24/7/22, 20:24 APA Citation Guide | Normativa Académica

APA Citation Guide

The APA writing style consists of a set of basic rules for researchers and scientists whose objec-
tive is to unify criteria and avoid confusion, ambiguities, and biases when preparing manuscripts
addressed to the scientific community. The basic rules cover the following points:

Citations
Textual citations
Referential or indirect citations
Secondary citations (citations of citations )
List of References
Use of tables and figures

On the other hand, there are a series of premises that must be understood when applying the APA
style:

All research is based from pre-existing information, and as such the origin sources must always
be cited. Otherwise, plagiarism is being committed.
All quotations must always have a complete reference (source, year, and medium of publication,
author(s), among others).
The citation and reference model is always based on the corresponding medium (it is not the
same when it is a book as when it is an article, for example).
While writing a document, the reference citation must appear in two ways simultaneously: in the
body of the document and in alphabetical order in the “reference list” section.

This guide follows the 7th edition APA Style in English. Most examples are adapted from the 2009,
2015, and 2020 versions by A. Pantoja (Coord.) Manual básico para la realización de Tesis, Tesinas y
trabajos de Investigación. EOS.

1. General rules for in-text citations

It is important to note the form of citation in the manuscript, depending on whether it is parentheti-
cal or not. Examples: Article:

Citation in parentheses: (García-Martínez y Garrido, 2020), (Kashin, & Hampton, 2019), (Salido et
al., 2019), (Suárez, 2020).
In-text citation: García-Martínez y Garrido (2020), Kashin, & Hampton (2019), Salido et al. (2019),
Suárez (2020)

1.1. Textual citations (Direct quotations)

This section refers to the literal transcription of a written fragment or complete paragraphs. In any
case, it is a matter of repeating the words of another author, which must be recognized and con-
sidered as such. There are two different ways to cite depending on the length of the citation. In Privacidad - Términos

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both cases, the surname(s) of the author(s) must appear, as referenced in the list at the end of the
work, followed by the year and specific page:

1.1.1. Citations of less than 40 words

These are placed between quotation marks, following the paragraph that is being quoted. That is,
without separating it from the body of text.

Example

The guidance counselor “in addition to being a technician and expert in the technological
tools as applied to guidance, will have to perform consultation and advisory tasks to those
involved in the guidance process” (Pantoja, 2004, p. 194), leading to the performance of a
new role and functions.

1.1.2. Text of more than 40 words

This is considered a long citation and must be separated from the body of text in a separate block,
indented from the left margin by 5 spaces or 1.25 cm (0.5 inches) from the margin (in the same
position as a new paragraph). In addition, there are no quotation marks or italics, the spacing will
be 1.5 and, if there are more paragraphs, they will also be indented by 5 spaces. In doctoral theses,
long citations are double-spaced.

Example

Pantoja (2009, p. 194) states the following:

With regard to the skills to be acquired by counselors, the most important are those that
involve recycling traditional skills, such as using videoconferencing, chat, email or discus-
sion forums to hold interviews or discussions with one or more clients located at a
distance.

Or:

It is evident, as it has been stated, that:

With regard to the skills to be acquired by counselors, the most important are those that
involve recycling traditional skills, such as using videoconferencing, chat, email or discus-
sion forums to hold interviews or discussions with one or more clients located at a dis-
tance. (Pantoja, 2009, p.194) Privacidad - Términos

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As we can see in the example, the indentation of the first line and the rest of the lines of the cita-
tion match. Writing the page after the year can also be changed to do it after the end of the cita-
tion, placing the page p, period, and the page number in parentheses. Also in this same case of
long citations, if you wish to omit text, you should use ellipses without parentheses. If clarification
or additional explanation is desired within the citation, it must be enclosed in square brackets. For
example, emphasize one or more words in the text and immediately indicate with “italics added”
afterwards.

1.1.3. Number of authors

With respect to the number of authors for citations, there are some exceptions in direct citations:
a) Up to two authors: both authors are cited throughout the text.

Example

According to Campoy and Pantoja (2000, p. 17) “the new profile and functions of the tutor
demand a professional reconversion of the classical model prevailing in schools”, but for
the moment this is still to come.

b) Three or more authors: “surname or surnames followed by et al.” are always cited, regardless of
whether they are outside or inside parentheses.

Example

In any process of change and innovation “one cannot speak of quality of guidance as
something separate from the quality of the overall education carried out through the cur-
riculum.” (Pantoja, Campoy and Cañas, 2001, p. 37). Example 2 The problems encountered
by some teachers are due to, according to Pantoja et al. (2001, p. 46) “a lack of basic cop-
ing skills and strategies required to cope with environmental demands”.

