about the minor axis of the section
Ift is the second moment of area of the tension flange about the minor axis of the section
and hs is the distance between the shear centres of the flanges.
(2) The following approximations for zj can be used:
when ¶f > 0,5:
zj = 0,8 (2¶f Ð 1) hss/2 (F.8)
when ¶f < 0,5:
zj = 1,0 (2¶f Ð 1) hss/2 (F.9)
for sections with a lipped compression flange:
zj = 0,8 (2¶f Ð 1) (1 + hL/h) hs/2 when ¶f > 0,5 (F.10)
zj = 1,0 (2¶f Ð 1) (1 + hL/h) hs/2 when ¶f < 0,5 (F.11)
where hL is the depth of the lip
F.2 Slenderness
F.2.1 General
(1) The slenderness ratio Æ LT for lateral-torsional buckling is given by:
(F.12)

where Æ1 = Ï [E/fy]0.5 = 93,9 ¼

¼ = [235/fy]0,5 (fy in N/mm2)
¶w = 1 for Class 1 or Class 2 cross-sections
¶w = We=.y/Wp=.y for Class 3 cross-sections
and ¶w = Weff.y/Wp=.y for Class 4 cross sections
(2) The geometrical slenderness ratio ÆLT for lateral-torsional buckling is given for all classes of
cross-section, by:
ÆLT = [Ï2 EWp=.y/Mcr]0,5 (F.13)
F.2.2 Beams with uniform doubly symmetric cross-sections
(1) For cases with zg = 0 (end-moment loading or transverse loads applied at the shear centre) and
k = kw = 1,0 (no end fixity), the value of 2LT can be obtained from:

(F.14)

which can also be written:

(F.15)

where aLT = (Iw/It)0.5

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(2) For a plain I or H section (without lips):

Iw = Iz hs2/4 (F.16)
where hs = h – tf
(3) For a doubly symmetric cross-section, the value of iLT is given by:
iLT = [Iz Iw/Wp=.y2]0,25 (F.17)
or with a slight approximation by:
iLT = [Iz/(A – 0,5 tw hs)]0,5 (F.18)
(4) For rolled I or H sections conforming with Reference Standard 2, the following conservative
approximations can be used:

(F.19)

or

(F.20)

(5) For any plain I or H section with equal flanges, the following approximation is conservative:

(F.21)

(6) Cases with k < 1,0 and/or kw < 1,0 can be included by using:

(F.22)

or
(F.23)

or for standard rolled I or H sections:

(F.24)

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or
(F.25)

or for any plain I or H section with equal flanges:

(F.26)

(7) Unless special provision for warping fixity is made, kw should be taken as 1,0.
(8) Cases with transverse loading applied above the shear centre (zg > 0,0) or below the shear centre (zg < 0,0)
can be included by using:

(F.27)

or alternatively:

(F.28)

or for standard rolled I or H sections:

(F.29)

or alternatively:

(F.30)

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or for any plain I or H section with equal flanges:

(F.31)

Annex J (normative)
Beam-to-column connections
J.1 Scope
J.1.1 Types of connections covered
(1) This Annex gives application rules for the design of beam-to-column connections, following the principles
given section 6.9.
(2) Both the beam and the column are assumed to be I or H sections.
(3) The beam is assumed to be connected to the flange of the column.
(4) The types of connections covered are shown in Figure J.1.1 as follows:
• Welded connections.
• Bolted connections with extended end plates.
• Bolted connections with flush end plates.
(5) The column web may have:
• Stiffeners in line with both flanges of the beam.
• Stiffeners in line with one flange of the beam.
• No stiffeners in line with the beam flanges.
(6) In addition, the column web may be reinforced by:
• Diagonal stiffeners.
• A supplementary web plate.
(7) In bolted connections, column flanges may be reinforced by the use of backing plates.
(8) Methods are given for the determination of the following characteristics of a beam-to-column connection:
• Moment resistance.
• Rotational stiffness.
• Rotation capacity.
J.1.2 Other types of connection
(1) The methods given in this Annex can also be applied to beam-to-beam connections.
(2) Parts of the methods can also be applied to the relevant parts of other types of connections.
(3) These application rules do not cover connections in which the beam is to be connected to the web of the
column.
(4) These application rules should not be applied to members with sections other than I or H sections.

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