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Nervous  Systems  
Chapter  49  
Evolution  of  the  Nervous  System  

! Cnidarians:  Nerve  nets  (made  of  connected  nerve  cells)  

! Echinoderms:  Neurons  

! Planarians,  Annelids,  Arthropods,  some  Mollusks,  and  Chordates  have  brains  or  
ganglia  to  coordinate  neurons  
Divisions  of  the  Nervous  System  

! Central  Nervous  System  (CNS)  is  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  

! Peripheral  Nervous  System  (PNS)  is  made  up  of  nerves  and  ganglia  
CNS:  The  Brain  

! Gray  matter  consists  of  cell  bodies,  dendrites  ,and  unmyelinated  axons  

! White  matter  consists  of  bundled  axons  that  have  myelin  sheaths  
CNS:  The  Brain  

! Brainstem:  homeostasis,  movement,  conduction  of  info  to  the  brain  

! Pons:  homeostasis,  breathing  

! Medulla  Oblongata:  heartbeat,  swallowing,  digestion  

! Cerebellum:  Movement  and  balance  

! Thalamus:  input  for  sensory  information,  emotions  

! Hypothalamus:  body  temperature,  hunger  

!
 
Cerebrum:  memory  and  learning  

 
 
CNS:  the  spinal  cord  

! The  function  of  the  spinal  cord  is  to  convey  information  to  and  from  the  brain  and  
generate  basic  patterns  of  locomotion.  

!
 
It  also  produces  reflexes,  which  are  rapid,  involuntary  responses  to  stimuli  

PNS  

! The  peripheral  nervous  system  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  somatic  (motor)  system  
and  the  autonomic  nervous  system.  

! The  somatic  (motor)  system  responds  to  external  signals  and  is  connected  to  skeletal  

 
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muscles.  

! The  autonomic  system  responds  to  internal  signals.  

! Sympathetic:  “Fight  or  flight”  

! Parasympathetic:  “Rest  and  digest”  

! Enteric:  digest  some  more  


 

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