1.2. Referential or indirect citations

Referential or indirect citations consist of summarizing, in the writer’s own words, what has been
mentioned by the original author. This is legitimate and valid as long as the source is cited.
References are cited in the manuscript by naming the author and date. If the paraphrased idea is
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easily found in the original work, the page number (p. page number) should also be indicated. The
footnote should not be used to cite authors, but only to provide clarifications. Proceed as follows:

Example

Paragraph from original source: In addition to the objectives and research questions, it is
necessary to justify the reasons for the study. Most research is done for a definite pur-
pose, not simply on a whim, and that purpose must be strong enough to justify doing it. In
many cases, it is also necessary to explain before one or more people why it is convenient
to carry out the research and what benefits will be derived from it. Original source re-
viewed: Pantoja, A. (Coord.) (2009). Manual básico para la realización de tesis, tesinas y
trabajos de investigación. Madrid: EOS. Example of a secondary citation: Pantoja (2009)
emphasizes the importance of justifying the study, explaining those reasons that give it
meaning beyond the desire or preference of the researcher on the subject in question.

Here are some examples of the indirect citations format

Example

A single author: Pantoja (2004) deals extensively with the Information Society to place the
psycho-pedagogical intervention within it. There are clear allusions to psycho-pedagogical
intervention from different perspectives (Pantoja, 2004). Several authors outside paren-
theses (they are ordered in the same way as the references, in alphabetical order):
Campoy and Pantoja (2000) and Pantoja, Campoy and Cañas (2001) have explained the
transformation processes of guidance in our country as a result of the LOGSE. Several au-
thors within parentheses (they are ordered in the same way as the references in alphabeti-
cal order): Several authors have dealt with the methodology of educational research in re-
cent years (Bisquerra, 2004; Buendía, Colás and Hernández, 1997; Cardona, 2002; Gil,
2004; Latorre, Rincón and Arnal, 2003), all of them providing greater clarity in the under-
standing of the main concepts involved in any research process. Two works by the same
author in the same year: Zagalaz (2001a and 2001b) dealt with the theoretical bases,
trends, and tendencies of Physical Education in its different contexts.

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The use of indirect citations is recurrent in academic works, since part of the performance is
based on the reworking and synthesis of ideas from other authors.

1.3. Secondary citations

In this type of citation, you do not have contact with the original source, but through another author
who cites it. As in the case of textual citations, this resource should not be abused, since one is not
completely sure of the reliability of the data or concept after obtaining the information indirectly
from the source. In this case, only the indirect source is mentioned in the list of references.

Example

Paragraph from original source: As Sabariego and Bisquerra (2004) point out, “interest in
a topic is the starting point of all scientific research”. It is determined by personal experi-
ence, from reading, audiovisual materials, the Internet, or any other Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), from a lecture or conference, an observation or, in gen-
eral, an idea or an occurrence. Original source reviewed: Pantoja, A. (Coord.) (2009).
Manual básico para la realización de tesis, tesinas y trabajos de investigación. Madrid:
EOS. Example of a secondary citation: “Interest in a topic is the starting point of all scien-
tific research” (Salabriego and Bisquerra, 2004, cited by Pantoja, 2009). If the year of the
original citation is unknown: Jordan (cited in Pantoja, 2015), stated that creativity is at the
basis of scientific research.

2. Bibliography or references at the end of the manuscript

The bibliography according to APA style only includes those documents and resources cited in the
body of work following the indications of the previous section. Therefore, there must be a com-
plete correlation between the citations appearing in the text and the list of references and vice
versa. In general, the following indications should be followed:

The bibliographic list will be titled: Bibliography or References.

The list will be ordered alphabetically by surname of the first author and in case of being the
same, using the second surname as a reference. The rules of the country of origin will be
followed.
Works by the same author will be ordered chronologically by year. If the first author has several
works in the same year, these will be listed by adding the letters a, b, c… after the first author.
For example: Torres (2008a), Torres (2008b)…
The use of French indentation at 1.25 cm is recommended. That is, the second and subsequent
lines of each entry must be indented 1.25 cm in the list.
The place of issue does not need to be specified.
References are only those cited in the text. The texts of authors mentioned through secondary
citations are not included, only those that we have consulted and have been useful in preparing
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2.1. Documents in print format

2.1.1. Complete books: general format

In the References section, authors are listed according to how they have been cited in the manu-
script, but in this case, up to 20 authors are included in the following format: Last name, First name
initial. (Year).Title. Editorial.

