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Fine Bubble Diffusers for Ozone Water Mixing

Ozone contactors with Lne bubble diffusers dissolve ozone into water via a porous
stone. The porous stone is ozone-resistant ceramic held in place by stainless steel.
As the bubbles rise in the contact vessel, they transfer the ozone into the liquid
phase. An advantage of the bubble diffuser contactors is that they can use the
pressure of the ozone generator to drive the gas through the diffusers without any
additional energy input. The offset is the cost to build the deep basin contactors.
On this page are various images of Lne bubble diffusers and contact chambers.

Components of Ceramic Bubble Diffusers for Water

Treatment
The components of ceramic bubble diffusers are usually held in place with Single Fine Bubble Diffuser
stainless steel hardware and ozone resistant gaskets (Hypalon, Viton, or TeYon).
Many ceramic designs have been offered for sale that eliminate the need for
gaskets. The diffusers can be disks or tubes. Tubular diffusers which are used for
air fed systems have higher gas Yow rates which range from 2-6 CFM/diffuser.
Disks or domes, which are more often used with oxygen feed, have Yows of 0.5-2
CFM/diffuser.

Fine Bubble Diffused Aeration System

Fine bubble diffused aeration systems are located in an array in deep multi Dome Type Fine Bubble Diffusers
chamber basins. The spacing of the Lne bubble diffusers is important and typically
is less than or equal to 4 square feet per diffuser. The arrays are designed to
maximize ozone transfer e\ciency. The connecting pipe can be stainless steel or
PVC. The submerged level of the diffuser impacts ozone transfer e\ciency. At sea
level, the diffusers are typically submerged 16 to 20 feet deep. Different ceramic
materials produce different pressure drops as a function of the gas Yow. Transfer
e\ciency for air fed ozone generators and bubble contact diffusers is
approximately 85% while for oxygen fed ozone generators feeding high
concentration ozone to bubble diffusers the transfer e\ciency can be 95%.
Rod and Dome Fine Bubble Diffusers
The chambers create a serpentine path for the water to travel with the objective of
creating plug Yow through the contactor and maximizing the hydraulic detention
time (minimizing short circuiting of the Yow through the contactor). Not all
chambers of the contactor will necessarily have diffuser arrays on the bottom. In
drinking water treatment, where chemical oxidation is the objective 2-4 chambers
are used. In drinking water treatment for disinfection, 6-8 chambers are used. If
inactivation of Cryptosporidium is needed 10 or more chambers might be
employed.

Testing Bubble Pattern

Bubble diffusers are normally positioned in the Lrst 1-3 chambers of the contactor.
The Yow through the chambers with the diffusers can be alternating counter
current/co-current Yow or all counter current. Counter current Yow enhances
transfer e\ciency. Since the Lrst chamber will be exposed to water with the highest
ozone demand, more diffusers should be employed here.

A discussion of bubble diffuser contactors can also be found elsewhere in the

website in a presentation on surface water treatment rules and in a presentation
discussing drinking water plant operations . These papers contain illustrations and
calculations regarding the effectiveness of various designs.

Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT or T10) and HDT

Ceramic Fine Bubble Diffusers
Formula
The apparent hydraulic detention time (HDT – the simple geometric volume of the
contact vessel divided by the Yow rate through the vessel) is most often not the
effective hydraulic detention time due to short circuiting of the Yow through the
vessel. Designers will often use another measure of detention time referred to as
T10. This value represents the time for 90% of the water to pass through the
contact vessel. Typically, the value is around 65% of the apparent HDT. T10 is
determined based on results with past designs, sophisticated Yow modeling
Fine Bubble Diffuser TeYon Gaskets
programs or tracer studies.

Understanding the effective HDT is critical for applications such as disinfection. To

insure the inactivation of micro organisms, certain concentration X time (CT) values
must be achieved. The effective HDT or T10 is used for these calculations.

Ozone Contactor for Water Treatment

The contactor is normally Ltted with pressure/vacuum relief valves to prevent Ozone Contactor Chamber System
structural damage to the vessel which are made of reinforced concrete. Contactors
are also Ltted with ceiling and side wall manholes for inspecting the diffusers and
insuring that the bubble pattern is acceptable and for periodic replacement of
gaskets. Other essential components of the system are sample ports for
measuring ozone residuals in the various chambers, gas Yow rate.

Fine Bubble Diffuser Contact Chamber System

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