Example

Pantoja, A. (2013). La acción tutorial en la escuela. Síntesis. Example 2 Campoy, T.J. and
Pantoja, A. (2000). Orientación y calidad docente. Pautas y estrategias para el tutor. EOS.
Ejemplo 3 Álvarez Rojo, V., García Jiménez, E., Gil Flores, J., Martínez Clares, P., Romero, S.
y Rodrí- guez Santero, J. (2002).Diseño y evaluación de programas. EOS.

2.1.2. Book with one or more authors, coordinated, edited, or compiled

The general format coincides with the previous section, changing only the acronyms used:
Coordinator (Coord.), Coordinators (Coords.), Editor (Ed.), Editors (Eds.), Compiler (Comp.) or
Compilers (Comps.). The rules for the number of authors indicated in the section on books are
also valid. The general format is as follows: Author, Initial name. (Type) (year). Title. Editorial.

Example

Pantoja, A. y Campoy, T.J. (Coords.) (2006). Programas de intervención en educación in-

tercultural. GEU. Álvarez, M. (Coord.), Bisquerra, R., Espín, J.V. y Rodríguez Espinar, S.
(2007). La madurez para la carrera en Educación Secundaria. EOS.

2.1.3. Book chapter

All that has been said about the books, in reference to the authors, is valid. The general citation for-
mat is as follows: Author, Name initials. (Year). Title. In Initial name of publisher, Last name, Title
(pp. Initial-final). Editorial.

Example

Serrano, J. y Matas, A. (1997). El ordenador en las asignaturas de Métodos de Investiga- Privacidad - Términos

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ción en Educación. En J. C. Tójar y R. Manchado (Coords.), Innovación educativa y forma-

ción del profesorado: Proyecto sobre la mejora de la práctica docente en la universidad
(pp. 111-116). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Málaga. Dillard, J. P. (2020).
Currents in the study of persuasion. In M .B. Oliver, A.A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media ef-
fects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
https://doi.org/example

2.1.4. Other book formats

The following are different cases of books that present some characteristic that differentiates
them from those described above.

Example

Book with several editions or reprints Fox, D.J. (1987). El proceso de investigación en
educación (2ª ed.). EUNSA. Book in press Pantoja, A. and Campoy, T.J.(Coords.) (en
prensa). Planes de acción tutorial en la universidad. Servicio de Publicaciones de la
Universidad de Jaén. Book when the author is an organization or institution Consejería de
Salud (2006). Educación dental infantil: guía para profesionales de educación y salud.
Junta de Andalucía. Book without author Manual de estilo da APA. Regras básicas (2006).
Artmed Editora Volume of work Gil Pascual, J.A. (2003). Métodos de investigación en
educación. Análisis multivariante (Vol. 3). UNED.

2.1.5. Scientific journal article

All the rules seen for books in their general format are valid. The writing syntax is: Author, Name ini-
tials. (Year). Title. Journal, volume (number), initial page-final page. In the case of documents from
digital sources, the “Digital Object Identifier” known by its acronym “DOI” will be used. The “DOI” is a
unique alphanumeric series assigned by the publisher for digital documents. The “DOI” must ap-
pear at the end of the entry without a period at the end.

Example

An Author: Pantoja, A. (2005). La acción tutorial en la universidad: propuestas para el

cambio. Cultura y Educación, 17 (1), 67-82. Timmons, M. (2007). Navegating contradictory
communities of practice in learning to teach for social justice. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 38(4), 380-404. 10.1525/aeq.2007.38.4.380 Dos autores: Pantoja, A.
y Zwierewicz, M. (2008). Procesos de orientación en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje.
Revista Española de Orientación y  Psicopedagogía, 19 (3), 282-290. Up to 20 authors:
Aguilera, D., Martín-Páez, T., Valdivia-Rodríguez, V., Ruiz-Delgado, A., Williams-Pinto, L.,
Vílchez-González, J. M. and Perales-Palacios, F. J. (2018). La enseñanza de las ciencias Privacidad - Términos

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basada en indagación. Una revisión sistemática de la producción española. Revista de

Educación, 381, 259-284. 10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2017-381-388

2.1.6. Presentation or communication published in minute books

The rules for citing authors are identical to those followed so far for book chapters, with minor
variations. Author, Name initials. (Year). Title. In Initial author’s name, Surname, Title (pp. Initial fi-
nal). Editorial.

Example

One or two authors: Sancho, M.I. (2007). El seseo: estado de la cuestión. En M.I. Sancho y
C. Conti (Coords.), I Jornadas sobre seseo (pp. 13-46). Servicio de Publicaciones de la
Universidad de la Universidad de Jaén. More than two authors and up to 20 authors:
Pantoja, A., Campoy, T.J, Jiménez, A.S., Villanueva, Gomes, E., Díaz Linares, M.A., … Robles
Maldonado, M. (2008). Internet y la construcción de una ciudadanía intercultural. Balance
de una experiencia. En A. Pantoja, T.J. Campoy, A.S. Jiménez y C. Villanueva (Coords.), El
carácter universal de la Educación Intercultural. Actas de las I Jornadas Internacionales y
VI Jornadas sobre Diagnóstico y Orientación (pp. 72-128). Jaén: Servicio de Publicaciones
de la Universidad.

2.1.7. Doctoral Thesis

The published thesis is published as if it were a book. The following indications are for unpublished
theses. In case of citing a Master’s Thesis, this type of document should be indicated instead of
“Doctoral Thesis”. Author. Last name, First name initial. (Year). Title in italics [Unpublished doctoral
thesis or Doctoral dissertation, university]. URL or DOI.

Example

Villanueva, C. (2001). Prevención de drogodependencias en centros educativosTesis doc-

toral no publicada]. Universidad de Jaén. Méndez, J. M. (2000). Orientación e intervención
psicopedagógica en secundaria para un consumo racional de los medios: diseño,
aplicación y evaluación de un programa de orientación educativa desde la tutoría para
aprender a consumir mensajes audiovisuales [Doctoral thesis, University of Huelva].
http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/handle/10272/3498.

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2.1.8. Decrees and laws

By their very nature, references to laws and decrees must include the number of the law, its official
denomination, the title of the official publication in which it appears, the place of publication, and
complete date. In the body of work, unlike other sources, it must be referenced with a law number
and year. Number and official denomination. Official publication. Place of publication, complete
date of publication.

Example

Jefatura del Estado Español (2020, 18 de marzo). Real Decreto-Ley 8/2020, de 17 de

marzo, de medidas urgentes extraordinarias para hacer frente al impacto económico y so-
cial del COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 73, 28583-25898.
https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rdl/2020/03/17/8

2.2. Audiovisual media

Although these are not very common citations in research work, they sometimes provide informa-
tion that would not otherwise be possible, for example, video and audio recordings. The novelty in
these types of citations is that the media is put in square brackets, as shown below.

Example

Movie Hamilton, D. (Producer) and Mehta, D. (Writer/Director) (2005). Water [Movie].

Mongrel Media. Video Miguel, C. et al. (1996). La entrevista. Un instrumento de trabajo
para el profesorado [Video]. Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Dirección General de
Educación de Madrid. Music Ros, L. (2008). Canto a los Orishas. Lázaro Ros, el apkwón
mayor [Music]. Egrem. Picker, T., & McClatchy, J. D. (1995). Emmeline: An opera in two
acts [Music]. Schott Music.

2.3. Digital documents

A large number of resources (magazines, newspapers, newsletters, book articles, etc.) can be
found on the Internet. In these cases, the referencing system used is very similar to that used for
print documents. The date should be included on documents where it is anticipated that they may
change. At a minimum, such references should have at least the title of the resource, date of publi-
cation, and the address (URL) of the web resource. It should also, when possible, contain the au-
thor of the resource. If no date is given, it will be indicated as (n.d.). The basic structure is as fol-
lows: Page author. (Date of publication or revision of the page, if available). Title of the page or lo-
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Example

Internet Document Area, M. (2009). Introducción a la tecnología educativa. Universidad de

la Laguna. http://issuu.com/manarea/docs/tecnologiaeducativa Arsham, H. (2004).
Razonamiento estadístico para la toma de decisiones gerenciales.
http://www.staff.vu.edu.au/sarath/Business-stats/opre504S.html Undated document
Estrada, E. (n.d.). La apicultura en México. México.
http://www.netcall.com.mx/abejas/alianza.html Article with DOI Huertas, A. y Pantoja, A.
(2016). Efectos de un programa educativo basado en el uso de las TIC sobre el
rendimiento académico y la motivación del alumnado en la asignatura de tecnología de
educación secundaria. Educación XX1, 19 (2). doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.16464 Videos (online) Delfinespro (2020, 10 de marzo)
No me molestes, mamá, estoy aprendiendo [Vídeo]. https://youtu.be/usRHveRfLgU Social
Network Página Timonel SR [@Timonel_SR]. Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved
July 3, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/timonel.sruja.5 APA Style Entry (2020, July
2). APA Style [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/APAStyle Website
and blog: The name of the portal or website is placed before the URL. Pantoja, A. (2020,
April 21). Por qué nadie cuenta con nosotros o la invisibilidad de los educadores.
Orientación y acción tutorial. http://blogs.ujaen.es/apantoja/?p=590 If the author is an in-
stitution: National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

3. Tables and figures

According to the APA model, there are general rules for any table or figure:

All tables and figures must bear a caption consisting of:

Line 1: Table or figure and number.

Line 2: Legend.

This title will be located at the top of the tables and figures.
Numbering: they should be identified in order of appearance.
Caption: the caption or title must be concise and provide information on the contents of the ta-
ble, and must be unique: two tables or figures cannot be included with the same caption.
Font: always put the font in short style in the heading (author, year) and enlarged under the table
or figure. If the original information comes from the author them self, nothing is placed.
Tables and figures should always be referred to in the body of the document. The forms “the fol-
lowing table…”, “the previous table…”, among others, are not correct. Some valid options are: As
shown in Table 5… Table 1 shows… Figure 3 shows… […] the percentage of students who gradu-
ated university was very low (see Figure 7).
Simplicity must prevail above all else. Normally, in the case of tables, they are presented in black
and white, without background, single spaced in the manuscript. Body of table source: Times
New Roman, size 10; Source of notes of the table: Times New Roman, size 9.
Redundancy must not be used, in other words, simultaneous use of tables and graphics to
present the same information.

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3.1. Structure of tables

According to the APA, tables have three parts that must be respected:

1. At the top, the table number and title in two different lines and justified text:

Table 1

Caption or title.

The title of the table should be brief, clear, and explanatory. It should be placed above the table,
in the upper left margin, below the word Table (with the initial capital letter) and accompanied
by the number with which it is designated. Ex.: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3.
2. Below is the table with the data well organized and in a simple way.
3. At the bottom, some explanatory notes that contribute in adding important information, as well
as the source of origin of the data.

3.1.1. Notes in tables

Tables present three types of notes: general notes, specific notes, and probability notes. “Notes are
useful for eliminating repetition in the body of a table” (APA, 2010, p. 140-141). They are presented
in the left margin (without indentation) below the table (two spaces must be inserted between the
table and the note). And they should be ordered in this sequence: general note, specific note and
probability note, and each type of note should be put on a new line. The tables have three types of
notes, which are placed below the tables: general, specific, and probability.

General notes: Abbreviations, symbols, or similar.

Specific note: refers to a specific column, row or item and is indicated by a letter in superscript.
Probability note: indicates significant test results and are marked with an asterisk in superscript
(*).

3.1.2. Tables reproduced from another source

Tables reproduced from another source must present the short indication of the author (Surname,
year) in the heading and the complete reference of the original author, even if it is an adaptation be-
low the table. If not all data are available (e.g., the author), only the available information will be
indicated.

Example

Note: Sabadini, A. A. Z. P., Sampaio, M. I. C., y Koller, S. H. (2009). Publicar em psi- cologia:
um enfoque para a revista científica (p. 175). Associação Brasileira de Editores Científicos
de Psicologia/Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Note: Adapted from
Sabadini, A. A. Z. P., Sampaio, M. I. C., y Koller, S. H. (2009). Publicar em psicologia: um en-
foque para a revista científica (p. 176). Associação Brasileira de Editores Científicos de
Psicologia/Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Note: Molero, D. (2007).
Academic performance and opinion on teaching students participating in pilot experi-
ences for the implementation of the European Higher Education Area. Revista Electrónica
de Investigación Educativa (RELIEVE), 13
(2).http://www.uv.es/RELIEVE/v13n2/RELIEVEv13n2_2.html
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3.1.3. Example table

Table 3

Example of note usage

Note. Adapted from Sabadini, A. A. Z. P., Sampaio, M. I. C., and Koller, S. H. (2009). Publicar em psicologia:
um enfoque para a revista científica (p. 176). Associação Brasileira de Editores Científicos de
Psicologia/Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo. * p<.05. ** p<.01. *** p<.001

3.2. Structure of figures

In the 7th edition of the APA Style, tables and figures follow a similar representation scheme.

3.2.1. Example of figure

Figure 3

Local production organization of organic bananas.

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Note. This figure shows the organizational scheme of the research center where the experi-
ence was carried out. Adapted from Orden productivo local de la banana orgánica, by LIMA,
L.C.O., 2006, Centro de investigación y Postgrado en Agronegocios, ICHS/DCE.

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